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Pruder The Oceanic Institute Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 USA Presentation format:Importance of the seafood market and aquaculture sector within the U.S., and recent U.S. food consumption patterns Organic feed certification issues:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards - use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : Presentation format:Importance of the seafood market and aquaculture sector within the U.S., and recent U.S. food consumption patterns Organic feed certification issues:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards - use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : U.S. SEAFOOD MARKET The U.S. is the world’s largest seafood market, with consumers spending over $ 49.3 billion for fishery products in 1998. : US TRADE DEFICIT IN SEAFOOD However, although total U.S. landings from capture fisheries & aquaculture amounted to 5.1 mmt in 1998 and ranked fourth globally (after China, Japan & India), the U.S. had a trade deficit in edible and non-edible fishery products of $ 7.0 billion in 1999 (the largest of any agricultural commodity & 2nd only to petroleum for any natural resources products), including $ 3.1 billion of edible shrimp imports : U.S. EDIBLE SEAFOOD IMPORTS To satisfy this market, the U.S. imported a record quantity of edible seafood products in 1999, totaling 1.76 million metric tons or 3.89 billion pounds, valued at $ 9.0 billion : US MEAT & SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION Pound per head 1987 1998 Beef 69.6 64.9 Pork 45.6 49.2 Chicken 39.4 50.8 Total seafood 16.2 14.9 Turkey 11.6 14.2 Source: USDA/ERS, USDC/NMFS, 1 lb = 453g ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives AQUACULTURE IS SIMILAR TO AGRICULTURE : AQUACULTURE IS SIMILAR TO AGRICULTURE Very heterogeneous and biologically diverse sector, with total global aquaculture production in 1998 coming from over 206 different animal & plant species, including: 123 different finfish species 39 different mollusc species 26 different crustacean species 14 different aquatic plant species 4 miscellaneous species (frogs, turtles, sea-squirts, sea urchins) Difficult therefore to simply compare aquaculture with livestock production TOTAL WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN 1998 : TOTAL WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN 1998 Finfish 55.4% 52,458,185,000 US $ 39,430,834 metric tons Finfish Aquatic plants 10.2% Aquatic plants Molluscs Molluscs Crustaceans 4.0% Crustaceans Others 0.6% Others 0.3% Production by weight and value - Finfish 20,045,365 mt and 29,038,829,500 US$, Crustaceans 1,564,047 mt and 9,233,731,700 US$, Aquatic plants 8,567,767 mt and 5,377,059,000 US$, Molluscs 9,142,864 mt and 8,478,924,800 US$, Others 110,791 mt and 329,640,400 US$; Source: FAO (2000) 50.8% 17.6% 16.2% 21.7% 23.2% TOTAL PRODUCTION BY WEIGHT TOTAL PRODUCTION BY VALUE : IMPORTANCE OF U.S. AQUACULTURE In view of the high demand for edible seafood, it is perhaps not surprising that aquaculture has been the fastest growing segment of U.S. agriculture, suprassing in value most domestic fruit, vegetable, & nut crops; the sector estimated to be worth approx. $1.5 billion, and providing about 300,000 jobs nationwide TOP 15 AQUACULTURE PRODUCERS IN 1998 : 1. China 27.07 mmt (68.6%) APR +16.2/+12.7% $ 25.4 billion 2. India 2.02 mmt APR +11.2/+9.0% $ 2.22 billion 3. Japan 1.29 mmt APR +0.5/-3.7% $ 4.13 billion 4. Philippines 0.95 mmt APR +5.5/-0.3% $ 0.64 billion 5. Indonesia 0.81 mmt APR +7.2/+4.7% $ 2.15 billion 6. Korea, REP 0.80 mmt APR +1.2/-23.5% $ 0.77 billion 7. Bangladesh 0.58 mmt APR +12.7/+13.9% $ 1.49 billion 8. Thailand 0.57 mmt APR +13.0/+3.1 $ 1.81 billion 9. Viet Nam 0.54 mmt APR +12.3/+5.7 $ 1.36 billion 10. Korea, DPRP 0.48 mmt APR -2.9/-1.6% $ 0.30 billion 11. USA 0.44 mmt APR +2.4/+1.5% $ 0.78 billion 12. Norway 0.41 mmt APR +23.6/+11.3% $ 1.1 billion 13. Chile 0.36 mmt APR +33.3/-3.6% $ 1.0 billion 14. Spain 0.31 mmt APR +1.8/+31.1% $ 0.28 billion 15. France 0.27 mmt APR +2.7/-4.7% $ 0.61 billion Source: FAO (2000) TOP 15 AQUACULTURE PRODUCERS IN 1998 U.S. AQUACULTURE FOOD FISH PRODUCTION - 1998 : U.S. AQUACULTURE FOOD FISH PRODUCTION - 1998 FINFISH (317,455 mt; 9 spp) Channel catfish 255,990 mt Rainbow trout 24,995 mt Atlantic salmon 14,507 mt Tilapias (others) 8,251 mt Golden shiner 7,434 mt Striped bass, hybrid 4,251 mt Cyprinids (others) 2,005 mt Chinook salmon 14 mt Coho salmon 2 mt CRUSTACEANS (19,424 mt; 3 spp) Red swamp crawfish 17,212 mt Whiteleg shrimp 2,000 mt Blue crab 212 mt MOLLUSCS (108,244 mt; 11 spp) American cupped oyster 53,097 mt Pacific cupped oyster 31,715 mt Hard clam (N. quahog) 19,943 mt Japanese carpet shell 1,896 mt Blue mussel 1,196 mt Flat oysters (others) 171 mt Pacific littleneck clam 91 mt Shell-loving oyster 20 mt Butter clam 10 mt Clams (others) 3 mt Cockles (others) 2 mt Total food fish: 445,123 mt live wt. 23 spp. Source: FAO (2000) : U.S. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION METHOD USED BY FARM TYPE Ponds 63% Flow through raceways or tanks 14% Closed re-circulation tanks 7% Prepared bottoms 7% Cages 3% Net pens 1% Other methods 5% Source: USDA 1998 Census of Aquaculture Slide 16: INTENSIFICATION OF FARMING SYSTEMS AND FEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 1-15 15-20 20-100 100-1000 EXTENSIVE SEMI-INTENSIVE INTENSIVE 0-1 No External NutritionalInputs Fertilizer/ Supplementary Feed FertilizerSupplementary FeedComplete FeedAeration Complete FeedRecirculation Complete FeedRaceway/Cage Yield (mt/ha/yr) : BASIC FEEDING OPTIONS: 1. No feeding - reliant on natural food 2. Fertilization - increase natural food 3. Supplementary diet feeding 4. Complete diet feeding : FERTILIZATION OPTIONS USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS: a) Inorganic bases/salts - Ca, K, phopshate, ash - nitrate/ammonium b) Organic bases/salts - Urea : FERTILIZATION OPTIONS USE OF ORGANIC MANURES a) Plant manures - crop residues, oilseed cakes b) Animal manures - feces, dung, urine, animal byproducts c) Mixed manures - farmyard manure, compost/ferementation d) Human manures - nightsoil, sewage, compost/fermentation : SUPPLEMENTARY DIET FEEDING OPTIONS a) Non-processed feeds - terrestrial & aquatic plants - invertebrate and vertebrate animals b) Processed feeds - on-farm prepared feed, either in the form of single feed items or multiple feed mixes - off-farm factory prepared feed, either in the form of local or imported feed mixes : COMPLETE DIET FEEDING OPTIONS a) Non-processed feeds - micro-organisms (algae, yeast, bacteria) - invertebrate & vertebrate animals b) Processed feeds - on-farm prepared feed, either in the form of single feed items or multiple processed diet - off-farm factory prepared feed, either in the form of local or imported processed diet ESTIMATED GLOBAL COMPOUND AQUAFEED PRODUCTION IN 1998 : ESTIMATED GLOBAL COMPOUND AQUAFEED PRODUCTION IN 1998 MARINE FISH 0.87 mmt TOTAL ESTIMATED PRODUCTION 12,320,960 MT CARP 6.03 mmt SALMON 1.10 mmt TILAPIA 0.72 mmt MARINE SHRIMP 1.74 mmt TROUT 0.68 mmt CATFISH 0.63 mmt MILKFISH 0.26 mmt EEL 0.27 mmt TOTAL FINFISH AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUPS IN 1998(values expressed as % by weight; FAO, 2000) : TOTAL FINFISH AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUPS IN 1998(values expressed as % by weight; FAO, 2000) Total production 20,045,365 metric tons & valued at US $ 29,038,829,000 in 1998 CYPRINIDS OTHER FRESHWATER FISHES SALMONIDS TILAPIA MARINE FISHES CATFISHES MILKFISH EELS ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)(comments: Kapuscinski & Brister, 5/25/99)B. FEED1. Feed components derived from plant materials must be produced in accordance with USDA organic standards for livestock feed : NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)(comments: Kapuscinski & Brister, 5/25/99)B. FEED1. Feed components derived from plant materials must be produced in accordance with USDA organic standards for livestock feed 2. For systems which require feed inputs, aquatic animal protein from either sustainably harvested wild resources or from processing by-products, cut-off waste, or other materials from aquatic organisms may be used. Feed components derived from terrestrial animals are prohibited. Prohibit the use of fishmeal in diets of animals that are not naturally piscivorous. Preventing the transmission of xenobiotic contaminants and pathogens from processing by-products and waste by-products used as feed inputs. : 2. For systems which require feed inputs, aquatic animal protein from either sustainably harvested wild resources or from processing by-products, cut-off waste, or other materials from aquatic organisms may be used. Feed components derived from terrestrial animals are prohibited. Prohibit the use of fishmeal in diets of animals that are not naturally piscivorous. Preventing the transmission of xenobiotic contaminants and pathogens from processing by-products and waste by-products used as feed inputs. 3. Vitamins, minerals, and enzymes derived from natural sources may be used as feed additives.4. No synthetic products may be added to feed or in any other way delivered to the aquatic animals unless it has been added to the National List of Approved Synthetics : 3. Vitamins, minerals, and enzymes derived from natural sources may be used as feed additives.4. No synthetic products may be added to feed or in any other way delivered to the aquatic animals unless it has been added to the National List of Approved Synthetics FEDERAL ORGANIC FOODS PRODUCTION ACT OF 1990 6502 Definitions21) Synthetic – the term `synthetic’ means a substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral sources, except that such term shall not apply to substances created by naturally occurring biological processes. : FEDERAL ORGANIC FOODS PRODUCTION ACT OF 1990 6502 Definitions21) Synthetic – the term `synthetic’ means a substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral sources, except that such term shall not apply to substances created by naturally occurring biological processes. NATIONAL LIST OF ALLOWED & PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES§ 205.603 Synthetic substances allowed for use in organic livestock production.Any substance in the following categories may be used in organic livestock production in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and §205.102 and §205.236 through §205.239. : NATIONAL LIST OF ALLOWED & PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES§ 205.603 Synthetic substances allowed for use in organic livestock production.Any substance in the following categories may be used in organic livestock production in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and §205.102 and §205.236 through §205.239. (d) As feed additives(1) Trace Minerals, including:(i) Copper Sulfate (ii) Magnesium Sulfate (2) Vitamins - accepted for enrichment or fortification, limited to those approved by the FDA for livestock use(e) As fillers and excipients(f)-(z) [Reserved] : (d) As feed additives(1) Trace Minerals, including:(i) Copper Sulfate (ii) Magnesium Sulfate (2) Vitamins - accepted for enrichment or fortification, limited to those approved by the FDA for livestock use(e) As fillers and excipients(f)-(z) [Reserved] § 205.605 Nonagricultural (nonorganic) substances allowed as ingredients in or on processed products labeled as "organic" or "made with organic (specified ingredients)."The following nonagricultural substances may be used only in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and § 205.102, § 205.270, and § 205.300 through § 205.310. : § 205.605 Nonagricultural (nonorganic) substances allowed as ingredients in or on processed products labeled as "organic" or "made with organic (specified ingredients)."The following nonagricultural substances may be used only in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and § 205.102, § 205.270, and § 205.300 through § 205.310. (a) Nonsynthetics allowed:(1) Agar-agar (2) Acids (i) Alginic(ii) Citric - produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrate substances(iii) Lactic (3) Baking Powder - aluminum-free(4) Bentonite(5) Calcium Carbonate(6) Calcium Chloride(7) Carrageenan(8) Cornstarch (Native)(9) Dairy Cultures - non-EM : (a) Nonsynthetics allowed:(1) Agar-agar (2) Acids (i) Alginic(ii) Citric - produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrate substances(iii) Lactic (3) Baking Powder - aluminum-free(4) Bentonite(5) Calcium Carbonate(6) Calcium Chloride(7) Carrageenan(8) Cornstarch (Native)(9) Dairy Cultures - non-EM (10) Diatomaceous Earth - food filtering aid only(11) Enzymes - must be derived from edible, nontoxic plants, nonpathogenic fungi, or nonpathogenic bacteria(12) Gums - Water extracted only (arabic, guar, locust bean, carob bean)(13) Kaolin(14) Kelp - for use only as a thickener and dietary supplement(15) Lecithin - unbleached(16) Nitrogen - Oil-free grades(17) Oxygen - Oil-free grades(18) Pectin (high-methoxy) : (10) Diatomaceous Earth - food filtering aid only(11) Enzymes - must be derived from edible, nontoxic plants, nonpathogenic fungi, or nonpathogenic bacteria(12) Gums - Water extracted only (arabic, guar, locust bean, carob bean)(13) Kaolin(14) Kelp - for use only as a thickener and dietary supplement(15) Lecithin - unbleached(16) Nitrogen - Oil-free grades(17) Oxygen - Oil-free grades(18) Pectin (high-methoxy) (19) Perlite - for use only as a filter aid in food processing(20) Potassium Chloride(21) Potassium Iodide(22) Sodium Bicarbonate(23) Sodium Carbonate(24) Yeast - Nonsynthetic, non-EM(i) Autolysate(ii) Bakers(iii) Brewers(iv) Nutritional (v) Smoked - growth on petrochemical substrate and sulfite waste liquor prohibited. Nonsynthetic smoke flavoring process must be documented : (19) Perlite - for use only as a filter aid in food processing(20) Potassium Chloride(21) Potassium Iodide(22) Sodium Bicarbonate(23) Sodium Carbonate(24) Yeast - Nonsynthetic, non-EM(i) Autolysate(ii) Bakers(iii) Brewers(iv) Nutritional (v) Smoked - growth on petrochemical substrate and sulfite waste liquor prohibited. Nonsynthetic smoke flavoring process must be documented (b) Synthetics allowed:(1) Alginates(2) Ammonium Bicarbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(3) Ammonium Carbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(4) Ascorbic Acid(5) Calcium Citrate(6) Calcium Hydroxide(7) Calcium Phosphates (monobasic and dibasic)(8) Carbon Dioxide : (b) Synthetics allowed:(1) Alginates(2) Ammonium Bicarbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(3) Ammonium Carbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(4) Ascorbic Acid(5) Calcium Citrate(6) Calcium Hydroxide(7) Calcium Phosphates (monobasic and dibasic)(8) Carbon Dioxide (9) Chlorine Materials - disinfecting and sanitizing food contact surfaces, Except, That, residual chlorine levels in the water shall not exceed the maximum residual disinfectant limit under the Safe Drinking Water Act.(i) Calcium Hypochlorite(ii) Chlorine Dioxide(iii) Sodium Hypochlorite(10) Ethylene - allowed for post harvest ripening of tropical fruit(11) Ferrous Sulfate - for iron enrichment or fortification of foods when required by regulation or recommended (independent organization)(12) Glycerides (mono and di) - for use only in drum drying of food : (9) Chlorine Materials - disinfecting and sanitizing food contact surfaces, Except, That, residual chlorine levels in the water shall not exceed the maximum residual disinfectant limit under the Safe Drinking Water Act.(i) Calcium Hypochlorite(ii) Chlorine Dioxide(iii) Sodium Hypochlorite(10) Ethylene - allowed for post harvest ripening of tropical fruit(11) Ferrous Sulfate - for iron enrichment or fortification of foods when required by regulation or recommended (independent organization)(12) Glycerides (mono and di) - for use only in drum drying of food (13) Glycerin - produced by hydrolysis of fats and oils(14) Hydrogen peroxide(15) Lecithin - bleached (16) Magnesium Carbonate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(17) Magnesium Chloride - derived from sea water(18) Magnesium Stearate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(19) Magnesium Sulfate : (13) Glycerin - produced by hydrolysis of fats and oils(14) Hydrogen peroxide(15) Lecithin - bleached (16) Magnesium Carbonate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(17) Magnesium Chloride - derived from sea water(18) Magnesium Stearate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(19) Magnesium Sulfate (20) Nutrient vitamins and minerals, in accordance with 21 CFR 104.20, Nutritional Quality Guidelines For Foods(21) Ozone(22) Pectin (low-methoxy)(23) Phosphoric Acid - cleaning of food-contact surfaces and equipment only(24) Potassium Acid Tartrate(25) Potassium Tartrate made from Tartaric acid(26) Potassium Carbonate(27) Potassium Citrate(28) Potassium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables : (20) Nutrient vitamins and minerals, in accordance with 21 CFR 104.20, Nutritional Quality Guidelines For Foods(21) Ozone(22) Pectin (low-methoxy)(23) Phosphoric Acid - cleaning of food-contact surfaces and equipment only(24) Potassium Acid Tartrate(25) Potassium Tartrate made from Tartaric acid(26) Potassium Carbonate(27) Potassium Citrate(28) Potassium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables (29) Potassium Iodide - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(30) Potassium Phosphate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specific ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(31) Silicon Dioxide(32) Sodium Citrate : (29) Potassium Iodide - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(30) Potassium Phosphate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specific ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(31) Silicon Dioxide(32) Sodium Citrate (33) Sodium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables(34) Sodium Phosphates - for use only in dairy foods(35) Tocopherols - derived from vegetable oil when rosemary extracts are not a suitable alternative(36) Xanthan gum(c)-(z) [Reserved] : (33) Sodium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables(34) Sodium Phosphates - for use only in dairy foods(35) Tocopherols - derived from vegetable oil when rosemary extracts are not a suitable alternative(36) Xanthan gum(c)-(z) [Reserved] SOIL ASSOCIATION ORGANIC MARKETING COMPANY LTD. AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (5th draft - May 1997) ..these standards for farmed fish refer principally to salmonids...DIET AND NUTRITION6.630 - A minimum of 80% of the daily diet (calculated on a dry matter basis) must be organically produced and/or have originated from wild marine fish. The balance may come from non-organic sources as specified in Section 5.618 and may include natural binders and natural colourants. : SOIL ASSOCIATION ORGANIC MARKETING COMPANY LTD. AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (5th draft - May 1997) ..these standards for farmed fish refer principally to salmonids...DIET AND NUTRITION6.630 - A minimum of 80% of the daily diet (calculated on a dry matter basis) must be organically produced and/or have originated from wild marine fish. The balance may come from non-organic sources as specified in Section 5.618 and may include natural binders and natural colourants. 6.631 Permitted1) Fishmeal and fish oil - only as by-products of fishing industries which use sustainable fishing methods in unpolluted waters2) Astaxanthin contained in krill or yeast : 6.631 Permitted1) Fishmeal and fish oil - only as by-products of fishing industries which use sustainable fishing methods in unpolluted waters2) Astaxanthin contained in krill or yeast 6.632 Prohibited1) Fishmeal from dedicated fishmeal harvesting and manufacturing operations2) Artificial, synthetic or nature identical colours (including Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin), binders and additives3) growth regulators, antibiotics, antioxidants and appetite stimulants : 6.632 Prohibited1) Fishmeal from dedicated fishmeal harvesting and manufacturing operations2) Artificial, synthetic or nature identical colours (including Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin), binders and additives3) growth regulators, antibiotics, antioxidants and appetite stimulants INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MOVEMENTS (IFOAM): Basic standards (internal letter dated 72 - march 2000) 6. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION - Draft Standard6.8 NUTRITIONGeneral principles - diets for aquaculture production must be balanced according to the nutritional needs of the organisms, and be of good quality. Diets should be offered to the organisms in a way that allows natural feeding behaviour, with minimum loss of feed to the environment. : INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MOVEMENTS (IFOAM): Basic standards (internal letter dated 72 - march 2000) 6. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION - Draft Standard6.8 NUTRITIONGeneral principles - diets for aquaculture production must be balanced according to the nutritional needs of the organisms, and be of good quality. Diets should be offered to the organisms in a way that allows natural feeding behaviour, with minimum loss of feed to the environment. Organically certified by-products and wild marine feed resources otherwise not directly suited for human consumption, should be used as feed ingredients. Recommendation - Feeding and feeding regimes should be organised to give best possible growth on least possible input. Nutrient management should contribute to maintain the biological diversity in the area. : Organically certified by-products and wild marine feed resources otherwise not directly suited for human consumption, should be used as feed ingredients. Recommendation - Feeding and feeding regimes should be organised to give best possible growth on least possible input. Nutrient management should contribute to maintain the biological diversity in the area. Standards 6.8.1Aquafeeds shall generally contain 100% certified organic components, or wild aquatic feed resources. When wild fish are used, the `Code of Conduct for responsible Fisheries' (FAO, 1995) shall be followed. When certified organic components or wild marine feed resources are not available, the certification body/standardising organisation may allow a maximum 5% of the feed (by dry weight) to be of conventional origin. : Standards 6.8.1Aquafeeds shall generally contain 100% certified organic components, or wild aquatic feed resources. When wild fish are used, the `Code of Conduct for responsible Fisheries' (FAO, 1995) shall be followed. When certified organic components or wild marine feed resources are not available, the certification body/standardising organisation may allow a maximum 5% of the feed (by dry weight) to be of conventional origin. Standards 6.8.2In systems which require feed inputs, at least 50% of the aquatic animal protein in a diet shall come from by-products, cutoff/waste and/or other material not used for human consumption : Standards 6.8.2In systems which require feed inputs, at least 50% of the aquatic animal protein in a diet shall come from by-products, cutoff/waste and/or other material not used for human consumption Standards 6.8.3In cases of unforeseen severe natural events, the certification body/standardising organisation may grant exceptions from the percentages mentioned in 6.8.1 and 6.8.2, with specific time limits and conditions : Standards 6.8.3In cases of unforeseen severe natural events, the certification body/standardising organisation may grant exceptions from the percentages mentioned in 6.8.1 and 6.8.2, with specific time limits and conditions Standards 6.8.4Plant and/or animal sources shall form the basis of feeding and fertilisation. The certification body/standardising organisation may grant the use of mineral supplements, provided they are applied in their natural composition. : Standards 6.8.4Plant and/or animal sources shall form the basis of feeding and fertilisation. The certification body/standardising organisation may grant the use of mineral supplements, provided they are applied in their natural composition. Standards 6.8.5The following products shall not be included in, nor added to the feed or in any other way be given to the organisms:- Synthetic growth promoters & stimulants- Synthetic appetisers- Synthetic antioxidants and preservatives- Artificial coloring agents- Urea- Material from the same species to be fed- Feedstuffs subjected to solvent (e.g. hexane) extraction : Standards 6.8.5The following products shall not be included in, nor added to the feed or in any other way be given to the organisms:- Synthetic growth promoters & stimulants- Synthetic appetisers- Synthetic antioxidants and preservatives- Artificial coloring agents- Urea- Material from the same species to be fed- Feedstuffs subjected to solvent (e.g. hexane) extraction - Pure amino acids- Genetically engineered organisms or products thereofStandards 6.8.6Vitamins, trace elements and supplements shall be used from natural origin when available. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall define conditions for use of substances from synthesised or unnatural sources. : - Pure amino acids- Genetically engineered organisms or products thereofStandards 6.8.6Vitamins, trace elements and supplements shall be used from natural origin when available. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall define conditions for use of substances from synthesised or unnatural sources. Standards 6.8.7Feed preservatives such as the following may be used:- Bacteria, fungi and enzymes- By-products from the food industry (e.g. molasses)- Plant based productsSynthetic chemical feed preservatives may be allowed in case of special weather conditions. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall specify conditions. : Standards 6.8.7Feed preservatives such as the following may be used:- Bacteria, fungi and enzymes- By-products from the food industry (e.g. molasses)- Plant based productsSynthetic chemical feed preservatives may be allowed in case of special weather conditions. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall specify conditions. KRAV 1999 STANDARDS (adopted 10/21/98)7. FARMING OF SALMON, TROUT, ARCTIC CHAR & BROWN TROUT7.5 FEED AND FEEDING7.5.1 - 95% of the feed (measured as dry matter) shall be of KRAV certified origin and/or originate from wild fish. As of the year 2001 at least 50% of the protein in the feed shall be by-products/waste from fishing. : KRAV 1999 STANDARDS (adopted 10/21/98)7. FARMING OF SALMON, TROUT, ARCTIC CHAR & BROWN TROUT7.5 FEED AND FEEDING7.5.1 - 95% of the feed (measured as dry matter) shall be of KRAV certified origin and/or originate from wild fish. As of the year 2001 at least 50% of the protein in the feed shall be by-products/waste from fishing. 7.5.2 - Wet feeding is not allowed. 7.5.3 - The following products may not be added to the feed:- Synthetic antioxidants- Growth regulators- Genetically modified organisms as feed or used in the production of feed, feed supplements or feed preservatives- Synthetic colorants (natural colorants from shrimp shell or funi culture may be used) : 7.5.2 - Wet feeding is not allowed. 7.5.3 - The following products may not be added to the feed:- Synthetic antioxidants- Growth regulators- Genetically modified organisms as feed or used in the production of feed, feed supplements or feed preservatives- Synthetic colorants (natural colorants from shrimp shell or funi culture may be used) 7.5.4 - Minerals and vitamins may be added and shall if possible be of natural origin. 7.5.5 - The production manager shall keep records over the kinds and quantities of feed used in the different units. 7.5.6 - The production manager shall be able to demonstrate analysis reports of the content of heavy metals in the feed. : 7.5.4 - Minerals and vitamins may be added and shall if possible be of natural origin. 7.5.5 - The production manager shall keep records over the kinds and quantities of feed used in the different units. 7.5.6 - The production manager shall be able to demonstrate analysis reports of the content of heavy metals in the feed. NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)Discussion: the purpose of aquaculture certification should be identical to that for all other types of organic operations: to recognize management systems which rely upon natural cycles and materials to the extent possible to address the nutritional, health maintenance, and environmental challenges of production. : NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)Discussion: the purpose of aquaculture certification should be identical to that for all other types of organic operations: to recognize management systems which rely upon natural cycles and materials to the extent possible to address the nutritional, health maintenance, and environmental challenges of production. In general, the livestock production systems best suited for certification are those which mimic the natural life cycle of the animal. Responsible nutrient cycling, respect for natural nutritional and mobility requirements, and a holistic approach to disease and pet supression are characteristic of balanced, sustainable systems which merit designation as organic. : In general, the livestock production systems best suited for certification are those which mimic the natural life cycle of the animal. Responsible nutrient cycling, respect for natural nutritional and mobility requirements, and a holistic approach to disease and pet supression are characteristic of balanced, sustainable systems which merit designation as organic. Fishmeal and fish oil in aquacultureThe NOSB must determine the appropriate role of fishmeal and fish oil in the diet of confined fish. ...the draft standards take the position that fishmeal and fish oil from caught fish and processing by-products are allowable, and they do not attempt to establish minimum or maximum percentages in the diet for either source. : Fishmeal and fish oil in aquacultureThe NOSB must determine the appropriate role of fishmeal and fish oil in the diet of confined fish. ...the draft standards take the position that fishmeal and fish oil from caught fish and processing by-products are allowable, and they do not attempt to establish minimum or maximum percentages in the diet for either source. There are legitimate ecological and ethical questions associated with converting wild fish populations into aquaculture food. However, there is too little information available to take a more restrictive approach at this time. carnivorous and omnivorous species require fish protein for optimum health, and there is insufficient evidence that either wild caught fish or processing by-products cannot sustainably meet this need. : There are legitimate ecological and ethical questions associated with converting wild fish populations into aquaculture food. However, there is too little information available to take a more restrictive approach at this time. carnivorous and omnivorous species require fish protein for optimum health, and there is insufficient evidence that either wild caught fish or processing by-products cannot sustainably meet this need. UNRESOLVED ISSUES IN ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS - Briefing paper for the NOSB Livestock Committee. May 26, 1999.The use of fishmeal and fish oil as a feed source- can a product derived from wild caught animals be certified?- how can the NOSB address the ecological concerns associated with extracting fish meal and fish oil from wild fish populations? : UNRESOLVED ISSUES IN ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS - Briefing paper for the NOSB Livestock Committee. May 26, 1999.The use of fishmeal and fish oil as a feed source- can a product derived from wild caught animals be certified?- how can the NOSB address the ecological concerns associated with extracting fish meal and fish oil from wild fish populations? - is it appropriate to designate a maximum percentage contribution to the overall diet which fish feeds may contribute?- can feed supplements from terrestrial mammalian by-products be used in aquaculture? : - is it appropriate to designate a maximum percentage contribution to the overall diet which fish feeds may contribute?- can feed supplements from terrestrial mammalian by-products be used in aquaculture? ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives Slide 64: Total fish & shellfish production, food fish supply and per caput food fish supply in live weight DISPOSITION OF THE CATCH - 1998 : Although total production of finfish and shellfish from capture fisheries amounted to 86.316 mmt in 1998, only 62.446 mmt (live weight equivalent) or 72.3% was available for direct human consumption as `food fish’, the remainder (23.87 mmt or 27.7%) used as animal feed. DISPOSITION OF THE CATCH - 1998 WORLD PRODUCTION OF FISHMEAL, FISH OIL, SOYBEAN MEAL & SOYBEAN OIL 1961 to 1999 : WORLD PRODUCTION OF FISHMEAL, FISH OIL, SOYBEAN MEAL & SOYBEAN OIL 1961 to 1999 1961 1999 Million metric tons (mmt) 1980 1998 PRODUCTION FISHMEAL 5,304,163 mt Major producers: Peru 15.9%, China 13.1%, Chile 12.2%, Denmark 7.6%, Thailand 7.3%, Japan 7.1%, Norway 6.0%, USA 5.5%, Iceland 4.3%, Canada 3.5% Production change since 1997 -18.6% FISH OIL 834,871 mt Major producers: Denmark 16.3%, Peru 14.7%, Chile 12.8%, USA 12.1%, Norway 11.3%, Iceland 10.8%, Japan 7.0%, Spain 2.4%, Morocco 1.8%, S. Africa 0.9% Production change since 1997 -31.4% Source: FAOSTAT & FISHSTAT databases (June, 2000) Total soybean meal production in 1999 99.69 mmt Total soybean oil production in 1999 22.97 mmt Slide 67: 99.8 19.0 15.6 13.9 10.3 6.2 4.7 3.2 2.6 2.0 1.3 0.9 SBM RSM CSM CGF SFM PNM FSM CGM PKM CPR LSM SSM World Oil Meal ProductionMillion metric tonnes Source: Oilworld Statistics, 1998 : ESTIMATED GLOBAL AQUAFEED PRODUCTION, AND FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL USAGE TOTAL GLOBAL 1998 1999 2000 Total aquafeed used (mt) 12,320,960 13,339,132 14,627,695 IFOMA (Pike & Barlow, 2000) 13,098,000 Total fish meal used (mt) 2,256,232 2,207,381 2,193,320 IFOMA (Pike & Barlow, 2000) 2,115,000 Total fish oil used (mt) 648,748 607,623 590,512 IFOMA (Pike & Barlow, 2000) 708,000 Total fishmeal and fish oil production in 1998 was 5,304,163 mt and 834,871 mt (FAO, 2000), of which aquaculture would have consumed 42.5% and 77.7%, respectively. : ESTIMATED FISHMEAL CONSUMPTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUP (mt) 1998 1999 2000 Marine shrimp 486,546 486,546 483,364 Salmon 485,665 456,305 460,650 Marine finfish 419,901 458,455 499,007 Feeding carp 362,075 335,178 297,638 Trout 219,414 185,404 165,275 Eel 133,528 155,783 178,038 Tilapia 71,985 63,736 52,766 Catfish 50,550 37,649 26,468 Milkfish 26,568 28,325 30,114 Note: usage decreasing with time : ESTIMATED FISH OIL CONSUMPTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUP (mt) 1998 1999 2000 Salmon 264,908 239,017 230,325 Trout 123,420 105,945 96,410 Marine finfish 122,471 119,597 113,411 Feeding carp 60,346 67,036 74,409 Marine shrimp 34,753 37,427 40,280 Eel 21,364 18,694 14,243 Tilapia 7,198 7,967 8,794 Catfish 6,318 6,275 6,617 Milkfish 7,970 5,665 6,023 Note: usage decreasing with time ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL BY-PRODUCT MEALS: Fats - industrial tallows, edible beef tallow, lard, yellow grease, feed grade fats Animal protein meals - meat and bone meal, meat meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal, and specialised protein blends. Other miscellaneous products which could also be considered here include specific organ meals, such as liver meal and lung meals, chick hatchery waste, bone meal, hide fleshing meals, blood/rumen contents meals. : These nutrient rich animal by-products (ca. 18-25 mmt) far exceeds that of fishmeal and fish oils (5-7 mmt) by a factor of three and represent the largest source of animal proteins & lipids available to the animal and aquafeed compounding industry. The aquaculture sector must be seen and viewed as the recycler of valuable nutrients - would also help to relieve the pressure on fishery resources : In conclusion this paper proposes - the controlled use of natural (i.e. wild) non-food grade aquatic resources (from sustainably managed fisheries), organically produced naturally occurring micro-organisms (including algae, yeasts, bacteria, phytoplankton and/or zooplankton), and organically produced terrestrial feed resources (including fertilizers and plant ingredients) within organic aquafeeds for use within biosecure closed organic farming systems. : These organic farming systems should be based, wherever possible, upon - the use of natural micro-organisms for the maintenance of ecosystem health and stability, - the polyculture of different animal and plant species (with complementary feeding habits), - the promotion of nutrient fixation and nutrient recycling within the culture system, - and water reuse. 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OCEANIC aSGuest453 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 310 Category: Others/ Misc License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 03, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES TO ORGANIC CERTIFICATION OF AQUATIC ANIMAL FEEDS : OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES TO ORGANIC CERTIFICATION OF AQUATIC ANIMAL FEEDS Albert G.J. Tacon & Gary D. Pruder The Oceanic Institute Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 USA Presentation format:Importance of the seafood market and aquaculture sector within the U.S., and recent U.S. food consumption patterns Organic feed certification issues:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards - use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : Presentation format:Importance of the seafood market and aquaculture sector within the U.S., and recent U.S. food consumption patterns Organic feed certification issues:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards - use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : U.S. SEAFOOD MARKET The U.S. is the world’s largest seafood market, with consumers spending over $ 49.3 billion for fishery products in 1998. : US TRADE DEFICIT IN SEAFOOD However, although total U.S. landings from capture fisheries & aquaculture amounted to 5.1 mmt in 1998 and ranked fourth globally (after China, Japan & India), the U.S. had a trade deficit in edible and non-edible fishery products of $ 7.0 billion in 1999 (the largest of any agricultural commodity & 2nd only to petroleum for any natural resources products), including $ 3.1 billion of edible shrimp imports : U.S. EDIBLE SEAFOOD IMPORTS To satisfy this market, the U.S. imported a record quantity of edible seafood products in 1999, totaling 1.76 million metric tons or 3.89 billion pounds, valued at $ 9.0 billion : US MEAT & SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION Pound per head 1987 1998 Beef 69.6 64.9 Pork 45.6 49.2 Chicken 39.4 50.8 Total seafood 16.2 14.9 Turkey 11.6 14.2 Source: USDA/ERS, USDC/NMFS, 1 lb = 453g ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives AQUACULTURE IS SIMILAR TO AGRICULTURE : AQUACULTURE IS SIMILAR TO AGRICULTURE Very heterogeneous and biologically diverse sector, with total global aquaculture production in 1998 coming from over 206 different animal & plant species, including: 123 different finfish species 39 different mollusc species 26 different crustacean species 14 different aquatic plant species 4 miscellaneous species (frogs, turtles, sea-squirts, sea urchins) Difficult therefore to simply compare aquaculture with livestock production TOTAL WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN 1998 : TOTAL WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN 1998 Finfish 55.4% 52,458,185,000 US $ 39,430,834 metric tons Finfish Aquatic plants 10.2% Aquatic plants Molluscs Molluscs Crustaceans 4.0% Crustaceans Others 0.6% Others 0.3% Production by weight and value - Finfish 20,045,365 mt and 29,038,829,500 US$, Crustaceans 1,564,047 mt and 9,233,731,700 US$, Aquatic plants 8,567,767 mt and 5,377,059,000 US$, Molluscs 9,142,864 mt and 8,478,924,800 US$, Others 110,791 mt and 329,640,400 US$; Source: FAO (2000) 50.8% 17.6% 16.2% 21.7% 23.2% TOTAL PRODUCTION BY WEIGHT TOTAL PRODUCTION BY VALUE : IMPORTANCE OF U.S. AQUACULTURE In view of the high demand for edible seafood, it is perhaps not surprising that aquaculture has been the fastest growing segment of U.S. agriculture, suprassing in value most domestic fruit, vegetable, & nut crops; the sector estimated to be worth approx. $1.5 billion, and providing about 300,000 jobs nationwide TOP 15 AQUACULTURE PRODUCERS IN 1998 : 1. China 27.07 mmt (68.6%) APR +16.2/+12.7% $ 25.4 billion 2. India 2.02 mmt APR +11.2/+9.0% $ 2.22 billion 3. Japan 1.29 mmt APR +0.5/-3.7% $ 4.13 billion 4. Philippines 0.95 mmt APR +5.5/-0.3% $ 0.64 billion 5. Indonesia 0.81 mmt APR +7.2/+4.7% $ 2.15 billion 6. Korea, REP 0.80 mmt APR +1.2/-23.5% $ 0.77 billion 7. Bangladesh 0.58 mmt APR +12.7/+13.9% $ 1.49 billion 8. Thailand 0.57 mmt APR +13.0/+3.1 $ 1.81 billion 9. Viet Nam 0.54 mmt APR +12.3/+5.7 $ 1.36 billion 10. Korea, DPRP 0.48 mmt APR -2.9/-1.6% $ 0.30 billion 11. USA 0.44 mmt APR +2.4/+1.5% $ 0.78 billion 12. Norway 0.41 mmt APR +23.6/+11.3% $ 1.1 billion 13. Chile 0.36 mmt APR +33.3/-3.6% $ 1.0 billion 14. Spain 0.31 mmt APR +1.8/+31.1% $ 0.28 billion 15. France 0.27 mmt APR +2.7/-4.7% $ 0.61 billion Source: FAO (2000) TOP 15 AQUACULTURE PRODUCERS IN 1998 U.S. AQUACULTURE FOOD FISH PRODUCTION - 1998 : U.S. AQUACULTURE FOOD FISH PRODUCTION - 1998 FINFISH (317,455 mt; 9 spp) Channel catfish 255,990 mt Rainbow trout 24,995 mt Atlantic salmon 14,507 mt Tilapias (others) 8,251 mt Golden shiner 7,434 mt Striped bass, hybrid 4,251 mt Cyprinids (others) 2,005 mt Chinook salmon 14 mt Coho salmon 2 mt CRUSTACEANS (19,424 mt; 3 spp) Red swamp crawfish 17,212 mt Whiteleg shrimp 2,000 mt Blue crab 212 mt MOLLUSCS (108,244 mt; 11 spp) American cupped oyster 53,097 mt Pacific cupped oyster 31,715 mt Hard clam (N. quahog) 19,943 mt Japanese carpet shell 1,896 mt Blue mussel 1,196 mt Flat oysters (others) 171 mt Pacific littleneck clam 91 mt Shell-loving oyster 20 mt Butter clam 10 mt Clams (others) 3 mt Cockles (others) 2 mt Total food fish: 445,123 mt live wt. 23 spp. Source: FAO (2000) : U.S. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION METHOD USED BY FARM TYPE Ponds 63% Flow through raceways or tanks 14% Closed re-circulation tanks 7% Prepared bottoms 7% Cages 3% Net pens 1% Other methods 5% Source: USDA 1998 Census of Aquaculture Slide 16: INTENSIFICATION OF FARMING SYSTEMS AND FEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 1-15 15-20 20-100 100-1000 EXTENSIVE SEMI-INTENSIVE INTENSIVE 0-1 No External NutritionalInputs Fertilizer/ Supplementary Feed FertilizerSupplementary FeedComplete FeedAeration Complete FeedRecirculation Complete FeedRaceway/Cage Yield (mt/ha/yr) : BASIC FEEDING OPTIONS: 1. No feeding - reliant on natural food 2. Fertilization - increase natural food 3. Supplementary diet feeding 4. Complete diet feeding : FERTILIZATION OPTIONS USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS: a) Inorganic bases/salts - Ca, K, phopshate, ash - nitrate/ammonium b) Organic bases/salts - Urea : FERTILIZATION OPTIONS USE OF ORGANIC MANURES a) Plant manures - crop residues, oilseed cakes b) Animal manures - feces, dung, urine, animal byproducts c) Mixed manures - farmyard manure, compost/ferementation d) Human manures - nightsoil, sewage, compost/fermentation : SUPPLEMENTARY DIET FEEDING OPTIONS a) Non-processed feeds - terrestrial & aquatic plants - invertebrate and vertebrate animals b) Processed feeds - on-farm prepared feed, either in the form of single feed items or multiple feed mixes - off-farm factory prepared feed, either in the form of local or imported feed mixes : COMPLETE DIET FEEDING OPTIONS a) Non-processed feeds - micro-organisms (algae, yeast, bacteria) - invertebrate & vertebrate animals b) Processed feeds - on-farm prepared feed, either in the form of single feed items or multiple processed diet - off-farm factory prepared feed, either in the form of local or imported processed diet ESTIMATED GLOBAL COMPOUND AQUAFEED PRODUCTION IN 1998 : ESTIMATED GLOBAL COMPOUND AQUAFEED PRODUCTION IN 1998 MARINE FISH 0.87 mmt TOTAL ESTIMATED PRODUCTION 12,320,960 MT CARP 6.03 mmt SALMON 1.10 mmt TILAPIA 0.72 mmt MARINE SHRIMP 1.74 mmt TROUT 0.68 mmt CATFISH 0.63 mmt MILKFISH 0.26 mmt EEL 0.27 mmt TOTAL FINFISH AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUPS IN 1998(values expressed as % by weight; FAO, 2000) : TOTAL FINFISH AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUPS IN 1998(values expressed as % by weight; FAO, 2000) Total production 20,045,365 metric tons & valued at US $ 29,038,829,000 in 1998 CYPRINIDS OTHER FRESHWATER FISHES SALMONIDS TILAPIA MARINE FISHES CATFISHES MILKFISH EELS ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)(comments: Kapuscinski & Brister, 5/25/99)B. FEED1. Feed components derived from plant materials must be produced in accordance with USDA organic standards for livestock feed : NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)(comments: Kapuscinski & Brister, 5/25/99)B. FEED1. Feed components derived from plant materials must be produced in accordance with USDA organic standards for livestock feed 2. For systems which require feed inputs, aquatic animal protein from either sustainably harvested wild resources or from processing by-products, cut-off waste, or other materials from aquatic organisms may be used. Feed components derived from terrestrial animals are prohibited. Prohibit the use of fishmeal in diets of animals that are not naturally piscivorous. Preventing the transmission of xenobiotic contaminants and pathogens from processing by-products and waste by-products used as feed inputs. : 2. For systems which require feed inputs, aquatic animal protein from either sustainably harvested wild resources or from processing by-products, cut-off waste, or other materials from aquatic organisms may be used. Feed components derived from terrestrial animals are prohibited. Prohibit the use of fishmeal in diets of animals that are not naturally piscivorous. Preventing the transmission of xenobiotic contaminants and pathogens from processing by-products and waste by-products used as feed inputs. 3. Vitamins, minerals, and enzymes derived from natural sources may be used as feed additives.4. No synthetic products may be added to feed or in any other way delivered to the aquatic animals unless it has been added to the National List of Approved Synthetics : 3. Vitamins, minerals, and enzymes derived from natural sources may be used as feed additives.4. No synthetic products may be added to feed or in any other way delivered to the aquatic animals unless it has been added to the National List of Approved Synthetics FEDERAL ORGANIC FOODS PRODUCTION ACT OF 1990 6502 Definitions21) Synthetic – the term `synthetic’ means a substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral sources, except that such term shall not apply to substances created by naturally occurring biological processes. : FEDERAL ORGANIC FOODS PRODUCTION ACT OF 1990 6502 Definitions21) Synthetic – the term `synthetic’ means a substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral sources, except that such term shall not apply to substances created by naturally occurring biological processes. NATIONAL LIST OF ALLOWED & PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES§ 205.603 Synthetic substances allowed for use in organic livestock production.Any substance in the following categories may be used in organic livestock production in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and §205.102 and §205.236 through §205.239. : NATIONAL LIST OF ALLOWED & PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES§ 205.603 Synthetic substances allowed for use in organic livestock production.Any substance in the following categories may be used in organic livestock production in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and §205.102 and §205.236 through §205.239. (d) As feed additives(1) Trace Minerals, including:(i) Copper Sulfate (ii) Magnesium Sulfate (2) Vitamins - accepted for enrichment or fortification, limited to those approved by the FDA for livestock use(e) As fillers and excipients(f)-(z) [Reserved] : (d) As feed additives(1) Trace Minerals, including:(i) Copper Sulfate (ii) Magnesium Sulfate (2) Vitamins - accepted for enrichment or fortification, limited to those approved by the FDA for livestock use(e) As fillers and excipients(f)-(z) [Reserved] § 205.605 Nonagricultural (nonorganic) substances allowed as ingredients in or on processed products labeled as "organic" or "made with organic (specified ingredients)."The following nonagricultural substances may be used only in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and § 205.102, § 205.270, and § 205.300 through § 205.310. : § 205.605 Nonagricultural (nonorganic) substances allowed as ingredients in or on processed products labeled as "organic" or "made with organic (specified ingredients)."The following nonagricultural substances may be used only in accordance with any restrictions specified in this section and § 205.102, § 205.270, and § 205.300 through § 205.310. (a) Nonsynthetics allowed:(1) Agar-agar (2) Acids (i) Alginic(ii) Citric - produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrate substances(iii) Lactic (3) Baking Powder - aluminum-free(4) Bentonite(5) Calcium Carbonate(6) Calcium Chloride(7) Carrageenan(8) Cornstarch (Native)(9) Dairy Cultures - non-EM : (a) Nonsynthetics allowed:(1) Agar-agar (2) Acids (i) Alginic(ii) Citric - produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrate substances(iii) Lactic (3) Baking Powder - aluminum-free(4) Bentonite(5) Calcium Carbonate(6) Calcium Chloride(7) Carrageenan(8) Cornstarch (Native)(9) Dairy Cultures - non-EM (10) Diatomaceous Earth - food filtering aid only(11) Enzymes - must be derived from edible, nontoxic plants, nonpathogenic fungi, or nonpathogenic bacteria(12) Gums - Water extracted only (arabic, guar, locust bean, carob bean)(13) Kaolin(14) Kelp - for use only as a thickener and dietary supplement(15) Lecithin - unbleached(16) Nitrogen - Oil-free grades(17) Oxygen - Oil-free grades(18) Pectin (high-methoxy) : (10) Diatomaceous Earth - food filtering aid only(11) Enzymes - must be derived from edible, nontoxic plants, nonpathogenic fungi, or nonpathogenic bacteria(12) Gums - Water extracted only (arabic, guar, locust bean, carob bean)(13) Kaolin(14) Kelp - for use only as a thickener and dietary supplement(15) Lecithin - unbleached(16) Nitrogen - Oil-free grades(17) Oxygen - Oil-free grades(18) Pectin (high-methoxy) (19) Perlite - for use only as a filter aid in food processing(20) Potassium Chloride(21) Potassium Iodide(22) Sodium Bicarbonate(23) Sodium Carbonate(24) Yeast - Nonsynthetic, non-EM(i) Autolysate(ii) Bakers(iii) Brewers(iv) Nutritional (v) Smoked - growth on petrochemical substrate and sulfite waste liquor prohibited. Nonsynthetic smoke flavoring process must be documented : (19) Perlite - for use only as a filter aid in food processing(20) Potassium Chloride(21) Potassium Iodide(22) Sodium Bicarbonate(23) Sodium Carbonate(24) Yeast - Nonsynthetic, non-EM(i) Autolysate(ii) Bakers(iii) Brewers(iv) Nutritional (v) Smoked - growth on petrochemical substrate and sulfite waste liquor prohibited. Nonsynthetic smoke flavoring process must be documented (b) Synthetics allowed:(1) Alginates(2) Ammonium Bicarbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(3) Ammonium Carbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(4) Ascorbic Acid(5) Calcium Citrate(6) Calcium Hydroxide(7) Calcium Phosphates (monobasic and dibasic)(8) Carbon Dioxide : (b) Synthetics allowed:(1) Alginates(2) Ammonium Bicarbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(3) Ammonium Carbonate - for use only as a leavening agent(4) Ascorbic Acid(5) Calcium Citrate(6) Calcium Hydroxide(7) Calcium Phosphates (monobasic and dibasic)(8) Carbon Dioxide (9) Chlorine Materials - disinfecting and sanitizing food contact surfaces, Except, That, residual chlorine levels in the water shall not exceed the maximum residual disinfectant limit under the Safe Drinking Water Act.(i) Calcium Hypochlorite(ii) Chlorine Dioxide(iii) Sodium Hypochlorite(10) Ethylene - allowed for post harvest ripening of tropical fruit(11) Ferrous Sulfate - for iron enrichment or fortification of foods when required by regulation or recommended (independent organization)(12) Glycerides (mono and di) - for use only in drum drying of food : (9) Chlorine Materials - disinfecting and sanitizing food contact surfaces, Except, That, residual chlorine levels in the water shall not exceed the maximum residual disinfectant limit under the Safe Drinking Water Act.(i) Calcium Hypochlorite(ii) Chlorine Dioxide(iii) Sodium Hypochlorite(10) Ethylene - allowed for post harvest ripening of tropical fruit(11) Ferrous Sulfate - for iron enrichment or fortification of foods when required by regulation or recommended (independent organization)(12) Glycerides (mono and di) - for use only in drum drying of food (13) Glycerin - produced by hydrolysis of fats and oils(14) Hydrogen peroxide(15) Lecithin - bleached (16) Magnesium Carbonate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(17) Magnesium Chloride - derived from sea water(18) Magnesium Stearate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(19) Magnesium Sulfate : (13) Glycerin - produced by hydrolysis of fats and oils(14) Hydrogen peroxide(15) Lecithin - bleached (16) Magnesium Carbonate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(17) Magnesium Chloride - derived from sea water(18) Magnesium Stearate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(19) Magnesium Sulfate (20) Nutrient vitamins and minerals, in accordance with 21 CFR 104.20, Nutritional Quality Guidelines For Foods(21) Ozone(22) Pectin (low-methoxy)(23) Phosphoric Acid - cleaning of food-contact surfaces and equipment only(24) Potassium Acid Tartrate(25) Potassium Tartrate made from Tartaric acid(26) Potassium Carbonate(27) Potassium Citrate(28) Potassium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables : (20) Nutrient vitamins and minerals, in accordance with 21 CFR 104.20, Nutritional Quality Guidelines For Foods(21) Ozone(22) Pectin (low-methoxy)(23) Phosphoric Acid - cleaning of food-contact surfaces and equipment only(24) Potassium Acid Tartrate(25) Potassium Tartrate made from Tartaric acid(26) Potassium Carbonate(27) Potassium Citrate(28) Potassium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables (29) Potassium Iodide - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(30) Potassium Phosphate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specific ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(31) Silicon Dioxide(32) Sodium Citrate : (29) Potassium Iodide - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specified ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(30) Potassium Phosphate - for use only in agricultural products labeled "made with organic (specific ingredients)," prohibited in agricultural products labeled "organic"(31) Silicon Dioxide(32) Sodium Citrate (33) Sodium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables(34) Sodium Phosphates - for use only in dairy foods(35) Tocopherols - derived from vegetable oil when rosemary extracts are not a suitable alternative(36) Xanthan gum(c)-(z) [Reserved] : (33) Sodium Hydroxide - prohibited for use in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables(34) Sodium Phosphates - for use only in dairy foods(35) Tocopherols - derived from vegetable oil when rosemary extracts are not a suitable alternative(36) Xanthan gum(c)-(z) [Reserved] SOIL ASSOCIATION ORGANIC MARKETING COMPANY LTD. AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (5th draft - May 1997) ..these standards for farmed fish refer principally to salmonids...DIET AND NUTRITION6.630 - A minimum of 80% of the daily diet (calculated on a dry matter basis) must be organically produced and/or have originated from wild marine fish. The balance may come from non-organic sources as specified in Section 5.618 and may include natural binders and natural colourants. : SOIL ASSOCIATION ORGANIC MARKETING COMPANY LTD. AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (5th draft - May 1997) ..these standards for farmed fish refer principally to salmonids...DIET AND NUTRITION6.630 - A minimum of 80% of the daily diet (calculated on a dry matter basis) must be organically produced and/or have originated from wild marine fish. The balance may come from non-organic sources as specified in Section 5.618 and may include natural binders and natural colourants. 6.631 Permitted1) Fishmeal and fish oil - only as by-products of fishing industries which use sustainable fishing methods in unpolluted waters2) Astaxanthin contained in krill or yeast : 6.631 Permitted1) Fishmeal and fish oil - only as by-products of fishing industries which use sustainable fishing methods in unpolluted waters2) Astaxanthin contained in krill or yeast 6.632 Prohibited1) Fishmeal from dedicated fishmeal harvesting and manufacturing operations2) Artificial, synthetic or nature identical colours (including Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin), binders and additives3) growth regulators, antibiotics, antioxidants and appetite stimulants : 6.632 Prohibited1) Fishmeal from dedicated fishmeal harvesting and manufacturing operations2) Artificial, synthetic or nature identical colours (including Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin), binders and additives3) growth regulators, antibiotics, antioxidants and appetite stimulants INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MOVEMENTS (IFOAM): Basic standards (internal letter dated 72 - march 2000) 6. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION - Draft Standard6.8 NUTRITIONGeneral principles - diets for aquaculture production must be balanced according to the nutritional needs of the organisms, and be of good quality. Diets should be offered to the organisms in a way that allows natural feeding behaviour, with minimum loss of feed to the environment. : INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE MOVEMENTS (IFOAM): Basic standards (internal letter dated 72 - march 2000) 6. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION - Draft Standard6.8 NUTRITIONGeneral principles - diets for aquaculture production must be balanced according to the nutritional needs of the organisms, and be of good quality. Diets should be offered to the organisms in a way that allows natural feeding behaviour, with minimum loss of feed to the environment. Organically certified by-products and wild marine feed resources otherwise not directly suited for human consumption, should be used as feed ingredients. Recommendation - Feeding and feeding regimes should be organised to give best possible growth on least possible input. Nutrient management should contribute to maintain the biological diversity in the area. : Organically certified by-products and wild marine feed resources otherwise not directly suited for human consumption, should be used as feed ingredients. Recommendation - Feeding and feeding regimes should be organised to give best possible growth on least possible input. Nutrient management should contribute to maintain the biological diversity in the area. Standards 6.8.1Aquafeeds shall generally contain 100% certified organic components, or wild aquatic feed resources. When wild fish are used, the `Code of Conduct for responsible Fisheries' (FAO, 1995) shall be followed. When certified organic components or wild marine feed resources are not available, the certification body/standardising organisation may allow a maximum 5% of the feed (by dry weight) to be of conventional origin. : Standards 6.8.1Aquafeeds shall generally contain 100% certified organic components, or wild aquatic feed resources. When wild fish are used, the `Code of Conduct for responsible Fisheries' (FAO, 1995) shall be followed. When certified organic components or wild marine feed resources are not available, the certification body/standardising organisation may allow a maximum 5% of the feed (by dry weight) to be of conventional origin. Standards 6.8.2In systems which require feed inputs, at least 50% of the aquatic animal protein in a diet shall come from by-products, cutoff/waste and/or other material not used for human consumption : Standards 6.8.2In systems which require feed inputs, at least 50% of the aquatic animal protein in a diet shall come from by-products, cutoff/waste and/or other material not used for human consumption Standards 6.8.3In cases of unforeseen severe natural events, the certification body/standardising organisation may grant exceptions from the percentages mentioned in 6.8.1 and 6.8.2, with specific time limits and conditions : Standards 6.8.3In cases of unforeseen severe natural events, the certification body/standardising organisation may grant exceptions from the percentages mentioned in 6.8.1 and 6.8.2, with specific time limits and conditions Standards 6.8.4Plant and/or animal sources shall form the basis of feeding and fertilisation. The certification body/standardising organisation may grant the use of mineral supplements, provided they are applied in their natural composition. : Standards 6.8.4Plant and/or animal sources shall form the basis of feeding and fertilisation. The certification body/standardising organisation may grant the use of mineral supplements, provided they are applied in their natural composition. Standards 6.8.5The following products shall not be included in, nor added to the feed or in any other way be given to the organisms:- Synthetic growth promoters & stimulants- Synthetic appetisers- Synthetic antioxidants and preservatives- Artificial coloring agents- Urea- Material from the same species to be fed- Feedstuffs subjected to solvent (e.g. hexane) extraction : Standards 6.8.5The following products shall not be included in, nor added to the feed or in any other way be given to the organisms:- Synthetic growth promoters & stimulants- Synthetic appetisers- Synthetic antioxidants and preservatives- Artificial coloring agents- Urea- Material from the same species to be fed- Feedstuffs subjected to solvent (e.g. hexane) extraction - Pure amino acids- Genetically engineered organisms or products thereofStandards 6.8.6Vitamins, trace elements and supplements shall be used from natural origin when available. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall define conditions for use of substances from synthesised or unnatural sources. : - Pure amino acids- Genetically engineered organisms or products thereofStandards 6.8.6Vitamins, trace elements and supplements shall be used from natural origin when available. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall define conditions for use of substances from synthesised or unnatural sources. Standards 6.8.7Feed preservatives such as the following may be used:- Bacteria, fungi and enzymes- By-products from the food industry (e.g. molasses)- Plant based productsSynthetic chemical feed preservatives may be allowed in case of special weather conditions. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall specify conditions. : Standards 6.8.7Feed preservatives such as the following may be used:- Bacteria, fungi and enzymes- By-products from the food industry (e.g. molasses)- Plant based productsSynthetic chemical feed preservatives may be allowed in case of special weather conditions. The certification body/ standardising organisation shall specify conditions. KRAV 1999 STANDARDS (adopted 10/21/98)7. FARMING OF SALMON, TROUT, ARCTIC CHAR & BROWN TROUT7.5 FEED AND FEEDING7.5.1 - 95% of the feed (measured as dry matter) shall be of KRAV certified origin and/or originate from wild fish. As of the year 2001 at least 50% of the protein in the feed shall be by-products/waste from fishing. : KRAV 1999 STANDARDS (adopted 10/21/98)7. FARMING OF SALMON, TROUT, ARCTIC CHAR & BROWN TROUT7.5 FEED AND FEEDING7.5.1 - 95% of the feed (measured as dry matter) shall be of KRAV certified origin and/or originate from wild fish. As of the year 2001 at least 50% of the protein in the feed shall be by-products/waste from fishing. 7.5.2 - Wet feeding is not allowed. 7.5.3 - The following products may not be added to the feed:- Synthetic antioxidants- Growth regulators- Genetically modified organisms as feed or used in the production of feed, feed supplements or feed preservatives- Synthetic colorants (natural colorants from shrimp shell or funi culture may be used) : 7.5.2 - Wet feeding is not allowed. 7.5.3 - The following products may not be added to the feed:- Synthetic antioxidants- Growth regulators- Genetically modified organisms as feed or used in the production of feed, feed supplements or feed preservatives- Synthetic colorants (natural colorants from shrimp shell or funi culture may be used) 7.5.4 - Minerals and vitamins may be added and shall if possible be of natural origin. 7.5.5 - The production manager shall keep records over the kinds and quantities of feed used in the different units. 7.5.6 - The production manager shall be able to demonstrate analysis reports of the content of heavy metals in the feed. : 7.5.4 - Minerals and vitamins may be added and shall if possible be of natural origin. 7.5.5 - The production manager shall keep records over the kinds and quantities of feed used in the different units. 7.5.6 - The production manager shall be able to demonstrate analysis reports of the content of heavy metals in the feed. NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)Discussion: the purpose of aquaculture certification should be identical to that for all other types of organic operations: to recognize management systems which rely upon natural cycles and materials to the extent possible to address the nutritional, health maintenance, and environmental challenges of production. : NATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS BOARD (NOSB): ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS (OAS) (3rd draft, Merrigan, 5/18/99)Discussion: the purpose of aquaculture certification should be identical to that for all other types of organic operations: to recognize management systems which rely upon natural cycles and materials to the extent possible to address the nutritional, health maintenance, and environmental challenges of production. In general, the livestock production systems best suited for certification are those which mimic the natural life cycle of the animal. Responsible nutrient cycling, respect for natural nutritional and mobility requirements, and a holistic approach to disease and pet supression are characteristic of balanced, sustainable systems which merit designation as organic. : In general, the livestock production systems best suited for certification are those which mimic the natural life cycle of the animal. Responsible nutrient cycling, respect for natural nutritional and mobility requirements, and a holistic approach to disease and pet supression are characteristic of balanced, sustainable systems which merit designation as organic. Fishmeal and fish oil in aquacultureThe NOSB must determine the appropriate role of fishmeal and fish oil in the diet of confined fish. ...the draft standards take the position that fishmeal and fish oil from caught fish and processing by-products are allowable, and they do not attempt to establish minimum or maximum percentages in the diet for either source. : Fishmeal and fish oil in aquacultureThe NOSB must determine the appropriate role of fishmeal and fish oil in the diet of confined fish. ...the draft standards take the position that fishmeal and fish oil from caught fish and processing by-products are allowable, and they do not attempt to establish minimum or maximum percentages in the diet for either source. There are legitimate ecological and ethical questions associated with converting wild fish populations into aquaculture food. However, there is too little information available to take a more restrictive approach at this time. carnivorous and omnivorous species require fish protein for optimum health, and there is insufficient evidence that either wild caught fish or processing by-products cannot sustainably meet this need. : There are legitimate ecological and ethical questions associated with converting wild fish populations into aquaculture food. However, there is too little information available to take a more restrictive approach at this time. carnivorous and omnivorous species require fish protein for optimum health, and there is insufficient evidence that either wild caught fish or processing by-products cannot sustainably meet this need. UNRESOLVED ISSUES IN ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS - Briefing paper for the NOSB Livestock Committee. May 26, 1999.The use of fishmeal and fish oil as a feed source- can a product derived from wild caught animals be certified?- how can the NOSB address the ecological concerns associated with extracting fish meal and fish oil from wild fish populations? : UNRESOLVED ISSUES IN ORGANIC AQUACULTURE STANDARDS - Briefing paper for the NOSB Livestock Committee. May 26, 1999.The use of fishmeal and fish oil as a feed source- can a product derived from wild caught animals be certified?- how can the NOSB address the ecological concerns associated with extracting fish meal and fish oil from wild fish populations? - is it appropriate to designate a maximum percentage contribution to the overall diet which fish feeds may contribute?- can feed supplements from terrestrial mammalian by-products be used in aquaculture? : - is it appropriate to designate a maximum percentage contribution to the overall diet which fish feeds may contribute?- can feed supplements from terrestrial mammalian by-products be used in aquaculture? ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives Slide 64: Total fish & shellfish production, food fish supply and per caput food fish supply in live weight DISPOSITION OF THE CATCH - 1998 : Although total production of finfish and shellfish from capture fisheries amounted to 86.316 mmt in 1998, only 62.446 mmt (live weight equivalent) or 72.3% was available for direct human consumption as `food fish’, the remainder (23.87 mmt or 27.7%) used as animal feed. DISPOSITION OF THE CATCH - 1998 WORLD PRODUCTION OF FISHMEAL, FISH OIL, SOYBEAN MEAL & SOYBEAN OIL 1961 to 1999 : WORLD PRODUCTION OF FISHMEAL, FISH OIL, SOYBEAN MEAL & SOYBEAN OIL 1961 to 1999 1961 1999 Million metric tons (mmt) 1980 1998 PRODUCTION FISHMEAL 5,304,163 mt Major producers: Peru 15.9%, China 13.1%, Chile 12.2%, Denmark 7.6%, Thailand 7.3%, Japan 7.1%, Norway 6.0%, USA 5.5%, Iceland 4.3%, Canada 3.5% Production change since 1997 -18.6% FISH OIL 834,871 mt Major producers: Denmark 16.3%, Peru 14.7%, Chile 12.8%, USA 12.1%, Norway 11.3%, Iceland 10.8%, Japan 7.0%, Spain 2.4%, Morocco 1.8%, S. Africa 0.9% Production change since 1997 -31.4% Source: FAOSTAT & FISHSTAT databases (June, 2000) Total soybean meal production in 1999 99.69 mmt Total soybean oil production in 1999 22.97 mmt Slide 67: 99.8 19.0 15.6 13.9 10.3 6.2 4.7 3.2 2.6 2.0 1.3 0.9 SBM RSM CSM CGF SFM PNM FSM CGM PKM CPR LSM SSM World Oil Meal ProductionMillion metric tonnes Source: Oilworld Statistics, 1998 : ESTIMATED GLOBAL AQUAFEED PRODUCTION, AND FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL USAGE TOTAL GLOBAL 1998 1999 2000 Total aquafeed used (mt) 12,320,960 13,339,132 14,627,695 IFOMA (Pike & Barlow, 2000) 13,098,000 Total fish meal used (mt) 2,256,232 2,207,381 2,193,320 IFOMA (Pike & Barlow, 2000) 2,115,000 Total fish oil used (mt) 648,748 607,623 590,512 IFOMA (Pike & Barlow, 2000) 708,000 Total fishmeal and fish oil production in 1998 was 5,304,163 mt and 834,871 mt (FAO, 2000), of which aquaculture would have consumed 42.5% and 77.7%, respectively. : ESTIMATED FISHMEAL CONSUMPTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUP (mt) 1998 1999 2000 Marine shrimp 486,546 486,546 483,364 Salmon 485,665 456,305 460,650 Marine finfish 419,901 458,455 499,007 Feeding carp 362,075 335,178 297,638 Trout 219,414 185,404 165,275 Eel 133,528 155,783 178,038 Tilapia 71,985 63,736 52,766 Catfish 50,550 37,649 26,468 Milkfish 26,568 28,325 30,114 Note: usage decreasing with time : ESTIMATED FISH OIL CONSUMPTION BY MAJOR SPECIES GROUP (mt) 1998 1999 2000 Salmon 264,908 239,017 230,325 Trout 123,420 105,945 96,410 Marine finfish 122,471 119,597 113,411 Feeding carp 60,346 67,036 74,409 Marine shrimp 34,753 37,427 40,280 Eel 21,364 18,694 14,243 Tilapia 7,198 7,967 8,794 Catfish 6,318 6,275 6,617 Milkfish 7,970 5,665 6,023 Note: usage decreasing with time ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : ORGANIC FEED CERTIFICATION ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED:- farming systems and feeding options - existing organic feeds standards- use of wild aquatic feed resources- use of terrestrial feed resources- use of feed additives : TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL BY-PRODUCT MEALS: Fats - industrial tallows, edible beef tallow, lard, yellow grease, feed grade fats Animal protein meals - meat and bone meal, meat meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal, and specialised protein blends. Other miscellaneous products which could also be considered here include specific organ meals, such as liver meal and lung meals, chick hatchery waste, bone meal, hide fleshing meals, blood/rumen contents meals. : These nutrient rich animal by-products (ca. 18-25 mmt) far exceeds that of fishmeal and fish oils (5-7 mmt) by a factor of three and represent the largest source of animal proteins & lipids available to the animal and aquafeed compounding industry. The aquaculture sector must be seen and viewed as the recycler of valuable nutrients - would also help to relieve the pressure on fishery resources : In conclusion this paper proposes - the controlled use of natural (i.e. wild) non-food grade aquatic resources (from sustainably managed fisheries), organically produced naturally occurring micro-organisms (including algae, yeasts, bacteria, phytoplankton and/or zooplankton), and organically produced terrestrial feed resources (including fertilizers and plant ingredients) within organic aquafeeds for use within biosecure closed organic farming systems. : These organic farming systems should be based, wherever possible, upon - the use of natural micro-organisms for the maintenance of ecosystem health and stability, - the polyculture of different animal and plant species (with complementary feeding habits), - the promotion of nutrient fixation and nutrient recycling within the culture system, - and water reuse. MAHALO & ALOHA : MAHALO & ALOHA