Chapter 12 - Applied Psych - Job and Wor

Industrial/Organizational PsychologyChapter 12 – Job and Work Design : 

Industrial/Organizational PsychologyChapter 12 – Job and Work Design Christine Nivens MA, LPC Office # K237 Thursday 5:00 – 6:30 PM (972) 881-5759 Faculty Office Phone (214) 733-3139 Cell Phone cnivens@ccccd.edu

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

2 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Equipment Design Role of the Human Factors Psychologist Roles of People and Machines Displays Controls Workspace Design Psychological Factors in Workspace Design Workplace Envelope Computers and Human Factors Ergonomic Computer Workspace Design Problems in the Computer Workspace Computer Hardware and Software Attitudes toward Computer Use Virtual Reality

Chapter 12: : 

3 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Robots and Humans – Nontraditional Work Schedules Shift work Compressed Workweek Flextime Job Sharing Workplace Design Open Offices Telecommuting Case Study Quality of Work Life

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

4 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Introduction to Human Factors Psychology: Goal to make people more machine like and reliable With the Hawthorne studies and the realization that people are different Human Factors Psychology is the study of person-machine systems in I/O psychology Engineering Psychology is the study of person-machine systems in I/O psychology Ergonomics refers to the study of person-machine systems in I/O psychology mostly used in Europe and Canada Cognitive Design Engineering is an extension of engineering psychology that concerns the part of work which involves thought processes and tools for thinking

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

5 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Equipment Design Role of the Human Factors Psychologist Meister suggests that human factors information should be used in each of 5 steps: System planning Preliminary design Detail design Testing and evaluation production Roles of People and Machines Decide which tasks the person will do and which one the machine will do – see chart on next page Displays is the presentation of information to the human operator in a person-machine system Visual Displays such as timer on microwave Mapping is the relationship between a display and the real world Auditory Display like an alarm system in a car Tactile and Olfactory Displays which include touch and smell Controls

Advantages of Humans Versus Machines : 

6 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Advantages of Humans Versus Machines

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

7 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Equipment Design Controls are used by the person to get the machine to do something Affordance is the degree to which a control device’s properties such as shape and form lead to the one intended use for the device Compatibility indicates how much the relationships between the person’s actions and the machines behavior is consistent with what people expect

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

8 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Workspace Design Starting with Taylor much of the work of human factor specialists focused on correct equipment design. Now the entire workspace had to be considered. Psychological Factors in Workspace Design – Now focus on psychological along with physical design Workplace Envelope is a 3 dimensional space in which a single individual works or more generally the space in which that person uses her or his hands Sanders and McCormick offers a system of priorities for making choices about design elements: Primary visual tasks Primary controls for interaction in the primary visual task Control-display relationships Concerns the arrangement of elements that are used in sequence To locate conveniently those elements that are used frequently

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

9 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Computers and Human Factors Ergonomic Computer Workspace Design Introduction of computers leads to a number of physical stress and strain problems. Problems in the Computer Workspace Repetitive motion injury of small motor behaviors like typing, etc. Solutions: Job Enlargement Job Rotation Computer Hardware and Software to make based on individuals limitations Voice Recognition systems Attitudes toward Computer Use – empower individuals with the skills to accomplish this Virtual Reality are an area of human-computer interaction combining both hardware and software design issues.

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

10 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Robots and Humans – Pathfinder robot used to travel and explore Martian landscape Robots are mechanical devices that can be programmed to carry out a sequence of tasks Nontraditional Work Schedules Shift work is used to meet staffing needs during times other than the typical daytime hours. Compressed Workweek schedules take the typical 40 hour workweek and contract it out into three or four day workweeks Flextime allows for some degree of personal choice in work scheduling Job Sharing is divided between two employees is an alternative that allows fewer hours at work.

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

11 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Workplace Design Open Offices can be a group of desks in one large area Bullpen offices arranged in functional groups Landscaped offices that separate employee workspaces with partitions that do not go all the way to the ceiling Telecommuting is where individuals work from home but are connected by telephone, fax, and computer as much as or even more that they would if they were at the office Case Study – Can Telecommuting Work?

Chapter 12: Job and Work Design : 

12 Applied Psych Job and Work Design By Christine Nivens Chapter 12: Job and Work Design Quality of Work Life is the desire to improve organizational and employee goals and needs by increasing employee’s participation in solving organizational problems and making decisions Concern of effects on employees Organizational goals Employee motivation and job satisfaction More concern with keeping good employees and reducing turnover rates as well as lowering the incidence of absenteeism, minor accidents, and grievances Worker safety, shift scheduling, computer use, employee wellness and fitness, office design, job reorganization, training programs, developing flextime, telecommuting programs, etc.