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Homeland SecurityEffects on S&T in the US : 

April 2005 1 Homeland SecurityEffects on S&T in the US David Heyman Director and Senior Fellow Center for Strategic and International Studies Homeland Security Program April 2005

Homeland Security R&D : 

April 2005 2 Homeland Security R&D Federal Government R&D Department of Homeland Security R&D Market- (or “Pseudo-Market-”) Driven R&D Other Effects on Science

Federal Homeland Security R&D : 

Federal Homeland Security R&D Source: AAAS Report XXIX, Research and Development FY2005, w/ OMB data

Department of Homeland Security R&D : 

April 2005 4 Department of Homeland Security R&D Department created March 2003 with FY 2003 budget of $31.2 billion and 180,000 employees Combined 22 agencies (several of which did R&D) R&D was one of the major growth areas (organizationally and monetarily) FY05 budget request $40.2 billion; $1.1 billion R&D

Department of Homeland Security R&D(FY 2005 Appropriation; $1243 M) : 

April 2005 5 Department of Homeland Security R&D(FY 2005 Appropriation; $1243 M) Source: AAAS

Other Federal Actions Intended to Motivate Homeland Security R&D : 

April 2005 6 Other Federal Actions Intended to Motivate Homeland Security R&D Project BioShield (…plus BioWatch) $885 M FY 2004; $2528 M FY 2005 (request) Program to stimulate market in countermeasures to biological attack Intention is to motivate industry to invest in R&D; now limited to 7-year horizon Safety Act Provides some liability protections for designated or certified homeland security products Likely to stimulate private sector R&D, but on even shorter timescale

Department of Homeland SecurityUniversity Centers of Excellence : 

April 2005 7 Department of Homeland SecurityUniversity Centers of Excellence Legislative requirement to establish “coordinated, university-based system to enhance the Nation’s homeland security,” First center ($12 M; 3 years) awarded 11/2003 to USC for “Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events” Second Center to Texas A&M for agroterrorism centers ($12M; 3yrs) University of Minnesota for Food Protection and Defense ($15M; 3yrs) Other key topics: behavioral research on terrorism and countermeasures; public safety technology transfer; R&D for needed response techniques FY2005 budget request: $30 M (down from $60M in 2004) Scholars and Fellows (82 S/ 92 F)

National Institutes of Health Regional/National Centers : 

April 2005 8 National Institutes of Health Regional/National Centers Regional Centers of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases (consortia) 8 awarded September 2003; $350 M total over 5 years Regional Biocontainment Laboratories BSL-3 laboratory facilities 9 awarded September 2003; $7 - $21M each National Biocontainment Laboratories BSL-4 laboratory facilities 2 awarded September 2003; $120 M each Cooperative Centers for Translational Research on Human Immunology and Biodefense 5 awarded September 2003; $85 M total over 4.5 years

Effects on How Science is Done : 

April 2005 9 Effects on How Science is Done Concern over losing technology to adversaries not new Similar issues during Cold War triggered restrictive policies, giving rise in turn to Presidential Directive NSDD-189 affirming importance of openness of fundamental technical research. New times, new technologies, and new vulnerabilities mandate a fresh look, but the answer is likely the same the same Concern over terrorist penetration of borders is new Students and scholars face special scrutiny, but changes in visa system affect all visitors and have significant consequences. Biological research subject to special measures

“Troublesome Clauses” : 

April 2005 10 “Troublesome Clauses” Cropping up on university research contracts Regarding participation by foreign nationals Regarding prior review of publications Problematic from university perspective Apparent inconsistency with NSDD-189 Time-consuming to negotiate Can threaten export control exemptions for fundamental research Not a new issue

Harder to Enter the United States : 

April 2005 11 Harder to Enter the United States Numerous measures have impeded visitor entry Students face extra scrutiny Foreign student enrollments dropping Visa applications and awards have dropped

Visa Awards (1999-2003) : 

Visa Awards (1999-2003)

Science/Security Issues in Biology : 

April 2005 13 Science/Security Issues in Biology “Select agent” regulations New controls on possession New lab security measures Personnel controls Governance of Research Publishers’ Statement NAS “Fink Committee” National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity