Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases

Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases : 

Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases Dr. Shivlal Vishnoi MDS Dept. of Periodontics MPDC, Vadodara

Introduction : 

Introduction The term Epidemiology is of Hellinic origin “Epi” means “among” or “against” & the noun Demos means “Peoples”

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It may be Descriptive epidemiology – Amount of D’se Etiologic epidemiology Analytical epidemiology Experimental or interventional epidemiology i.e. Fluoridation of Public drinking water

Definition : 

Definition “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population, and the application of this study to control health problems” “Epidemiology essentially an inductive science, concerned not merely with describing the distribution of disease, but equally or more with fitting it into a consistent philosophy” (Frost 1941)

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Epidemiology has been considered a basic science of public health. Epidemiology has three purposes: To determine the amount and distribution of disease in a population To investigate causes for the disease To apply this knowledge to the control of disease by promote, protect & restore health

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Diagnostic tests, Prognoses, and selection of appropriate therapies are based on studies of groups of people. The practice of evidence based dentistry requires clinical practitioners to use the best available scientific information in making decisions about the care of individual patients, which comes from epidemiologic studies.

Epidemiologic Measures of Disease : 

Epidemiologic Measures of Disease Prevalence Proportion of Persons in a population who have the disease of interest at a given point in or period of time -It measures the burden of disease in population - It is the dynamic situation between the addition of new cases, which increase prevalence, & the removal of cases through death or cure, which decreases prevalence

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Incidence It is the average % of unaffected persons who will develop the disease of interest during a given period of time It indicate the risk or probability that a person will become a case. Incidence = No. of new cases of disease N0. of persons in population at risk

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Prevalence is a measure of amount of disease existing in a population While Incidence is a measure of the occurrence of new cases

Epidemiologic study designs : 

Epidemiologic study designs 1) Observational studies - Cross-sectional stdies - Cohort studies - Case control studies 2) Experimental studies

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Cross-Sectional studies -Measures presence or absence of disease & -Characteristics of the members of population Useful for providing prevalence data on a disease Compare characteristics of persons with & without disease and generate a hypothesis regarding etiology disease Limitations: 1) tell about prevalence only 2) give no idea about exact risk factor

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Cohort Studies - Unlike CS studies it follow subjects over time - Determine risk factor asso. With disease - At the beginning of d’se subjects should be free of disease - Exposed and unexposed group - Incidence can be calculated But It require a long time to conduct

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Case Control Studies -It is a retrospective study (Flash back) - provide an efficient way to investigate the association between an exposure and a disease, especially a rare disease Dis.: Temporal relationship bet. Exposure and the onset of disease can not be determined

INDICES : 

INDICES Indices are methods for quantifying the amount and severity of diseases or conditions in individuals or populations. Indices are used in: clinical practice to assess the gingival status of patients and follow any changes in gingival status over time. Epidemiologic studies to compare the prevalence of gingivitis in population groups.

Gingival Index : 

Gingival Index Score Criteria 0 Normal gingiva 1 Mild inflammation: slight change in color and slight edema. No bleeding on probing. 2 Moderate inflammation: redness, edema, and glazing. Bleeding on probing. 3 Severe inflammation: marked redness and edema. Ulceration. Tendency toward spontaneous bleeding.

Prevalence of Periodontal Diseases : 

Prevalence of Periodontal Diseases Gingival Disease Chronic Periodontitis Aggressive Periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of Systemic disease Necrotizing Periodontal diseases Abscess of the Periodontium Periodontitis associated with Endodontic lesions Developmental or acquired deformities