Jie Zhang Tourism environment impact

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09-06-2010 1 Regional Environmental Impact of Tourism – Linking the regional tourism satellite accounts and the regional environmental accounts within the Danish regional model framework Jie Zhang Center for Regional and Tourism Research, Denmark

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09-06-2010 2 Purpose to assess tourists’ contribution to greenhouse gas emissions to construct the regional environmental satellite accounts to link the tourism satellite accounts with the regional environmental accounts to evaluate tourism environment impact by different tourist segments to gain knowledge transfer into wider application of regional environmental accounts

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09-06-2010 3 Tourism in Denmark Tourism consumption: 72.7 billion DKr. (approximately 9.8 billion euro) in 2006 Tourism total contribution (including direct, indirect and induced effects) to GDP was 7.3 billion euro in 2006, accounting for 4% of national GDP Tourism created 126 000 jobs in Denmark, which accounted for 4.6% of total employment.

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09-06-2010 4 Tourism consumption by product

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5 Tourism consumption by product Figure 1

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09-06-2010 6 Danish National Environment Accounts Statistics Denmark adopts NAMEA principle, i.e. “National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts” Environment satellite accounts are based on the national input-output tables data on the environment and resources are strictly comparable with the national accounts and the input-output table The accounts include 8 types of emissions, such as CO2, SO2, N2O, CO, CH, etc.

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09-06-2010 7 Figure for greenhouse gas emission (1) Trend in energy supply (in 1000 tons) Figure 2

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09-06-2010 8 Figure for greenhouse gas emission(2) Trend in agriculture and manufacturing sectors (in 1000 tons) Figure 2

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09-06-2010 9 Figure for greenhouse gas emission (3) Trend in air transport. water transport and food. beverage sectors (in 1000 tons) Figure 2

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09-06-2010 10 Figure for greenhouse gas emission (4) Trend in hotel and restaurant sectors (in 1000 tons) Figure 2

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09-06-2010 11 Figure for greenhouse gas emission GHG trends in private consumption (in 1000 tons) Figure 3

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09-06-2010 12 Linking two satellite accounts The national account is a join point for linking the two accounts. An important procedure is to regionalise the national environment accounts. It is assumed the same CO2 coefficient in the same sector for all regions in Denmark. The national CO2 emission data is distributed into each municipality by applying the regionalised intermediate consumption and regionalised private consumption.

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09-06-2010 13 Evaluating GHG emission from tourism Diagram 1

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14 Diagram 2 Line model Households Producers

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09-06-2010 15 Tourism’s direct and total impacts (1) (GHG emission on intermediate consumption in 1000 tonnes)

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09-06-2010 16 Tourism’s direct and total impacts (2) (GHG emission on private consumption in 1000 tonnes)

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09-06-2010 17 Tourism impact on GHG Tourism direct impact on GHG emissions accounts for 1.5% of national emissions via intermediate consumption The total tourism impact on the emissions rises to 5% of the national total Emissions through private consumption accounts for 14% of national total emissions. (direct and total impacts do not show much different)

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09-06-2010 18 GHG emissions by tourism types Figure 4

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09-06-2010 19 Tourism contribution on GHG and Economies Figure 5 (%)

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09-06-2010 20 Comparing the GHG by tourism with other final demand (In ton by a million DKK of consumption)

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09-06-2010 21 Two scenario analysis Table 6

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09-06-2010 22 GHG emission by tourism groups (%)

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09-06-2010 23 Conclusion It is necessary to link the regional tourism satellite account with the regional environment accounts when we make tourism environmental impact analysis The analysis is conducted within the Danish regional model framework and with available national accounts data The limitation from this study: We assumed the same CO2 coefficients for all the regions. This shortcoming will be improved when we get the regional energy consumption data. The method for GHG calculation should be revised – considering international accepted method for CO2 footprint We expect that knowledge transfer from this project

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09-06-2010 24 Thank you !