Iodine in Health and Civil Defense :Iodine in Health and Civil Defense 24th Annual Meeting of Doctors for Disaster Preparedness at Portland State University August 6, 2006 Donald W. Miller, Jr., M.D. Professor of Surgery Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery University of Washington School of Medicine


Iodine in Heart Surgery :Iodine in Heart Surgery


Elements that Compose the Human Body :Elements that Compose the Human Body Periodic Table of Elements Iodine atom


Slide 4:Napoleon Nuclear Weapons


Iodine in Thyroid Hormones :Iodine in Thyroid Hormones


Actions of Triiodothyronine (T3) :Actions of Triiodothyronine (T3) Regulate cellular oxidation Calorigenesis Thermoregulation Intermediary Metabolism Necessary for protein synthesis Promotes Nitrogen retention Glycogenolysis Intestinal absorption of glucose and galactose Lipolysis Uptake of glucose by adipocytes


Slide 7:Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Goiter


Slide 8: Iodine Deficiency Disorder Iceberg Loss of Energy due to Hypothyroidism 30-70 % Mental Retardation 5-30 % Cretinism 1-10% Goiter


Hypothyroidism :Hypothyroidism Symptoms Fatigue (sluggishness) Mental impairment with decreased concentration and memory Depression Muscle aches – fibromyalgia Joint pains Constipation Decreased sexual energy Cold intolerance Signs Weight Gain Dry, cold (and thick) skin Fluid retention, myxedema Hair loss with dry hair Slow reflexes Hypothermia Manifestations of congestive heart failure


Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Mental Retardation :Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Mental Retardation


Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Cretinism :Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Cretinism


Worldwide Iodine Nutrition :Worldwide Iodine Nutrition Median urinary iodine concentration of 100-199 ug/L with corresponding approximate iodine intake 150-299 ug/day International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Current IDD Status Database, 2003


Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Iodine :Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Iodine According to the AMA, NIH National Research Council, Joint UN FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, and the EU IPCS RDA: 100-150 μg/day


Iodine Intake in Japan :Iodine Intake in Japan Nutrition in Japan, 1964. Nutrition Section, Bureau of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan, March 1965 Iodine Intake 1950-1963: 13.8 mg/per capita/day (average 4.5 gm seaweed a day. Measured Iodine content 0.3mg/gm) Seaweed consumption in 2001: 14.6 gm (dry weight) Iodine Intake 2001: 43.8 mg If Iodine content the same (was not measured)


Iodine Intake in the United States :Iodine Intake in the United States Urinary iodine levels (µg/L) in the United States, age 6-74 Current Average Daily Intake of Iodine: 240 µg (0.24 mg) Iodine Intake in 1970s: 480 µg (0.48 mg) 320 145 161


Health Comparisons: United States and Japan :Health Comparisons: United States and Japan United States Japan Incidence of Breast Highest in World Lowest Cancer Life Expectancy 77.85 years 81.25 years (48th/226 countries) (No. 6) Infant Mortality Rate 7.0 3.5 (deaths under age 1 per (Lowest in World) 1,000 live births)


Atmospheric and Evolutionary Importance of Iodine :Atmospheric and Evolutionary Importance of Iodine


The Role of Iodine in the Formation of the Earth’s Atmosphere :The Role of Iodine in the Formation of the Earth’s Atmosphere 1st Atmosphere, 4.6 Ga: Hydrogen and Helium From Solar Nebula Stripped Off by Solar Wind


Earth’s 2nd Atmosphere, until 2.2 Ga :Earth’s 2nd Atmosphere, until 2.2 Ga Formed from degassing of volcanoes H2O (water vapor), 50-60% Oceans Formed from Condensation of Water Vapor CO2 (carbon dioxide), 24% SO2 (sulfur dioxide), 13% Transformed by bacterial photosynthesis


The Earth’s 3rd Atmosphere, from 2.2 Ga :The Earth’s 3rd Atmosphere, from 2.2 Ga Oxygen Level in Atmosphere (Percent) 4.6 3.6 2.6 1.6 0.6 Billion Years Ago Photosynthesis first done by Cyanobacteria: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C 6H12 O6 + 6O2 Cyanobacteria are also the first life forms to tolerate and use……………………... IODINE


Iodine as an Antioxidant :Iodine as an Antioxidant I- + H2O2 HIO + OH- HIO + I- + H+ I2 + H2O Reactive Oxygen Species Kupper FC, et al. Iodine uptake in Laminariales involves extracellular, haloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of iodide. Planta 1998;207:163-171.


Cyanobacteria, 2.7 Ga to Present :Cyanobacteria, 2.7 Ga to Present Shark Bay, Australia Stromatolites in Australia Containing Colonies of Cyanobacteria.


Cyanobacteria :Cyanobacteria Under the Microscope


Evolution of Life on Earth :Evolution of Life on Earth


Iodine in Salamanders :Iodine in Salamanders Axolotl Salamander Found in lakes near Mexico City. Grow up to 13 inches long.


Iodine in Neanderthals :Neanderthal Cretin Iodine in Neanderthals


Bone Morphology Comparisons Between Modern Humans, Neanderthals, and Cretins :Bone Morphology Comparisons Between Modern Humans, Neanderthals, and Cretins Dobson JE. The Iodine Factor in Health and Evolution. The Geographical Review 1998;88(1):1-14. Modern Human Rickets Neanderthal Cretin


Similarities Among Skeletal Morphologies of Neanderthals and Cretins :Similarities Among Skeletal Morphologies of Neanderthals and Cretins Short stature and relatively long torso Short Arms and Legs Attachments indicating strong musculature Heavy, thick-walled bones Curved limb bones (especially the femur) Large, deformed joints Long pelvis, with large exterior diameter Large long skull Low flat forehead Strong prominent bow ridges Large, rounded orbits Little chin, with wide massive jaw


Function of Iodine in Humans and Other Animals :Function of Iodine in Humans and Other Animals Thyroidal -- Organic A Component of Thyroxine and T3 Extrathyroidal -- Inorganic An Antioxidant Triggers Apoptosis Other Detoxify chemicals and biological toxins Anti-allergic, coat external proteins rendering them non allergic Suppess auto-immunity Strengthen immune system Provide antisepsis in the stomach


Slide 32:Zhang, L. et al. Nonradioactive Iodide Effectively Induces Apoptosis in Genetically Modified Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Research 2003;63:5065-5072 Iodine-Induced Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Genetically Modified Lung Cancer Cells Parent (unmodified) Lung Cancer Cells


Slide 33:Effect of Iodine on Tumor Growth in Mice Genetically Modified Tumor Xenograft Controls Genetically Modified Tumor Xenograft with Iodine Zhang, L. et al. Nonradioactive Iodide Effectively Induces Apoptosis in Genetically Modified Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Research 2003;63:5065-5072


Organs with Iodine Concentrating AbilityVia the Sodium/Iodine Symporter Pump :Organs with Iodine Concentrating AbilityVia the Sodium/Iodine Symporter Pump Stomach Mucosa Mammary Glands Salivary Glands Other: Ovaries Thymus Epidermis Choroid Plexus Articular, Arterial, and Skeletal Systems 125I total-body scintiscans 30 min 6 hr 20 hr Venturi s, et al. Role of Iodine in Evolution and Carcinogenesis of Thyroid, Breast and Stomach. Adv Clin Path 2000;4:11-17.


The Reigning Truth on Iodine :The Reigning Truth on Iodine 1) Iodine is needed only by the thyroid gland for biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. A RDA of 100-150 μg/day for Iodine meets this need. 2) Daily intake of more than 1 mg/day of iodine is excessive and potentially harmful.


Slide 36:When you seek a new path to truth, you must expect to find it blocked by expert opinion. Albert Guérard Education of a Humanist


The Real Truth on IodineIts Dose-Related Benefits :The Real Truth on IodineIts Dose-Related Benefits In microgram (μg) amounts: In milligram (mg) amounts: In gram (g) amounts: For thyroid hormone Achieve optimal health Prevent (and treat) fibrocystic disease of the breast Prevent (and treat) cancer Civil Defense Treat multiple diseases: dermatologic, pulmonary, cardiovascular, fungal


Different Kinds of Iodine :Different Kinds of Iodine Inorganic, Nonradioactive (127I) KI, SSKI, Lugol’s Solution, Iodoral, Tincture of Iodine, Povidone-Iodine) Organic Endogenous Thyroid hormones Synthetic Amiodarone Radiocontrast media Iopanoic acid, Meglumine Iotroxate, Propyliodone, etc. (Inorganic) Radioactive Isotopes


Forms of Inorganic, Nonradioactive Iodine :Forms of Inorganic, Nonradioactive Iodine KI (Potassium Iodide) A 130 mg tablet contains 100 mg of iodide SSKI (Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide) 38 mg/drop iodide (760 mg/ml) 19 mg/drop in Tahoma Clinic’s SSKI Tri-Quench Lugol’s Solution -- 5% iodine (I2) and 10% KI 6.5 mg/drop blend of iodine and iodide (130 mg/ml) Iodoral -- 5% iodine and 10% KI One tablet = 12.5 mg blend of iodine and iodide


Iodine Poisoning :Iodine Poisoning Ingested 15 gm of Iodine – 100,000 x the RDA of 0.00015 gm (150 μg) Serum Iodide level was 2,950 ug/dL (normal is 3.5 μg/dL with daily intake of 150 ug Iodine) Salivary Iodide Level 60,000 ug/dL (normal 105 μg/dL)


Albert Szent-Györygi (1893-1986) :Albert Szent-Györygi (1893-1986) In 1937, when awarded the Noble Prize for discovering vitamin C In 1983, at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA


Slide 42:Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911 Volume XIV Hus to Ita


Iodine in Dermatology :Iodine in Dermatology Pyoderma Gangrenosum Nodular Vasculitis Sporotrichosis Sterling JB, Heymann WR. Potassium Iodide In Dermatology: A 19th Century Drug for the 21st Century—Uses, Pharmacology, Adverse Effects, and Contraindications. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:691-697.


Fibrocystic Breast Disease :Fibrocystic Breast Disease Cyst Fibrous tissue Epithelial and apocrine hyperplasia Elemental Iodine, I2, more effective than Iodide, I- Ghent WR, Eskin BA, Low DA, Hill LP. Iodine Replacement in Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast. Can J Surg 1993;36:453-460.


Diatomic Iodine (I2)Treatment for Fibrocystic DiseaseSpecial Report of Efficacy and Safety Results(Submitted to FDA 21 March 1995) :Diatomic Iodine (I2)Treatment for Fibrocystic DiseaseSpecial Report of Efficacy and Safety Results(Submitted to FDA 21 March 1995) The Virginia Mason Randomized Controlled Trial Report sponsored by Mimetix, Inc.


Iodine Prevents Breast Cancer :Iodine Prevents Breast Cancer Animal Studies Reduces incidence in rats given carcinogens Human Studies Kills cancer cells grown in vitro Absorbed by cancer-prone ductal epithelium Epidemiological Studies Increased incidence with goiter Lower incidence in people who eat seaweed and fish


The Iodine Project :The Iodine Project Hypothesis: Whole body sufficiency of iodine requires mg (12.5 mg), not μg (150 μg ) daily amounts Principle Investigators Guy Abraham MD, 1997: Optimox Corp., Torrance, CA Jorge Flechas MD, 2000 (1,000 pts.): Flechas Family Practice, Hendersonville, NC David Brownstein MD, 2003 (3,000 pts.): Center for Holistic Medicine, West Bloomfield, MI Iodine Loading Test Take 50 mg iodine, urine collected for 24 hours Less than 90 % excretion indicates iodine insufficiency


Amiodarone :Amiodarone


Isotopes of Iodine :Isotopes of Iodine Isotope Half Life How Made Radioactivity As Radiotracer Radiotherapy 123 13 hours Cyclotron Gamma rays SPECT scans for ------ Thyroid 124 4.2 days Cyclotron Beta positrons PET scans ------ 125 60 days Cyclotron Gamma rays Immunoassy Brachytherapy for prostrate cancer 127 Stable Naturally None ------ ------ Occurring 131 8 days Nuclear Beta electrons Thyroid scans Hyperthyroidism Fission Gamma rays Other imaging Thyroid cancer Hodgkin’s lymphoma


Iodine in Civil Defense :Iodine in Civil Defense Trans-Pacific Radioactive Fallout after a Chinese 300-Kiloton Atmospheric Nuclear Explosion at their Test Site near Lop Nor in 1966


Slide 51:KI Blockade of Thyroid Irradiation by 131I Zanzonico PB, Becker DV. Effects of Time of Administration and Dietary Iodine Levels on Potassium Iodide (KI) Blockade of Thyroid Irradiation by 131I from Radioactive Fallout. Health Physics 2000;78(6):660-667


Slide 52:www.nukalert.com www.radmeters4u.com


Chernobyl April 26, 1986 :Chernobyl April 26, 1986


Sound Science and Iodine :Sound Science and Iodine Then -- 2 centuries ago 1779: The Coventry Remedy: Burnt sponge for goiter 1811: Iodine discovered (Bernard Courtois) 1816: Sea sponge found to contain high quantities of Iodine (Andrew Fyfe) 1819: Tincture of Iodine shrinks goiter (Jean Coindet) Now Thyroid-centered consensus view on Iodine intake, limited to 100-150 ug/day Endocrinologists decree Iodine >1 mg/day is excessive 1993 study showing that Iodine in mg doses cures fibrocystic disease of the breast ignored


: Io-Gen :: Io-Gen “Symbollon is enrolling patients in a national multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized Phase III clinical trial for the treatment of moderate or severe breast pain associated with fibrocystic breast disease. The trial drug, IoGen, may help relieve breast pain. The study has been registered with FDA under the Protocol Registration System at ClinicalTrials.gov.”


Health Benefits of mg-Dose Iodine at 100x the RDA :Health Benefits of mg-Dose Iodine at 100x the RDA Feel Healthier Sense of Well-Being Lifting of Brain Fog Increased Energy - Achieve More in Less Time Feel Warmer in Cold Environments Need Less Sleep Regular Bowel Movements Improved Skin Complexion Strengthens Immune System Prevents Cancer Blocks 131I Absorption from Radioactive Fallout