concept of km

IN the name of Allah : 

CONCEPT OF KM IN the name of Allah

OUT COME : 

Definition of knowledge Concept of knowledge -Data -Information -Knowledge -Various knowledge concepts -Types of knowledge Why do we have to manage knowledge? What is km? Definition of km History of km OUT COME

Out come cont. : 

KM process Categorization of KM Perspective of KM Generation of KM Application of KM Benefit of KM -Individual benefit -organizational benefit Example for benefit of km conclusion Out come cont.

Definition of knowledge : 

“Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluation and incorporating new experiences and information.” [Davenport & Prusak,1998] “Knowledge is information within people’s minds; without a knowing, self-aware person there is no knowledge” [Davenport, 1999] Definition of knowledge

Concept of Knowledge : 

Concept of Knowledge Knowledge is increasingly being recognized as the new strategic imperative of organizations. The most established paradigm is that knowledge is power. Therefore, one has to hoard it, keep it to oneself to maintain an advantage. The new paradigm is that within the organization knowledge must be shared in order for it to grow. It has been shown that the organization that shares knowledge among its management and staff grows stronger and becomes more competitive. This is the core of knowledge management – the sharing of knowledge.

Various knowledge concepts: from data to wisdom : 

Data: refers to codes, signs and signals that do not necessarily have any significance. Information: consists of data with a meaning or an interpretation. Knowledge: is the result of personal processing by a person(s) within a particular context. To separate knowledge from context is to reduce it to information. Information can only become knowledge once it is processed and integrated into an individual’s personal knowledge structure. 6 Various knowledge concepts: from data to wisdom

Various knowledge concepts: from data to wisdom cont. : 

Understanding: knowledge becomes understanding through experience. This occurs when people can provide various explanations why a particular issue is the way it is, and how it relates to other issues. Wisdom: refers to metacognition which people use to create new knowledge based on previous knowledge, experience and understanding. Wisdom allows us to choose for the good of life. 7 Various knowledge concepts: from data to wisdom cont.

An example: data, information and knowledge : 

This example uses a bank savings account to show how data, information and knowledge relate to the principal, interest rate and interest. An example: data, information and knowledge

Data. : 

The numbers 100 or 5%, completely out of context, are just pieces of data. Interest, principal, and interest rate, out of context, are not much more than data as each has multiple meanings which are context dependent. Data.

Information. : 

Information. If I establish a bank savings account as the basis for context, then interest, principal, and interest rate become meaningful in that context with specific interpretations. Principal is the amount of money, $100, in the savings account. Interest rate, 5%, is the factor used by the bank to compute interest on the principal.

Knowledge. : 

Knowledge. If I put $100 in my savings account, and the bank pays 5% interest yearly, then at the end of one year the bank will compute the interest of $5 and add it to my principal and I will have $105 in the bank. This pattern represents knowledge, which, when I understand it, allows me to understand how the pattern will evolve over time and the results it will produce. In understanding the pattern, I know and what I know is knowledge. If I deposit more money into my account, I know that I will earn more interest, while if I withdraw money from my account, I know that I will earn less interest.

Two types of knowledge : 

It is important in knowledge management to make a distinction between two different but important types of knowledge. These are known as explicit and tacit knowledge and they require different strategies to harvest them successfully. In broad terms explicit knowledge is what most people think of when they use the term “knowledge”. It is precise and modifiable. Tacit knowledge is more intangible and personal 12 Two types of knowledge

Explicit knowledge : 

Explicit knowledge deals with objective, rational, and technical knowledge Data Policies Procedures Software Documents Products Strategies Goals Mission Core competencies Explicit knowledge

Tacit knowledge : 

Tacit knowledge is the cumulative store of the : corporate experiences Mental maps Insights Acumen Expertise Know-how Trade secrets Skill sets Learning of an organization The organizational culture Tacit knowledge

Different types of Knowledge : 

Some knowledge is easy to access and cheap to harness while other knowledge is embedded in people’s minds and hard to access and use. This becomes clear when key individuals leave Critical knowledge is knowledge that forms the essential capability of the organisation. 15 Different types of Knowledge

Different types of Knowledgecont. : 

Embedded knowledge is knowledge that is deeply embedded in an organisation. It is the technical or intellectual core of the organisation (eg. subject matter knowledge of educators) However knowledge is not static and what was once essential and embedded can quickly become out-dated and obsolete. Thus creative knowledge is the key to future success of an organisation 16 Different types of Knowledgecont.

Phases of knowledge : 

Create knowledge. Capture knowledge. Refine knowledge. Store knowledge. Manage knowledge. Disseminate knowledge. Phases of knowledge

Why do we have to manage knowledge? : 

• Marketplaces are increasingly competitive and the rate of innovation is rising. • Reductions in staffing create a need to replace informal knowledge with formal methods. • Competitive pressures reduce the size of the work force that holds valuable business knowledge. Why do we have to manage knowledge?

Why do we have to manage knowledge? Cont. : 

• Early retirements and increasing mobility of the work force lead to loss of knowledge. • There is a need to manage increasing complexity as small operating companies are transnational sourcing operations. • Changes in strategic direction may result in the loss of knowledge in a specific area. •The amount of time available to experience and acquire knowledge has diminished. Why do we have to manage knowledge? Cont.

What is Knowledge Management? : 

Knowledge management may be defined simply as doing what is needed to get the most out of knowledge resources. KM focuses on organizing and making available important knowledge, wherever and whenever it is needed. Related to the concept of intellectual capital (both human and structural). What is Knowledge Management?

What is Knowledge Managementcont. : 

The process of transforming information and intellectual assets into enduring value. It connects people with the knowledge that they need to take action, when they need it. In the corporate sector, managing knowledge is considered key to achieving breakthrough competitive advantage. What is Knowledge Managementcont.

What is Knowledge Management? Cont. : 

“Knowledge management (KM) is an effort to increase useful knowledge within the organization. Ways to do this include encouraging communication, offering opportunities to learn, and promoting the sharing of appropriate knowledge artifacts.” What is Knowledge Management? Cont.

What is Knowledge Management? Cont. : 

Their definition? Using accessible knowledge from outside sources Embedding and storing knowledge throughout the organisation Representing the knowledge Promoting knowledge growth Transferring and sharing knowledge Assessing the value of the knowledge What is Knowledge Management? Cont.

Definition of knowledge management : 

. Knowledge management is the collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge. Brian Newman . Knowledge management is the management of the organization towards the continuous renewal of the organizational knowledge base – this means, for example, the creation of supportive organizational structures, facilitation of organizational members, putting IT-instruments with emphasis on teamwork and diffusion of knowledge (e.g., groupware) into place. Thomas Bertels Definition of knowledge management

Definition of knowledge management cont. : 

. Knowledge management is an audit of “intellectual assets” that highlights unique sources, critical functions and potential bottlenecks which hinder knowledge flows to the point of use. – Denham Grey . Knowledge management consists of activities focused on the organization gaining knowledge from its own experience and from the experience of others, and on the judicious application of that knowledge to fulfill the mission of the organization. – Gregory Wenig Definition of knowledge management cont.

Definition of knowledge management cont. : 

. Knowledge management is a business activity with two primary aspects: (a) treating the knowledge component of business activities as an explicit concern of business reflected in strategy, policy, and practice at all levels of the organization; and (b) making a direct connection between an organization’s intellectual assets – both explicit (recorded) and tacit (personal know-how) – and positive business results. Rebecca O. Barclay and Philip C. Murray Definition of knowledge management cont.

Definition of knowledge management cont. : 

. Knowledge management is the process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual and knowledge-based assets. Megan Santosus and Jon Surmacz . Knowledge management is the systematic process of finding, selecting, organizing, distilling and presenting information in a way that improves an employee’s comprehension in a specific area of interest. University of Texas Definition of knowledge management cont.

Definition of knowledge management cont. : 

The following definition seems to represent the general agreement of the researchers on KM definition: Knowledge management is concerned with the exploitation and development of the knowledge assets of an organization with a view to furthering the organisation’s objectives. The knowledge to be managed includes both explicit, documented knowledge, and tacit, subjective knowledge. . . (Davenport and Prusak, 1998). Definition of knowledge management cont.

HISTORY OF KM : 

Knowledge began to be viewed as a competitive asset in the 80s, around the same time that information explosion started becoming an issue The trend was fueled by the development of IT systems which made it simple to store, display, and archive classified, indexed information The process received a fillip after Drucker (and others) stressed the role of knowledge as an organization resource, and Senge popularized ‘learning organizations’ Seeds of KM may also be found in business practices like TQM and BPR to which KM is often compared HISTORY OF KM

KM processes : 

Knowledge creation socialization, externalization, combination and internalization knowledge transfer transmission Absorption Knowledge application (utilization) KM processes

KM processes con't : 

KM processes con't

Categorization of KM projects : 

Identified four broad types of KM project objectives: (based on dovenport-1998) 1. To create knowledge repositories, which store both knowledge and information, often in documentary form. Repositories can fall into three categories: Categorization of KM projects

Categorization of KM projectscont. : 

A- Those which include external knowledge, such as competitive intelligence; B-Those that include structured internal knowledge, such as research reports and product oriented marketing material as techniques and methods; C-Those that embrace informal, internal or tacit knowledge, such as discussion databases that store ‘‘know how’’. Categorization of KM projectscont.

Categorization of KM projectscont. : 

2. To improve knowledge access, or to provide access to knowledge or to facilitate its transfer among individuals; here the emphasis is on connectivity, access and transfer, and technologies such as video conferencing systems, sharing tools and telecommunications networks are central. Categorization of KM projectscont.

Categorization of KM projectscon’t : 

3. To enhance the knowledge environment, so that the environment is conducive to more effective knowledge creation, transfer and use. This involves tackling organizational norms and values as they relate to knowledge. Categorization of KM projectscon’t

Categorization of KM projectscont. : 

4. To manage knowledge as an asset, and to recognize the value of knowledge to an organization. Assets, such as technologies that are sold under license or have potential value, customer databases and detailed parts catalogues are typical of companies’ intangible assets to which value can be assigned Categorization of KM projectscont.

Three perspectives of KM : 

Information-based perspective: Technology-based perspective: Culture-based perspective: Three perspectives of KM

Three perspectives of KMcont. : 

Information-based perspective: characteristics of information Readily-accessible information Real-time information Actionable information Categorizing of data Corporate yellow pages Filtered information People information archive Three perspectives of KMcont.

Three perspectives of KMcont. : 

Technology-based perspective: Data mining Data warehouses Intelligent systems Intranet Multimedia Search engines Smart systems … Three perspectives of KMcont.

Three perspectives of KMcont. : 

Culture-based perspective: Collective learning Continuous learning Intellectual property cultivation Learning organization Three perspectives of KMcont.

First and second generation knowledge management : 

First • Focus on knowledge management (limited concept of knowledge lifecycle) • Better and faster storage, indexing and retrieving of content to help knowledge sharing • Improving individual performance and learning capability • Origins in information retrieval, intranet and internet • Technology focus – sometimes obsessive First and second generation knowledge management

Second generation knowledge management : 

Second • Focus is knowledge process management (full use of knowledge lifecycle concept) • Better and faster knowledge creation and innovation plus the sharing of such knowledge • Improving organizational performance and learning • Origins in first generation knowledge management plus organizational learning and systems thinking (with ideas from complexity theory still to come) • May or may not use technology Second generation knowledge management

KM Applications : 

Reduce overhead of applying KM Seamless integration of KM application into working environment Exploit existing legacy data, e.g. databases Avoid information overload Context-dependent access and presentation of knowledge Reflect task at hand Reflect used output device Personalized access and presentation Exploit user profile Be able to “forget” KM Applications

KM Applications: Anywhere and Anytime : 

Anywhere and anytime access to knowledge Intranet environment Internet environment Laptop/PDA/Mobile phone Wearable devices What you get presented is what you need is tailored to your profile is adapted to the output device KM Applications: Anywhere and Anytime

what are the sorts of applications that fall into KM? : 

The simplest capability is the storage and retrieval of documents in a wide variety of formats . what are the sorts of applications that fall into KM?

Other applications include: : 

• The creation of “agents” that can monitor information sources for items that are of interest to an individual or a group. These agents essentially provide a customizable query that indicates what type of documents should be retrieved as they pass by. • “Indexing” of people by the documents they create and store, or by self-generated descriptions of their interests. Such a capability allows an organization to locate expertise on a particular topic rapidly. Other applications include:

Other applications include:cont. : 

• Representation of situations or cases by the documents and people that are associated with them. This type of indexing admits the possibility of finding documents or people that can help address a new situation that is similar to one in the past. • Tracking the information flow within an organization. Observing where new information enters an organization and how it moves may highlight individuals or departments that provide important information to the rest of the organization, or may illuminate other information-based social structures for sharing knowledge. Other applications include:cont.

Other applications include:cont. : 

Automatic extraction of small pieces of information from arriving data. This application could include mining Web pages for price information as part of competitive analysis. And any more… Other applications include:cont.

Benefit of knwledge management : 

There are many benefits to be reaped from KM. In an organisational setting, benefits can occur at two level: - Individual - Organisational Benefit of knwledge management

-Individual benefit of KM : 

At the individual level, KM provides employees opportunities to enhance skills and experience by working together and sharing other people’s knowledge and learn from each other, thereby improving personal performance, there by leading to better career development. -Individual benefit of KM

-Organisational benefit of KM : 

At the organisational level, KM provides four major benefits for an organisation: 1-Improving the organisation’s performance through increased efficiency, productivity, quality, and innovation. 2-Organisations that manage knowledge claim higher rates of productivity. By having greater access to their employees’ knowledge, organisations make better decisions, streamline processes, reduce re-work, increase innovation, have higher data integrity and greater collaboration (CIO Council, 2001). In other words, for public sector, managing knowledge could reduce the cost of operations and improves customer service. -Organisational benefit of KM

Organisational benefit of KMcont. : 

3. Increasing the financial value of the organisation by treating people’s knowledge as an asset similar to traditional assets like inventory and capital facilities (U.S. Department of Navy 2001) 4. As knowledge transfer is increasingly recognised as a source of value creation, organisations have come to identify KM initiatives as strategic facilitators of competitive advantages. Organisational benefit of KMcont.

Development of Knowledge Management at Microsoft : 

Development of Knowledge Management at Microsoft Microsoft circa 1997 • Multiple, disparate business systems • Lack of worldwide revenue information • Inability to track people and position • 250,000 hard copy financial reports distributed worldwide, available 14 days after end period • Hundreds of paper forms for purchasing, benefits, pensions, policies, etc. • Excessive resources focused on transaction processing, not adding business value • Difficulty sharing knowledge, ideas and content effectively.

Microsoft today with knowledge management: : 

• Single transaction system worldwide • Consistent business policies and processes • Key financial and operational metrics available real time including: (a) revenue and inventory by product, customer, location, channel; (b) organization headcount and possible detail worldwide; and (c) transaction cost detail worldwide • All financial reports distributed electronically 4 days following month end • Over 90% of all procurement processed electronically • All employee services are web based • Integrated platform for sharing knowledge and collaboration Microsoft today with knowledge management:

Conclusion : 

There is a significant amount of divergence regarding the concept of KM. In the rush to stake ownership of the concept, different disciplines and different interest groups have created a lot of confusion. Conclusion

Cont. : 

In this converging and interconnected world, concepts are related to each other, but it is very important to be precise about the core or the spirit of terms and concepts or things because it ultimately does more harm than good to the very concept or term. Cont.

Cont. : 

This presentation is an attempt to put things into perspective and clear the confusions and complexities around the concept of KM. In particular, information systems and human resource Management are two important pillars of KM but none of these per se can be termed as KM, which is a much bigger and comprehensive concept. Cont.

I never waste memory on things that can easily be stored and retrieved from elsewhere.A. Einstein : 

I never waste memory on things that can easily be stored and retrieved from elsewhere.A. Einstein

Thanks For Your Attention : 

Special thanks to ms . Aziera Thanks For Your Attention

Q & A : 

Q & A