Current Conflicts

Current Conflicts: Conflict Resolution & Peace Education : 

Current Conflicts: Conflict Resolution & Peace Education Peace is the only battle worth waging.   -Albert Camus

Outline : 

Outline Introduction video clip History of Conflict Resolution & Peace Education Micro View of Conflict -Psychological Theories of Conflict Meso View of Conflict, Conflict Resolution & Peace Education - Statistics: Crimes and Youth - The School System: Conflict Resolution & Peace Education Guest Speakers Mrs. Linda Simpson, Constable Evan Hung, Mr. Peter Kemp BREAK Macro View of Conflict Resolution & Peace Education -Video Clips: Ghandi, Civil Rights Movement, Cooperation Ireland Conclusion: What Can You Do? -Concluding Remarks: Dr. Desmond Tutu

History of Conflict Resolution & Peace Resolution : 

History of Conflict Resolution & Peace Resolution

Major Dates and Treaties : 

Major Dates and Treaties Earliest Treaty - Battle of Kadesh Approx. 1270 BC 1400’s-1600’s “Great Law of Peace” 1648: Treaty of Westphalia 1713: Treaty of Utrecht 1815: Congress of Vienna (Napoleonic Wars) 1845: Mexican-American War 1919: Versailles Peace Conference (WWI “War Nobody Wanted”) 1945: Allied Victory WWII Mid-1940’s to 1989: Cold War

Development of Conflict Resolution : 

Development of Conflict Resolution Quakers and Gandhi Cold War 1950’s early 60’s Pioneers John Burton Leonard Doob Herbert Kelman

Peace, Conflict and the Individual : 

Peace, Conflict and the Individual “Wars begin in the minds of men” – Preamble to the UNESCO Constitution “To Build Peace in the Minds of Men” “since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed”

Reasons for Conflict : 

Reasons for Conflict Instinct Theory “War in our Genes” Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology “Evolution a Process” Freudian and post-Freudian psychoanalysis “Nurtured to War” Innate Depravity and Human Nature “Naturally Depraved”

Reasons for Conflict : 

Reasons for Conflict Instinct Theory “War in our Genes” Aggression: Natural Biological Trait Konrad Lorenz Re-channel biological energy to socially non-destructive competition Counter arguments Pessimistic “War is Inevitable” We have control over our actions Animal nature is our nature “Species that invented war are capable of inventing peace”

Reasons for Conflict : 

Reasons for Conflict Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology “Evolution a Process” Adaptive significance of behavior View of War (Men) Ecological competition Male-male competition Role of kinship patterns Genetic Relatedness (Fictive Kinship: Patriotism) War in Early Human Evolution

Reasons for Conflict : 

Reasons for Conflict Freudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory “Nurtured to War” Unconscious Behavior Thanatos (Death Instinct) and Eros (Life Instinct) Must repress primitive tendencies to live conflict free Parents Discipline Society Punish Supranational Authority “World Government” Narcissistic Injury Pessimistic Cause of War

Reasons for Conflict : 

Reasons for Conflict Other Theories Frustration-Aggression Theory Social Learning Conditioning Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Alienation and Totalism

Attraction/Inhibition to War : 

Attraction/Inhibition to War Attraction Thrill of War Right of Passage Acceptance Inhibition Average individual naturally resistant to killing fellow man Training change after 1950’s

Roots of Empathy – Mary Gordon : 

Roots of Empathy – Mary Gordon Molding a society of peace starts with youth Importance of Health Family Universal Need for Love and Belonging Public Education as an Equalizer Power of the Arts Empathy grows into more cohesive accepting society

Individual Action : 

Individual Action Individuals can make a difference Democracy “Every Person Counts” Powerlessness and empowerment both self-fulfilling prophecy At least three things needed to move peace process “Primary block to the establishment of peace is not so much the actual difficulty of achieving it, but rather the feeling that it is impossible” Notable Figures for Peace Mahatma Gandhi Martin Luther King Jr. Dali Lama Pope John Paul Jesus Christ You

Meso/Community View of Conflict, Conflict Resolution & Peace Building : 

Meso/Community View of Conflict, Conflict Resolution & Peace Building

Our Communities, Our Nation: The Issues : 

Our Communities, Our Nation: The Issues Statistics on Conflict in Canada 56,271 REPORTED youth criminal acts in 2005/2006 (over 15,000 crimes against the person) ; down from over 77,000 in 2001/2002 Toronto School Study 1 out of every 5 reported committing at least one delinquent act in the past 12 months 2/5 students victimized High-risk Groups Aboriginal youth Gangs – low SES, victims of abuse at home, ethnic minorities; seek affirmation, friendship

Schools: a key institution in the mitigation of violent behaviour and the creation of peace : 

Schools: a key institution in the mitigation of violent behaviour and the creation of peace Why Schools? Can implement peace education into the curriculum Can train staff Can control politics of the environment Legitimacy of the school system Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. -Nelson Mandela

History of peer mediation in schools : 

History of peer mediation in schools Research-based peer mediation programs began in the 1960s Teaching Students to Be Peacemakers Program Derived: social interdependence theory Methods: taught all students in a school the nature of conflict, how to use negotiation procedures, and how to mediate peer conflicts. All students then took turns being a class and school mediator.

Types of Programs : 

Types of Programs There are at least three ways to describe conflict resolution and peer mediation programs in schools. Cadre or total student body programs Curriculum-based programs or Peer mediation programs. (a) skills-oriented approaches; (b) academically oriented Conflict Resolution Programs approaches; and, (c) structural change approaches.