logging in or signing up Genetics Lecture V aSGuest48212 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 489 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: June 09, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: luvadane (16 month(s) ago) This is an excellent powerpoint; would it be possible to get the download emailed to me? Thank you- Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Genetics Lecture V : Genetics Lecture V Mutations and Genetic Modification Biology Standards Covered : Biology Standards Covered Std 4c ~ students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein Std 5c ~ students know how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel biochemical and agricultural products Mutations : Mutations Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information Genetic mutations result from changes in a single gene Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes Mutations : Mutations Mutations that only affect one nucleotide are called point mutations Point mutations generally only affect one amino acid in the sequence THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Normal: AUG-AAG-GGC-UAA Protein: Met - Lys - Gly - Stop Normal: AUG-AAG-AGC-UAA Protein: Met - Lys - Ser - Stop Mutations : Mutations Frameshift mutations are much more dangerous to the genetic code! They occur when a nucleotide is added (inserted) or deleted This “shifts” the reading frame of the gene THE DOG BIT THE CAT ** What happens if you remove the “G” in DOG THE DOB ITT HEC AT **The same would happen if you added a letter Gene Mutations:Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion : Substitution Insertion Deletion Gene Mutations:Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion Mutations can be very dangerous and VERY SCARY!! Mutations : Mutations Chromosomal mutations involves the change in the number or structure of chromosomes There are Four Types: Deletion – the loss of all or part of a chromosome Duplication – when a segment of a chromosome is repeated Inversion – When part of a chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse direction Translocation – when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another Chromosomal Mutations : Chromosomal Mutations Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding selective breeding – allowing only desired traits or characteristics to be passed on from one generation of organism to the next This process requires time, patience, and several generations of offspring before the desired effect is achieved Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding By “selective breeding” we mean to: Actively “select” desired traits or characteristics such as fruit shape, size, or color (like in tomatoes for example) Through several generations, we breed for those desired traits until the “frequency of the allele” is increased This is a means to increase the “likelihood” that these desired traits will appear Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Nearly all domestic animals such as horses, cats, dogs, and farm animals as well as many crops have been produced by selective breeding The “famous” scientist Luther Burbank produced a disease resistant potato plant that saved Ireland from the “Potato Blight” Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding One of the techniques that Luther used was hybridization – crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both organisms Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Hybrids : Hybrids are often “hardier” than both of the parents They are more resistant to diseases as well as temperatures and whatever they have been selectively bred to “resist” Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Hybrids continued In many cases scientists have “hybridized” a plant with a high tolerance for diseases with a plant that produces large amounts of food These are called genetically modified crops This is a special hybrid of extremely disease resistant and large spinach Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Inbreeding – mating between closely related individuals Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Inbreeding ensures that the offspring are homozygous for most traits Inbreeding also can increase the likelihood of harmful recessive traits as well Increasing Variation : Increasing Variation Nature already produces huge “variety” known as variation We can see the HUGE diversity in the human species “Breeders” can increase the variation in a population by “inducing” mutations (making them happen) Increasing Variation : Increasing Variation Breeders and scientists use “mutations” to increase variation in the population Mutation – a heritable change in the DNA ONLY if it can be “passed” to the offspring Mutations occur regularly and are one of the factors in evolution. Sometimes, mutations are negative ? Genetic Modifications : Genetic Modifications Polyploid – more than the normal amount of chromosomes in an organism Plants are often engineered to be polyploid so that they are larger and sometimes stronger Manipulating and Recombining DNA : Manipulating and Recombining DNA Each living organism has it’s own specific DNA that identifies that organism as an individual Think of DNA as a fingerprint Even each human, although we are all “humans”, we all have slightly different DNA Except identical twins which are considered living clones Manipulating and Recombining DNA : Manipulating and Recombining DNA What if we could take segments of DNA and “create” any type of living organism we wanted? TODAY – scientists have ways of doing just that !! Manipulating and Recombining DNA : Manipulating and Recombining DNA Scientists are using the information they have gathered so far about the structure of DNA to “cut & paste” their own sections Scientists are able to “re-write” certain DNA codes and alter living organisms Once you know the base-pairing rules you can cut out sections of DNA and insert sections wherever you wish Genetic Engineering : Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering – making changes in the DNA code of a living organism Restriction enzymes act like “keys” that fit into specific sequences of the DNA and “cut” them Restriction Enzymes cut DNA DNA Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA at specific site Sticky end Tools of Molecular Biology : Tools of Molecular Biology DNA Extraction – process by which DNA is taken out of (extracted) from the cells of an organism DNA Cutting – this is done by the restriction enzymes Separating DNA – a process called gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA into small fragments Gel Electrophoresis : Gel Electrophoresis After the DNA plus restriction enzymes are added to the gel, an electric charge is passed through the gel The genes separate out depending on size and the smaller genes move “faster” through the gel DNA plus restriction enzyme Power source Longer fragments Shorter fragments Gel Mixture of DNA fragments Cutting and Pasting DNA : Cutting and Pasting DNA Recombinant DNA – when DNA is taken from one organism and incorporated into the DNA of another organism Think of a gene that any plant or animal would have that you would like “spliced” into your DNA --- what gene would you want? Making Copies of Genes : Making Copies of Genes Copies of genes need to be made so that scientists can study them further The process of “copying DNA” is known as the polymerase chain reaction Have any idea why it is called that? Hint: “Polymerase” Cell Transformation : Cell Transformation Cell transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and it becomes part of the “host” cell’s DNA In order for you to “recombine” DNA into another organism you first have to get the gene from an organism Your next step is to get it into the cell you intend on incorporating it into it’s DNA Recombinant DNA Flanking sequences match HOST Host Cell DNA Target gene Recombinant DNA replaces target gene Modified Host Cell DNA Cell Transformation : Cell Transformation Transforming Bacteria Plasmid – a small, circular DNA molecule Found naturally in most bacteria Plasmids are easy to work with and can be recombined outside of the cell, then placed back into the cell Plasmid Bacterial chromosome Animal cell with Nucleus EcoRI ~ restriction enzyme removes the target gene Bacterial plasmid opened by restriction enzyme Recombined plasmid Slide 33: Human Cell Gene for human growth hormone Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone Sticky ends DNA recombination DNA insertion Bacterial Cell Plasmid Bacterial chromosome Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone Making Recombinant DNA in Bacterial Cells Human Cell Cell Transformation : Cell Transformation Transforming Plant Cells Plasmids are also used to transfer DNA into plant cells Some plant cells take up DNA on their own when their cell walls are removed DNA can also be directly injected into some plant cells The goal is to incorporate the DNA into at least one of the chromosomes Plant Cell Transformation : Plant Cell Transformation Gene to be transferred Recombinant plasmid Cellular DNA Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome Complete plant is generated from transformed cell Vectors Transfer DNA : Vectors Transfer DNA A plasmid is an example of a vector A vector is any means by which DNA from another species can be carried into a host cell A rejoining of DNA fragments is called gene splicing Gene Splicing Applying Genetic Engineering : Applying Genetic Engineering Transgenic organisms – any organism that contains genes from another or many other organisms Bacteria are primarily used to reproduce substances important to the health industry and to benefit humans They are considered transgenic microorganisms and they are used to grow cultures of human genes because they reproduce rapidly and are easy to work with Transgenic Animals : Transgenic Animals Animals have been used to help scientists study the effect of hormones and drugs on the human body and also to culture large amounts of useful human proteins They help us to : Study genes and improve our food supply Study the effect of diseases in humans Develop drugs to resist certain diseases Produce proteins essential to human function Transgenic Plants : Transgenic Plants Many of the plants and produce that you see daily in the grocery store are genetically modified Many “crops” contain transgenic plants that can be resistant to disease and pests This enables growers to spray generously without harming the plant Many of these chemicals stay on or in the plant as it makes its way to your table ? Transgenic plants also have many of the dominant traits that some of their “like” plants may contain in different parts of the world CLONING : CLONING A clone is an organism or sequence of DNA that is genetically identical and produced from a single cell If you were to clone yourself your clone would look exactly like you and have your exact and unique DNA sequence An identical twin is an example of a clone Cloning makes many advancements possible in the realm of science but, the question is should it be done? Slide 41: A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder Donor Nucleus These two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell The fused cell begins dividing normally. Embryo The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. Foster Mother The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly Cloned Lamb Egg Cell An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep. The nucleus of the egg cell is removed. Cloning of the First Mammal You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Genetics Lecture V aSGuest48212 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 489 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: June 09, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: luvadane (16 month(s) ago) This is an excellent powerpoint; would it be possible to get the download emailed to me? Thank you- Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Genetics Lecture V : Genetics Lecture V Mutations and Genetic Modification Biology Standards Covered : Biology Standards Covered Std 4c ~ students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein Std 5c ~ students know how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel biochemical and agricultural products Mutations : Mutations Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information Genetic mutations result from changes in a single gene Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes Mutations : Mutations Mutations that only affect one nucleotide are called point mutations Point mutations generally only affect one amino acid in the sequence THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Normal: AUG-AAG-GGC-UAA Protein: Met - Lys - Gly - Stop Normal: AUG-AAG-AGC-UAA Protein: Met - Lys - Ser - Stop Mutations : Mutations Frameshift mutations are much more dangerous to the genetic code! They occur when a nucleotide is added (inserted) or deleted This “shifts” the reading frame of the gene THE DOG BIT THE CAT ** What happens if you remove the “G” in DOG THE DOB ITT HEC AT **The same would happen if you added a letter Gene Mutations:Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion : Substitution Insertion Deletion Gene Mutations:Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion Mutations can be very dangerous and VERY SCARY!! Mutations : Mutations Chromosomal mutations involves the change in the number or structure of chromosomes There are Four Types: Deletion – the loss of all or part of a chromosome Duplication – when a segment of a chromosome is repeated Inversion – When part of a chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse direction Translocation – when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another Chromosomal Mutations : Chromosomal Mutations Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding selective breeding – allowing only desired traits or characteristics to be passed on from one generation of organism to the next This process requires time, patience, and several generations of offspring before the desired effect is achieved Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding By “selective breeding” we mean to: Actively “select” desired traits or characteristics such as fruit shape, size, or color (like in tomatoes for example) Through several generations, we breed for those desired traits until the “frequency of the allele” is increased This is a means to increase the “likelihood” that these desired traits will appear Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Nearly all domestic animals such as horses, cats, dogs, and farm animals as well as many crops have been produced by selective breeding The “famous” scientist Luther Burbank produced a disease resistant potato plant that saved Ireland from the “Potato Blight” Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding One of the techniques that Luther used was hybridization – crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both organisms Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Hybrids : Hybrids are often “hardier” than both of the parents They are more resistant to diseases as well as temperatures and whatever they have been selectively bred to “resist” Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Hybrids continued In many cases scientists have “hybridized” a plant with a high tolerance for diseases with a plant that produces large amounts of food These are called genetically modified crops This is a special hybrid of extremely disease resistant and large spinach Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Inbreeding – mating between closely related individuals Selective Breeding : Selective Breeding Inbreeding ensures that the offspring are homozygous for most traits Inbreeding also can increase the likelihood of harmful recessive traits as well Increasing Variation : Increasing Variation Nature already produces huge “variety” known as variation We can see the HUGE diversity in the human species “Breeders” can increase the variation in a population by “inducing” mutations (making them happen) Increasing Variation : Increasing Variation Breeders and scientists use “mutations” to increase variation in the population Mutation – a heritable change in the DNA ONLY if it can be “passed” to the offspring Mutations occur regularly and are one of the factors in evolution. Sometimes, mutations are negative ? Genetic Modifications : Genetic Modifications Polyploid – more than the normal amount of chromosomes in an organism Plants are often engineered to be polyploid so that they are larger and sometimes stronger Manipulating and Recombining DNA : Manipulating and Recombining DNA Each living organism has it’s own specific DNA that identifies that organism as an individual Think of DNA as a fingerprint Even each human, although we are all “humans”, we all have slightly different DNA Except identical twins which are considered living clones Manipulating and Recombining DNA : Manipulating and Recombining DNA What if we could take segments of DNA and “create” any type of living organism we wanted? TODAY – scientists have ways of doing just that !! Manipulating and Recombining DNA : Manipulating and Recombining DNA Scientists are using the information they have gathered so far about the structure of DNA to “cut & paste” their own sections Scientists are able to “re-write” certain DNA codes and alter living organisms Once you know the base-pairing rules you can cut out sections of DNA and insert sections wherever you wish Genetic Engineering : Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering – making changes in the DNA code of a living organism Restriction enzymes act like “keys” that fit into specific sequences of the DNA and “cut” them Restriction Enzymes cut DNA DNA Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA at specific site Sticky end Tools of Molecular Biology : Tools of Molecular Biology DNA Extraction – process by which DNA is taken out of (extracted) from the cells of an organism DNA Cutting – this is done by the restriction enzymes Separating DNA – a process called gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA into small fragments Gel Electrophoresis : Gel Electrophoresis After the DNA plus restriction enzymes are added to the gel, an electric charge is passed through the gel The genes separate out depending on size and the smaller genes move “faster” through the gel DNA plus restriction enzyme Power source Longer fragments Shorter fragments Gel Mixture of DNA fragments Cutting and Pasting DNA : Cutting and Pasting DNA Recombinant DNA – when DNA is taken from one organism and incorporated into the DNA of another organism Think of a gene that any plant or animal would have that you would like “spliced” into your DNA --- what gene would you want? Making Copies of Genes : Making Copies of Genes Copies of genes need to be made so that scientists can study them further The process of “copying DNA” is known as the polymerase chain reaction Have any idea why it is called that? Hint: “Polymerase” Cell Transformation : Cell Transformation Cell transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and it becomes part of the “host” cell’s DNA In order for you to “recombine” DNA into another organism you first have to get the gene from an organism Your next step is to get it into the cell you intend on incorporating it into it’s DNA Recombinant DNA Flanking sequences match HOST Host Cell DNA Target gene Recombinant DNA replaces target gene Modified Host Cell DNA Cell Transformation : Cell Transformation Transforming Bacteria Plasmid – a small, circular DNA molecule Found naturally in most bacteria Plasmids are easy to work with and can be recombined outside of the cell, then placed back into the cell Plasmid Bacterial chromosome Animal cell with Nucleus EcoRI ~ restriction enzyme removes the target gene Bacterial plasmid opened by restriction enzyme Recombined plasmid Slide 33: Human Cell Gene for human growth hormone Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone Sticky ends DNA recombination DNA insertion Bacterial Cell Plasmid Bacterial chromosome Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone Making Recombinant DNA in Bacterial Cells Human Cell Cell Transformation : Cell Transformation Transforming Plant Cells Plasmids are also used to transfer DNA into plant cells Some plant cells take up DNA on their own when their cell walls are removed DNA can also be directly injected into some plant cells The goal is to incorporate the DNA into at least one of the chromosomes Plant Cell Transformation : Plant Cell Transformation Gene to be transferred Recombinant plasmid Cellular DNA Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome Complete plant is generated from transformed cell Vectors Transfer DNA : Vectors Transfer DNA A plasmid is an example of a vector A vector is any means by which DNA from another species can be carried into a host cell A rejoining of DNA fragments is called gene splicing Gene Splicing Applying Genetic Engineering : Applying Genetic Engineering Transgenic organisms – any organism that contains genes from another or many other organisms Bacteria are primarily used to reproduce substances important to the health industry and to benefit humans They are considered transgenic microorganisms and they are used to grow cultures of human genes because they reproduce rapidly and are easy to work with Transgenic Animals : Transgenic Animals Animals have been used to help scientists study the effect of hormones and drugs on the human body and also to culture large amounts of useful human proteins They help us to : Study genes and improve our food supply Study the effect of diseases in humans Develop drugs to resist certain diseases Produce proteins essential to human function Transgenic Plants : Transgenic Plants Many of the plants and produce that you see daily in the grocery store are genetically modified Many “crops” contain transgenic plants that can be resistant to disease and pests This enables growers to spray generously without harming the plant Many of these chemicals stay on or in the plant as it makes its way to your table ? Transgenic plants also have many of the dominant traits that some of their “like” plants may contain in different parts of the world CLONING : CLONING A clone is an organism or sequence of DNA that is genetically identical and produced from a single cell If you were to clone yourself your clone would look exactly like you and have your exact and unique DNA sequence An identical twin is an example of a clone Cloning makes many advancements possible in the realm of science but, the question is should it be done? Slide 41: A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder Donor Nucleus These two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell The fused cell begins dividing normally. Embryo The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. Foster Mother The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly Cloned Lamb Egg Cell An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep. The nucleus of the egg cell is removed. Cloning of the First Mammal