sphenoid

SPHENOID TUMBLING RULES THE WHEEL OF EVOLUTION : 

SPHENOID TUMBLING RULES THE WHEEL OF EVOLUTION DHARWAL KUMUD SHRI GURU RAM DAS COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES & RESEARCH AMRITSAR

Hominin Evolution : 

Hominin Evolution

UNIVERSE : 

UNIVERSE Long long ago in the universe a small speck of gases consolidated and then appeared a Planet The EARTH

LIFE : 

LIFE 6 BILLION YEARS AGO Life appeared in unicellular form 4 BILLION YEARS AGO Life appeared in multicellular form

LIVING FORMS : 

LIVING FORMS INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES PISCES AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AVES MAMMALIA | | | PRIMATES

Early Primates : 

Early Primates Prosimians (65mya) Monkeys (35mya) Apes (23mya) Hominids (5mya) Homo (2mya)

TAXONOMY of Humans : 

TAXONOMY of Humans Animal Chordata (vertebrates) Mammalia Aves Eutheria (placental) Marsupialia Monotremes Primates Chiroptera Kingdom Phylum Class Sub Class Order

Classification of PRIMATES : 

Classification of PRIMATES Anthropoidea Prosimii Hominoidae Cercopithecoi Ceboidea Hominidae Hylobatidae Homininae Gorillinae Ponginae Hominini Panini Sub-order Super-family Family Sub-family Tribe Genus Homo Pan Primates

SIR CHARLES DARWIN - ORIGIN OF SPECIES : 

SIR CHARLES DARWIN - ORIGIN OF SPECIES 2009 200 anniversary of - Sir Charles Darwin & 150 anniversary of - his proposed theory of EVOLUTION OF SPECIES Influenced by the principle of uniformitarianism Natural selection based on survival of the fittest under the influence of EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

A NEW CONCEPT : 

A NEW CONCEPT Here I am going to present before you a new theory, may be labeled as controversial to the reigning theory of evolution, propounded by Dr Philip Tobias (south african anthropologist) and Ms Anne Dambricourt Malasse (french anthropologist) They believe that the origin of species is not due to external factors but is all and all an inside story ie the changes occur suddenly inside the body, the brain case (skull) and the brain. A tilting (flexion) occurs between the body and the ala of the sphenoid. They have shown that each change of angulation (flexion) has resulted into a change of species. So far 5 such angulations have occurred in primates.

HUMAN SKULL & SPHENOID BONE : 

HUMAN SKULL & SPHENOID BONE

SPHENOID BONE : 

SPHENOID BONE A wedge shaped bone situated at the base of skull Sandwiched between the skull and maxilla Posterior to frontal, ethmoid bones Anterior to temporal, occipital bones The first bone formed in embryo as a flat bone 5-6th wk. Then it flexes and opens up, provides more space for the developing brain by 7-8th wk (end of embryonic stage right before foetal stage). Sphenoid being the KEY STONE any change in its shape, (alters the alignment of neighboring bones) and so modifies the configuration of the skull.

Sphenoid--- : 

Sphenoid--- Bones though appear solid but adhere to fluid make up. They are not solid blocks but are like a jigsaw puzzle, Living, Moving , Shifting. The sphenoid goes on flexing on itself. At a set rate (so many ? Degrees/ thousand years) so the gap in the fossils is measurable and consistent. This angulation provides > curvature of sphenoid > capacity of skull > blood to brain > oxygenation > brain size > IQ Freeing and straightening of trachea also occurs so speech was possible

SPHENOID TILTINGS (ANGULATIONS)in MYA (Million Years Ago) : 

SPHENOID TILTINGS (ANGULATIONS)in MYA (Million Years Ago) 65 MYA - Prosimians 1st Bend – 40 MYA - Monkeys 2nd Bend – 20 MYA– Great Apes 3rd Bend – 6 MYA – Australopithecus 4th Bend – 2 MYA – Homo habilis 5th Bend - 1.6MYA– Homo sapiens sapiens

SPHENOID TILTINGS : 

SPHENOID TILTINGS 3rd Bend – 6 MYA 1st Bend – 40 MYA Before 65 MYA 2nd Bend – 20 MYA 4th Bend – 2 MYA 5th Bend – 1.6 MYA

Development of skulls in Primates : 

Development of skulls in Primates H – Prosimian K – Australopithecus I – Anthropoids L - Homo erectus J – Gorilla M – Homo sapiens neanderthalensis N– Homo sapiens sapiens

First Arboreal Mammals : 

First Arboreal Mammals Resembled shrews: Long snouts. Good smell sense. Probably nocturnal. Very active. Claws.

PRIMATES : 

PRIMATES Mobile limbs Grasping hands and feet Five digits, Thumbs opposable Flat nails and sensitive pads on undersides of fingers and toes. Upright posture. Small litter size. Larger brain capacity. Expanded forebrain, less olfaction. Two groups 1. Prosimians – lemurs, lorises, pottos & tarsiers 2. Anthropoids – monkeys, apes and man

PROSIMIANS : 

Tarsiers PROSIMIANS PROSIMIANS Ring tailed lemur Pottos Loris Lemurs

1st Bend – 40 MYA - ANTHROPOIDS : 

1st Bend – 40 MYA - ANTHROPOIDS Eyes in front round and stereoscopic Two groups 1.Monkeys 2. Hominoids Old world monkeys Apes Long snout Man Close nostrils Non-prehensile tail New world monkeys Flat face Wide nostril Prehensile tail

2nd Bend – 20 MYA– Great Apes : 

2nd Bend – 20 MYA– Great Apes Gorilla Orang utang Closest living cousins to humans. 98% genes shared Brain more complex Jaw less protruding Long arms

3rdBend– 6 MYA - Australopithecus : 

3rdBend– 6 MYA - Australopithecus Small- brained 400cc Low forehead Large-toothed large protruding jaws & face. Zygomatic arches more pronounced (large cheek muscles) Walked upright – bi-pedal (attained some verticality but not well balanced. Sexual dimorphism. Larger waistline–long digestive tract. Tool use limited – rocks to kill. No fire.

Australopithecus -- : 

Australopithecus -- Australopithecus afarensis Brain 400cc Australopithecus africanus Brain 500cc lucy Two types: 1.Graciles (slender) 2.Robusts (heavy build) – now separate genus Paranthropus The graciles are most possible ancestral to the human line (Lucy)

4th Bend – 2 MYA– Homo genus H.habilis, H.ergastus, H. erectus : 

4th Bend – 2 MYA– Homo genus H.habilis, H.ergastus, H. erectus Homo habilis Brain~600cc Bipedal Psychomotor balance “Handy Man” Olduwan tools Speech? Language Nariokotome boy, early homo erectus, found near Lake Turkana, Kenya

Homo erectus : 

Homo erectus Brain 600-900cc Brow ridge present Accomplished tool maker (Acheulean) Tool user hand-axes like this & sharp-edged flakes User of fire Control of fire

5th Bend – 1.6 MYA– Homo sapiens : 

5th Bend – 1.6 MYA– Homo sapiens Two types Archaic – 100,000 to 35,000 years BP Sometimes called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Modern – 35,000 years BP to present Anatomically modern Sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens

Homo neanderthalensis : 

Homo neanderthalensis Existence overlaps earliest Homo sapiens.. Not ancestor but a cousin of modern man Discovered in the Neander Valley (Tal) near Dusseldorf, 1856 Fossils date between 150,000 - 35,000 YA Strongly built Massive brain– 1300- 1,400cc Large torso Short limbs Broad nasal passages Some mid-facial prognathism Smaller front teeth, face (use of tools) Occipital torus present Skull of the Neandertal (1908) found at La Chapelle-aux-Saint Built shelters Buried their dead Clothing from animal skin

Homo sapiens sapiens : 

Homo sapiens sapiens Cro-Magnon humans Oldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens. Not a different species, just old Homo sapiens from Europe. Modern humans who entered Asia and Europe from Africa 100,000 years ago. 35,000 years B.P. to 17,000 years B.P. in western Europe Aurignacian tools. Accomplished hunters. Language Cave dwellers and artists.

Homo sapiens sapiens : 

Homo sapiens sapiens Cro magnon Skull Larger skull – increased height and width Straight and steep forehead Smaller delicate brow-ridge Occipital bun smaller Larger brain size 1600cc Smaller teeth Retromolar gap absent Midface vertical Chin present Torso . Lower limb Low wide shoulders . Femoral neck short Forearm short .Large hip and ankle jt Narrow chest .Smaller toes Long narrow waist .Proper planter arch

Future : 

Future Has the SPHENOID tilting halted ? Has human evolution stopped ? ? ? ? Seems highly unlikely Increasing incidence of misalignment of dentition of Japanese and American children is a clear-cut indication of changes still occurring in the skull

May be we are : 

May be we are Due for a change around about now A further evolved future human being. HOMO FUTURUS A huge massive brain Prominent bulging eyes more light sensitive Pinched nose Smaller jaw bones Chiseled features Thick and padded thumbs and fingers.

Round the corner may be a bigger SUSPENSE : 

Round the corner may be a bigger SUSPENSE HOMO FUTURUS with Miicro-tele-scope to the eyes A straw pipe to the mouth for just sucking in the tablets instead of food Computer screens instead of palms Avio-loco mechanism instead of feet & what not ?

WAIT & WATCH : 

WAIT & WATCH This fantasy is possible only if we Let earth live to that day and DO NOT invite dooms day for the earth. STOP plundering, polluting the earth resources The AIR The WATER; The SOIL.