surface transport

Surface Transport : 

Surface Transport Presented and prepared by:- Agni som Debangshu dinda Saumya verma Nikita sahu

Evolution of surface transport:- : 

Evolution of surface transport:- The first methods of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods. The Roman Empire needed armies to be able to travel quickly from one area to another so the Romans built great roads. The Romans used deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry During the Industrial Revolution, and because of the increased commerce that came with it, improved roadways became imperative.

Continued… : 

Continued… Various systems had been developed over centuries to reduce bogging and dust in cities, including cobblestones and wooden paving. Tar-bound macadam (tarmac) was applied to macadam roads towards the end of the 19th century in cities such as Paris. In the early 20th century tarmac and concrete paving were extended into the countryside.

Innovations and developments :- : 

Innovations and developments :- Some of the innovations in the field of automobiles:- Bharat stage-III and Bharat stage-iv Pre-crash system Infrared night vision Adaptive high beam assist Reverse backup sensors Backup camera Lane departure warning systems Anti-lock braking systems Automated parking system

Porter’s five forces model:- : 

Porter’s five forces model:-

Growth potential in road transport : 

Growth potential in road transport Transport in India is both a necessity as well as a convenience for….. a land area of 3,287,240 km(1,269,210 sq mi) and an estimated population of 1,028,737,436 requires a huge transport system.

Road transport in india:- : 

Road transport in india:- Road transport in India has a large and extensive transportation system. The means used for travel in India are-

Services provided:- : 

Services provided:-

The 7 p’ s of marketing:- : 

The 7 p’ s of marketing:-

The Mumbai-pune expressway- India’s first expressway. : 

The Mumbai-pune expressway- India’s first expressway.

The blurry side of road transport:- : 

The blurry side of road transport:- WHO statistics from year 2002 state that about 1.18 million people die every year in road accidents, the world over, of which 84,674 deaths are reported to take place in India. In 2004 the number of deaths had increased to 92,618. India ranked number one in the world for accidents and fatalities in 2008. In terms of mortality per 10,000 vehicles, the rate in India is as high as 14 as compared to less than two in developed countries.

Continued… : 

Continued… Indian study in 2008 estimates the social cost of road accidents in India at apprx $10 billion annually, which constitutes about 3% of the GDP Road accidents victims are predominantly male, within the age group of under 44 years (>70%), the age group which is the most productive section of society.

How can we eradicate these:- : 

How can we eradicate these:- highway and road improvement. vehicle safety. education, training and publicity. legislation and enforcement. emergency services.

Calcutta tramways corporation:- : 

Calcutta tramways corporation:-