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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 1Historical Perspective : 1 Chapter 1Historical Perspective History is relevant to understanding the Past, defining the Present, and influencing the Future. India’s Early Hospitals : 2 India’s Early Hospitals Provided Fresh Fruits & Vegetables Administered Medications Provided Massages Maintained Rules of Personal Cleanliness Hindu Physicians : 3 Hindu Physicians Took Daily Baths Keep Hair & Nails Short Wore White Clothes Respected Confidence of Patients Egyptian Medicine : 4 Egyptian Medicine Physicians Used Castor Oil & Opium Used Wooden Mallet for Anesthesia Surgery mostly limited to Fractures Medical Care in the Home Temples functioned as Hospitals Early Greek & Roman Hospitals : 5 Early Greek & Roman Hospitals Medical Practice Rife with Mysticism Snakes considered Sacred Patients Presented Gifts before Altar Greek Temples - Refuge for Sick Greek Temple Medicine : 6 Greek Temple Medicine Holistic Medicine - Body & Soul Medications - Salt, Honey, Sacred Springs Hot & Cold Baths Sunshine, Sea Air, Pleasant Vistas Libraries for Visitors Temple at Epidaurus : 7 Temple at Epidaurus 1st Clinical records Inscribed on columns of the temple Recorded Patients Names Brief Histories Treatment Outcomes Hippocrates – The Physician : 8 Hippocrates – The Physician Principles of Percussion & Auscultation Wrote about Fractures Performed Surgical Operations Wrote on Fractures Described Epilepsy, TB, Malaria, & Ulcers Maintained Detailed Records Early Christian Era : 9 Early Christian Era Hospitals Outgrowth of Religion Care included - Magical & Religious Rites Doctrines of Jesus - Love & Pity Sick treated outside temples & churches Mohammedan Hospitals : 10 Mohammedan Hospitals School at Gundishapur Beginning of Mohammedan Medicine Medical care free Persian Physician Rhazes : 11 Persian Physician Rhazes Skilled in Surgery Used Sheep Intestines for Suturing Cleansed Wounds with Alcohol 1st descriptions of smallpox & measles Mohammedan Medicine : 12 Mohammedan Medicine Inhalation Anesthesia Precautions against Adulterated Drugs Origination of New Drugs Asylums for Mentally Ill Islam : 13 Islam Brilliant beginnings in Medicine Promise that glowed in early medicine not fulfilled Wars, Politics, Superstitions, stunted growth Early Military Hospitals : 14 Early Military Hospitals Limestone pillar – 2920 B.C. Pictures illustrating wounded Moses laid down rules of Military Hygiene Hippocrates – “war is the only proper school for a surgeon” Under Romans, Surgery Advanced Experience through military surgery Medieval Hospitals - 1 : 15 Medieval Hospitals - 1 Religion – dominant influence in hospitals England built Municipal Hospitals Military Hospitals during Crusades Lazar Houses Established Medieval Hospitals - 2 : 16 Medieval Hospitals - 2 Hotel Dieu of Paris Provided rooms for various stages of disease Provided room for Convalescents Provided room for Maternity Patients Two persons often shared 1 bed Draperies not washed, infection spread Patients often worked on hospital’s farm Hospitals of the Renaissance -1 : 17 Hospitals of the Renaissance -1 Building of hospitals continued New Drugs Anatomy - Recognized Study New writings Printed Dissections Performed Surgery was more scientific Van Leeuwenhook- Microscope Hospitals of the Renaissance -2 : 18 Hospitals of the Renaissance -2 16th Century: Hospitals associated with Catholic Church ordered by Henry VIII to be given over to secular uses or destroyed Sick Turned into Streets Hospitals conditions intolerable St. Bartholomew’s restored Few hospitals throughout 17th century Hospitals of the Renaissance -3 Practice of Surgery : 19 Hospitals of the Renaissance -3 Practice of Surgery Long robed surgeons Trained in universities Permitted to perform all surgeries Royal College of Surgeons founded-1540 Short robed surgeons (barber-surgeons) Generally allowed only to leech & shave Hospitals of the 18th Century : 20 Hospitals of the 18th Century Royal College of Physicians Establishes Dispensary Medications Distributed at cost to Poor Free Medical Care for Poor Controversies & lawsuits Untimely End to Early Clinic Westminister Charitable Society : 21 Westminister Charitable Society Established Similar Dispensary in 1715 Established Westminister hospital in 1719 Infirmary built - voluntary subscription Staff provide services gratuitously Deterioration of hospitals continues Early Hospitals in the U.S. : 22 Early Hospitals in the U.S. Manhattan Island 1st account of hospital for sick soldiers Philadelphia 1st Almshouse Established - Philadelphia The Pennsylvania Hospital – 1st chartered Williamsburg, VA Site of 1st Psychiatric Hospital Dr. John Jones, an American Publishes - 1775 : 23 Dr. John Jones, an American Publishes - 1775 Called attention to frightful conditions in hospitals Hotel-Dieu Paris, Dr. Jones wrote : 24 Hotel-Dieu Paris, Dr. Jones wrote 3-5 patients placed in 1 bed Convalescent patients placed with dying Fracture cases placed with infectious cases 1/5th of 22,000 patients died each year Patient wounds washed with same sponge Infection rate said to be as high as 100% Mortality after amputation as high as 60% 19th Century HospitalsPeriod of Ignorance : 25 19th Century HospitalsPeriod of Ignorance Increase in Surgical Procedures Inappropriate Wound Care Administered Wards Filled with Discharging Wounds Atmosphere so Offensive that Perfume Required Nurses used Snuff to make Conditions Tolerable OR Coats Worn for Months without Washing Same Bed Linens Served Several Patients Mortality from Operations 90 to 100% Late 19th Century Renaissance : 26 Late 19th Century Renaissance Florence Nightingale improves care Considered 1st hospital administrator Founded Nightingale School of Nursing - 1860 Crawford Long uses ether as anesthetic to remove small tumor American Medical Association founded - 1847 Chloroform 1st used as an anesthetic - 1847 Mass General Hospital - 1846 : 27 Mass General Hospital - 1846 W.T.G. Morgan Develops Sulfuric Ether Morgan arranges for 1st operation under Anesthesia, using ether vapors Surgery at Operating Theater - Mass General W.T.G. Morgan : 28 W.T.G. Morgan Morgan performed surgery with on looking skeptical audience Audience Astonished Patient did not Scream "Gentlemen,“ Dr. Warren proclaimed, : 29 "Gentlemen,“ Dr. Warren proclaimed, "this is no humbug!“ The discipline of anesthesiology was born. Semmelweis Of Vienna : 30 Semmelweis Of Vienna Determined Deaths from Puerperal Fever of Maternity patients Due to Infections Transmitted by Students Leaving Dissecting Room to take care of Maternity Patients without Washing Hands. Civil War Days : 31 Civil War Days As many as 25 to 50 beds in ward Little provision for segregation of patients. Roosevelt Hospital - 1871 : 32 Roosevelt Hospital - 1871 Roosevelt Hospital built on lines of pavilion small wards set the style for new type of architecture that became know as the American plan. Dr. W.G. Wylie - 1877 : 33 Dr. W.G. Wylie - 1877 Favored Roosevelt Hospital pavilion Wylie advocated temporary structure to be destroyed when it became infected. America's 1st Nursing Schools : 34 America's 1st Nursing Schools Brigham and Women’s Hospital – 1872 Bellevue – 1873 Massachusetts General Hospital - 1873 Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 35 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Tubercle Bacillus Discovered Pasteur vaccinated against anthrax Koch Isolates Cholera Bacillus Diphtheria 1st treated with antitoxin Tetanus Bacillus & Parasite of Malarial Fever Isolated Rabies Inoculation Successful Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 36 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Halstead & Rubber Gloves – 1890 Bergmann & steam sterilization - 1886 Roentgen discovers the X-ray - 1895 19th Century Inventions : 37 19th Century Inventions Clinical Thermometer Laryngoscope Hermann Helmholtz Ophthalmoscope Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 38 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Hospitals crowded, patients suffering Scarlet Fever Diphtheria Typhoid Smallpox Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 39 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Most Disorders Untreated for Metabolism Glandular Disturbances Nutritional Diseases 20th Century Progress : 40 20th Century Progress Development of New Services Progress of Non-profit Insurance Plans Increased Public Confidence in Hospitals 20th Century Inventions : 41 20th Century Inventions Einthoven invents Electro-cardiograph Wassermann Test for Pancreatic Function Introduction of Radium for Treatment of Malignant Growths Increased use of Examination of Tissue Hospital Standardization - 1918 : 42 Hospital Standardization - 1918 American College of Surgeons - development of “Minimum Standards” for Hospitals Established Requirements for Care of Patients First Survey Conducted - 1918 Became “Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals” in 1952 Today, known as “Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations” 1929 : 43 1929 Trying period for hospitals Critical economic conditions Lowered bed occupancy Decreasing revenues from endowments Latter Half of 20th Century : 44 Latter Half of 20th Century Increased hospital competition Many advances in medical technology CT, MRI, & PET scanners For-profit chains spring up Competing delivery systems Many new medications introduced The 21st Century : 45 The 21st Century Skyrocketing malpractice insurance premiums High expectations of the public for miracles Zero tolerance for mistakes Ethical Dilemmas (e.g., human cloning) Era of information explosion Physicians exiting the marketplace Just a Beginning : 46 Just a Beginning Since history repeats itself – we must learn from its many lessons! Diseases that have thought to have been conquered, such as anthrax, malaria, and smallpox, have returned as weapons of war. Research : 47 National Library of Medicine Library Collections Contains 6 million items One of world’s finest medical history collections Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/ Research You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Human Resources In Health Care Managing aSGuest41942 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 560 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 31, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: nicky.dave (9 month(s) ago) understanding the development of health care professional and perspective on HR. Thanks! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 1Historical Perspective : 1 Chapter 1Historical Perspective History is relevant to understanding the Past, defining the Present, and influencing the Future. India’s Early Hospitals : 2 India’s Early Hospitals Provided Fresh Fruits & Vegetables Administered Medications Provided Massages Maintained Rules of Personal Cleanliness Hindu Physicians : 3 Hindu Physicians Took Daily Baths Keep Hair & Nails Short Wore White Clothes Respected Confidence of Patients Egyptian Medicine : 4 Egyptian Medicine Physicians Used Castor Oil & Opium Used Wooden Mallet for Anesthesia Surgery mostly limited to Fractures Medical Care in the Home Temples functioned as Hospitals Early Greek & Roman Hospitals : 5 Early Greek & Roman Hospitals Medical Practice Rife with Mysticism Snakes considered Sacred Patients Presented Gifts before Altar Greek Temples - Refuge for Sick Greek Temple Medicine : 6 Greek Temple Medicine Holistic Medicine - Body & Soul Medications - Salt, Honey, Sacred Springs Hot & Cold Baths Sunshine, Sea Air, Pleasant Vistas Libraries for Visitors Temple at Epidaurus : 7 Temple at Epidaurus 1st Clinical records Inscribed on columns of the temple Recorded Patients Names Brief Histories Treatment Outcomes Hippocrates – The Physician : 8 Hippocrates – The Physician Principles of Percussion & Auscultation Wrote about Fractures Performed Surgical Operations Wrote on Fractures Described Epilepsy, TB, Malaria, & Ulcers Maintained Detailed Records Early Christian Era : 9 Early Christian Era Hospitals Outgrowth of Religion Care included - Magical & Religious Rites Doctrines of Jesus - Love & Pity Sick treated outside temples & churches Mohammedan Hospitals : 10 Mohammedan Hospitals School at Gundishapur Beginning of Mohammedan Medicine Medical care free Persian Physician Rhazes : 11 Persian Physician Rhazes Skilled in Surgery Used Sheep Intestines for Suturing Cleansed Wounds with Alcohol 1st descriptions of smallpox & measles Mohammedan Medicine : 12 Mohammedan Medicine Inhalation Anesthesia Precautions against Adulterated Drugs Origination of New Drugs Asylums for Mentally Ill Islam : 13 Islam Brilliant beginnings in Medicine Promise that glowed in early medicine not fulfilled Wars, Politics, Superstitions, stunted growth Early Military Hospitals : 14 Early Military Hospitals Limestone pillar – 2920 B.C. Pictures illustrating wounded Moses laid down rules of Military Hygiene Hippocrates – “war is the only proper school for a surgeon” Under Romans, Surgery Advanced Experience through military surgery Medieval Hospitals - 1 : 15 Medieval Hospitals - 1 Religion – dominant influence in hospitals England built Municipal Hospitals Military Hospitals during Crusades Lazar Houses Established Medieval Hospitals - 2 : 16 Medieval Hospitals - 2 Hotel Dieu of Paris Provided rooms for various stages of disease Provided room for Convalescents Provided room for Maternity Patients Two persons often shared 1 bed Draperies not washed, infection spread Patients often worked on hospital’s farm Hospitals of the Renaissance -1 : 17 Hospitals of the Renaissance -1 Building of hospitals continued New Drugs Anatomy - Recognized Study New writings Printed Dissections Performed Surgery was more scientific Van Leeuwenhook- Microscope Hospitals of the Renaissance -2 : 18 Hospitals of the Renaissance -2 16th Century: Hospitals associated with Catholic Church ordered by Henry VIII to be given over to secular uses or destroyed Sick Turned into Streets Hospitals conditions intolerable St. Bartholomew’s restored Few hospitals throughout 17th century Hospitals of the Renaissance -3 Practice of Surgery : 19 Hospitals of the Renaissance -3 Practice of Surgery Long robed surgeons Trained in universities Permitted to perform all surgeries Royal College of Surgeons founded-1540 Short robed surgeons (barber-surgeons) Generally allowed only to leech & shave Hospitals of the 18th Century : 20 Hospitals of the 18th Century Royal College of Physicians Establishes Dispensary Medications Distributed at cost to Poor Free Medical Care for Poor Controversies & lawsuits Untimely End to Early Clinic Westminister Charitable Society : 21 Westminister Charitable Society Established Similar Dispensary in 1715 Established Westminister hospital in 1719 Infirmary built - voluntary subscription Staff provide services gratuitously Deterioration of hospitals continues Early Hospitals in the U.S. : 22 Early Hospitals in the U.S. Manhattan Island 1st account of hospital for sick soldiers Philadelphia 1st Almshouse Established - Philadelphia The Pennsylvania Hospital – 1st chartered Williamsburg, VA Site of 1st Psychiatric Hospital Dr. John Jones, an American Publishes - 1775 : 23 Dr. John Jones, an American Publishes - 1775 Called attention to frightful conditions in hospitals Hotel-Dieu Paris, Dr. Jones wrote : 24 Hotel-Dieu Paris, Dr. Jones wrote 3-5 patients placed in 1 bed Convalescent patients placed with dying Fracture cases placed with infectious cases 1/5th of 22,000 patients died each year Patient wounds washed with same sponge Infection rate said to be as high as 100% Mortality after amputation as high as 60% 19th Century HospitalsPeriod of Ignorance : 25 19th Century HospitalsPeriod of Ignorance Increase in Surgical Procedures Inappropriate Wound Care Administered Wards Filled with Discharging Wounds Atmosphere so Offensive that Perfume Required Nurses used Snuff to make Conditions Tolerable OR Coats Worn for Months without Washing Same Bed Linens Served Several Patients Mortality from Operations 90 to 100% Late 19th Century Renaissance : 26 Late 19th Century Renaissance Florence Nightingale improves care Considered 1st hospital administrator Founded Nightingale School of Nursing - 1860 Crawford Long uses ether as anesthetic to remove small tumor American Medical Association founded - 1847 Chloroform 1st used as an anesthetic - 1847 Mass General Hospital - 1846 : 27 Mass General Hospital - 1846 W.T.G. Morgan Develops Sulfuric Ether Morgan arranges for 1st operation under Anesthesia, using ether vapors Surgery at Operating Theater - Mass General W.T.G. Morgan : 28 W.T.G. Morgan Morgan performed surgery with on looking skeptical audience Audience Astonished Patient did not Scream "Gentlemen,“ Dr. Warren proclaimed, : 29 "Gentlemen,“ Dr. Warren proclaimed, "this is no humbug!“ The discipline of anesthesiology was born. Semmelweis Of Vienna : 30 Semmelweis Of Vienna Determined Deaths from Puerperal Fever of Maternity patients Due to Infections Transmitted by Students Leaving Dissecting Room to take care of Maternity Patients without Washing Hands. Civil War Days : 31 Civil War Days As many as 25 to 50 beds in ward Little provision for segregation of patients. Roosevelt Hospital - 1871 : 32 Roosevelt Hospital - 1871 Roosevelt Hospital built on lines of pavilion small wards set the style for new type of architecture that became know as the American plan. Dr. W.G. Wylie - 1877 : 33 Dr. W.G. Wylie - 1877 Favored Roosevelt Hospital pavilion Wylie advocated temporary structure to be destroyed when it became infected. America's 1st Nursing Schools : 34 America's 1st Nursing Schools Brigham and Women’s Hospital – 1872 Bellevue – 1873 Massachusetts General Hospital - 1873 Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 35 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Tubercle Bacillus Discovered Pasteur vaccinated against anthrax Koch Isolates Cholera Bacillus Diphtheria 1st treated with antitoxin Tetanus Bacillus & Parasite of Malarial Fever Isolated Rabies Inoculation Successful Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 36 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Halstead & Rubber Gloves – 1890 Bergmann & steam sterilization - 1886 Roentgen discovers the X-ray - 1895 19th Century Inventions : 37 19th Century Inventions Clinical Thermometer Laryngoscope Hermann Helmholtz Ophthalmoscope Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 38 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Hospitals crowded, patients suffering Scarlet Fever Diphtheria Typhoid Smallpox Medicine 1880 - 1890 : 39 Medicine 1880 - 1890 Most Disorders Untreated for Metabolism Glandular Disturbances Nutritional Diseases 20th Century Progress : 40 20th Century Progress Development of New Services Progress of Non-profit Insurance Plans Increased Public Confidence in Hospitals 20th Century Inventions : 41 20th Century Inventions Einthoven invents Electro-cardiograph Wassermann Test for Pancreatic Function Introduction of Radium for Treatment of Malignant Growths Increased use of Examination of Tissue Hospital Standardization - 1918 : 42 Hospital Standardization - 1918 American College of Surgeons - development of “Minimum Standards” for Hospitals Established Requirements for Care of Patients First Survey Conducted - 1918 Became “Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals” in 1952 Today, known as “Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations” 1929 : 43 1929 Trying period for hospitals Critical economic conditions Lowered bed occupancy Decreasing revenues from endowments Latter Half of 20th Century : 44 Latter Half of 20th Century Increased hospital competition Many advances in medical technology CT, MRI, & PET scanners For-profit chains spring up Competing delivery systems Many new medications introduced The 21st Century : 45 The 21st Century Skyrocketing malpractice insurance premiums High expectations of the public for miracles Zero tolerance for mistakes Ethical Dilemmas (e.g., human cloning) Era of information explosion Physicians exiting the marketplace Just a Beginning : 46 Just a Beginning Since history repeats itself – we must learn from its many lessons! Diseases that have thought to have been conquered, such as anthrax, malaria, and smallpox, have returned as weapons of war. Research : 47 National Library of Medicine Library Collections Contains 6 million items One of world’s finest medical history collections Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/ Research