logging in or signing up chapter_2_Causes_of_Abnormal_Behaviour aSGuest6142 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 104 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: December 11, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 2Causes of Abnormal Behaviour:A Systems Approach : Chapter 2Causes of Abnormal Behaviour:A Systems Approach Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Thinking About Abnormal Behaviour : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 2 Thinking About Abnormal Behaviour What causes it? How should we study it? paradigms vs. systems theory Paradigms : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 Paradigms four traditional paradigms: biological psychodynamic cognitive behavioural humanistic assumptions inflexible & sometimes too narrow Systems Theory : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4 Systems Theory integrative approach (biopsychosocial) holism vs. reductionism multifactorial causes can not fully explain causes of most abnormal behaviour Case Study: Meghan’s Hardships : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 5 Case Study: Meghan’s Hardships what caused Meghan to attempt suicide? issues to consider: heredity inter-uterine problems early physical abuse and neglect rejection from peers failure at school difficult relationship with her adoptive mother History of the Paradigms:Pre-20th Century : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 6 History of the Paradigms:Pre-20th Century witchcraft development of the scientific method History of the Paradigms:Biological : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 7 History of the Paradigms:Biological cure of “general paresis” different from other forms of lunacy linked to the STD syphilis spirochete responsible for syphilis discovered penicillin used to treat syphilis incidence of general paresis virtually eliminated History of the Paradigms:Psychodynamic : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 8 History of the Paradigms:Psychodynamic Freud’s (1856-1939) psychoanalytic theory abnormal behaviour the result of unconscious mental events mind consists of id, ego, and superego used ideas to treat hysteria Slide 9: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. History of the Paradigms:Cognitive Behavioural : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 10 History of the Paradigms:Cognitive Behavioural more concerned with treatment than etiology initially, focus on observable behaviour rather than “mind” Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) → classical conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) → operant conditioning John B. Watson (1878-1958)→ behaviourism cognition increasingly viewed as an important process in learning History of the Paradigms:Humanistic : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 11 History of the Paradigms:Humanistic human nature is inherently good abnormal behaviour is the result of society not the individual what is the meaning of life? free will vs. determinism more of a philosophy than psychology Slide 12: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Systems Theory Revisited : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 13 Systems Theory Revisited Diathesis-stress model disorders typically have several risk factors equifinality multifinality reciprocal causality Developmental psychopathology utilizes developmental norms allows for prognosis Development of Psychopathology : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 14 Development of Psychopathology Biological Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors Biological Factors:Neurons & Neurotransmitters : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 15 Biological Factors:Neurons & Neurotransmitters Neurons smallest anatomic unit within the nervous system dendrites →soma →axon →terminals→ synapse Neurotransmitters released into the synapse by axon terminals trigger receptors on dendrites over or undersupply linked to mental disorder Slide 16: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 16 Biological Factors: Neural Networks : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 17 Biological Factors: Neural Networks very complicated in the human brain change as a function of experience Donald Hebb (1904-1985) Biological Factors:Brain Structures : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 18 Biological Factors:Brain Structures hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain limbic system hypothalamus and thalamus Biological Factors:Cerebral Hemispheres : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 19 Biological Factors:Cerebral Hemispheres lateralization of function coordination of function corpus callosum four ventricles cerebral cortex frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe Biological Factors:Endocrine System : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 20 Biological Factors:Endocrine System release hormones into the bloodstream regulates aspects of normal development Biological Factors: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 21 Biological Factors: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates functions of various organs little or no conscious control Two branches: sympathetic parasympathetic Biological Factors:Basic Principles of Behaviour Genetics : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 22 Biological Factors:Basic Principles of Behaviour Genetics dominant and recessive genes genotype vs. phenotype mental disorders, if inherited, are most likely polygenic Biological Factors:Researching Behaviour Genetics : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 23 Biological Factors:Researching Behaviour Genetics family incidence studies monozygotic (MZ) vs. dizygotic (DZ) twins adoption studies Nature/Nurture Debate : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 24 Nature/Nurture Debate genes alone do not cause most disorders if crime is “genetic”, where is the “crime” gene? environment can maximize genetic potential conclusion: nature and nurture are inseparable influences Psychological Factors : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 25 Psychological Factors Basic human motivations and temperament Emotion Learning and cognition Sense of self Development 1) Basic Human Motivations : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 26 1) Basic Human Motivations Evolutionary Psychology human psychology has evolved based on the principles of natural selection and inclusive fitness Attachment Theory disorders rooted in insecure or anxious attachments Temperament individual differences rated on “Big Five” 2) Emotion : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 27 2) Emotion six basic emotions: love joy surprise anger sadness fear controlled by subcortical brain structures 3) Learning and Cognition : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 28 3) Learning and Cognition Modeling Albert Bandura (1925-) behaviour by imitating others Cognition human brain analogous to a computer social cognition attribution errors 4) Sense of Self : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 29 4) Sense of Self Erikson’s concept of identity quest to answer, “Who am I?” George Kelly (1905-1966) people adhere to various roles throughout life socialization learn societal rules and develop self-control self-efficacy self-esteem and mental health 5) Development : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 30 5) Development developmental transitions Freud’s psychosexual development Erikson’s psychosocial development Jean Piaget and cognitive development Social Factors : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 31 Social Factors Labeling Theory abnormal behaviour the product of social expectations self-fulfilling prophesy Relationships marital status social support a protective factor Social Factors : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 32 Social Factors Gender roles Prejudice and poverty First Nations people living in cities are more than twice as likely to live in poverty (Lee, 2000) suffer substance abuse, family violence, risk for suicide Societal values You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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chapter_2_Causes_of_Abnormal_Behaviour aSGuest6142 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 104 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: December 11, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 2Causes of Abnormal Behaviour:A Systems Approach : Chapter 2Causes of Abnormal Behaviour:A Systems Approach Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Thinking About Abnormal Behaviour : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 2 Thinking About Abnormal Behaviour What causes it? How should we study it? paradigms vs. systems theory Paradigms : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 Paradigms four traditional paradigms: biological psychodynamic cognitive behavioural humanistic assumptions inflexible & sometimes too narrow Systems Theory : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4 Systems Theory integrative approach (biopsychosocial) holism vs. reductionism multifactorial causes can not fully explain causes of most abnormal behaviour Case Study: Meghan’s Hardships : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 5 Case Study: Meghan’s Hardships what caused Meghan to attempt suicide? issues to consider: heredity inter-uterine problems early physical abuse and neglect rejection from peers failure at school difficult relationship with her adoptive mother History of the Paradigms:Pre-20th Century : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 6 History of the Paradigms:Pre-20th Century witchcraft development of the scientific method History of the Paradigms:Biological : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 7 History of the Paradigms:Biological cure of “general paresis” different from other forms of lunacy linked to the STD syphilis spirochete responsible for syphilis discovered penicillin used to treat syphilis incidence of general paresis virtually eliminated History of the Paradigms:Psychodynamic : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 8 History of the Paradigms:Psychodynamic Freud’s (1856-1939) psychoanalytic theory abnormal behaviour the result of unconscious mental events mind consists of id, ego, and superego used ideas to treat hysteria Slide 9: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. History of the Paradigms:Cognitive Behavioural : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 10 History of the Paradigms:Cognitive Behavioural more concerned with treatment than etiology initially, focus on observable behaviour rather than “mind” Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) → classical conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) → operant conditioning John B. Watson (1878-1958)→ behaviourism cognition increasingly viewed as an important process in learning History of the Paradigms:Humanistic : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 11 History of the Paradigms:Humanistic human nature is inherently good abnormal behaviour is the result of society not the individual what is the meaning of life? free will vs. determinism more of a philosophy than psychology Slide 12: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Systems Theory Revisited : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 13 Systems Theory Revisited Diathesis-stress model disorders typically have several risk factors equifinality multifinality reciprocal causality Developmental psychopathology utilizes developmental norms allows for prognosis Development of Psychopathology : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 14 Development of Psychopathology Biological Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors Biological Factors:Neurons & Neurotransmitters : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 15 Biological Factors:Neurons & Neurotransmitters Neurons smallest anatomic unit within the nervous system dendrites →soma →axon →terminals→ synapse Neurotransmitters released into the synapse by axon terminals trigger receptors on dendrites over or undersupply linked to mental disorder Slide 16: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 16 Biological Factors: Neural Networks : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 17 Biological Factors: Neural Networks very complicated in the human brain change as a function of experience Donald Hebb (1904-1985) Biological Factors:Brain Structures : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 18 Biological Factors:Brain Structures hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain limbic system hypothalamus and thalamus Biological Factors:Cerebral Hemispheres : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 19 Biological Factors:Cerebral Hemispheres lateralization of function coordination of function corpus callosum four ventricles cerebral cortex frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe Biological Factors:Endocrine System : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 20 Biological Factors:Endocrine System release hormones into the bloodstream regulates aspects of normal development Biological Factors: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 21 Biological Factors: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates functions of various organs little or no conscious control Two branches: sympathetic parasympathetic Biological Factors:Basic Principles of Behaviour Genetics : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 22 Biological Factors:Basic Principles of Behaviour Genetics dominant and recessive genes genotype vs. phenotype mental disorders, if inherited, are most likely polygenic Biological Factors:Researching Behaviour Genetics : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 23 Biological Factors:Researching Behaviour Genetics family incidence studies monozygotic (MZ) vs. dizygotic (DZ) twins adoption studies Nature/Nurture Debate : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 24 Nature/Nurture Debate genes alone do not cause most disorders if crime is “genetic”, where is the “crime” gene? environment can maximize genetic potential conclusion: nature and nurture are inseparable influences Psychological Factors : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 25 Psychological Factors Basic human motivations and temperament Emotion Learning and cognition Sense of self Development 1) Basic Human Motivations : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 26 1) Basic Human Motivations Evolutionary Psychology human psychology has evolved based on the principles of natural selection and inclusive fitness Attachment Theory disorders rooted in insecure or anxious attachments Temperament individual differences rated on “Big Five” 2) Emotion : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 27 2) Emotion six basic emotions: love joy surprise anger sadness fear controlled by subcortical brain structures 3) Learning and Cognition : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 28 3) Learning and Cognition Modeling Albert Bandura (1925-) behaviour by imitating others Cognition human brain analogous to a computer social cognition attribution errors 4) Sense of Self : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 29 4) Sense of Self Erikson’s concept of identity quest to answer, “Who am I?” George Kelly (1905-1966) people adhere to various roles throughout life socialization learn societal rules and develop self-control self-efficacy self-esteem and mental health 5) Development : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 30 5) Development developmental transitions Freud’s psychosexual development Erikson’s psychosocial development Jean Piaget and cognitive development Social Factors : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 31 Social Factors Labeling Theory abnormal behaviour the product of social expectations self-fulfilling prophesy Relationships marital status social support a protective factor Social Factors : Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 32 Social Factors Gender roles Prejudice and poverty First Nations people living in cities are more than twice as likely to live in poverty (Lee, 2000) suffer substance abuse, family violence, risk for suicide Societal values