DISEASES AFFECTING DIFFERENT SYSTEMS V2

DISEASES AFFECTING DIFFERENT SYSTEMS : 

DISEASES AFFECTING DIFFERENT SYSTEMS J. C. S. Perida

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JCS PERIDA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE an illness caused by a n ifectious agent or its toxic products that are transmitted directly or indirectly to a well person through an agency, a vector or inanimate object. contagious – disease that can be easily transmitted from one person to another via direct or indirect means. infectious – requires direct inoculation of the organism through a break in the skin or mucus membrane.

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JCS PERIDA INCIDENCE: Sporadic – occur occasionally and irregularly with no specific pattern Epidemic – diseases that occur greater than expected number in specific area over a specified period of time Pandemic – distribution to several countries or continents Endemic – present in a population or community at all times

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JCS PERIDA Outbreak – sudden onset of a number of cases but not exceeding 500 cases. CHAIN OF INFECTION Causative Agent bacteria spirochete-bacteria that possess cell wall (treponema, leptospira) rickettsia-smaller than spirochete(Salmonella)

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JCS PERIDA chlamydiae-smaller than spirochete but larger than virus. virus fungi protozoan parasite Reservoir of Infection-environment and objects where cells can multiply Portal of Exit – the path or way in which the organism leaves the reservoir

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JCS PERIDA 4. Mode of transmission – the easiest link to break the chain of infection 5. Portal of entry – the venue where the organism gain entrance to a susceptible host 6. Susceptible Host – the vulnerable person; the victim

NERVOUS SYSTEM : 

NERVOUS SYSTEM

TETANUS (LOCKJAW) : 

JCS PERIDA TETANUS (LOCKJAW) Meaning: An infectious but not contagious dse. Brought about by direct inoculation of the organism resulting to tonic muscular spasms. Causative Agent: Clostridium tetani – an anaerobic bacteria. Toxins Produced: Tetanolysin and Tetanospasmin. Mode of Transmission: Break in skin integrity, otitis media, tooth decay, tetanus neonatorum. Incubation Period: 5-10 days.

TETANUS (LOCKJAW) : 

JCS PERIDA TETANUS (LOCKJAW) Assessment: Clinical Manifestations: Trismus Risus Sardonicus Opisthotonus Position Rigidity of abdominal muscle and extremities Difficulty in swallowing and breathing Urinary and bowel incontinence Pain, redness and swelling

TETANUS (LOCKJAW) : 

JCS PERIDA TETANUS (LOCKJAW) 3 Objectives of Medical Management Neutralize Toxins – anititetanus toxins and epineprine and corticosteroid Kill the Bacteria – antibiotic (Penicillin), daily wound care with thin dressing Prevent Muscle Spasm – sedatives(to relax patient)and muscle relaxant

TETANUS (LOCKJAW) : 

JCS PERIDA TETANUS (LOCKJAW) Nursing Care: 1. Avoid stimulation to prevent muscle spasm 2. Provide a quiet and well-ventilated room. 3. Always have a padded tongue depressor Complications: Resulting from laryngospasm and involvement of respiratory muscle -hypostatic pneumonia -hypoxia due to laryngospasm and decrease oxygen

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JCS PERIDA atelectasis -pneumothorax Due to trauma -laceration to the tongue and buccal mucosa -IM hematoma -Fracture of the spine and ribs Septicemia

MENINGITIS(Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis, Cerebrospinal Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA MENINGITIS(Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis, Cerebrospinal Fever) Meaning: An acute contagious disease as a result of inflammation of meninges of the spinal cord. Caused: N. meningitides(inc. period:2-10days) Clinical Manifestations: -headache,photophobia, malaise and sensitivity -chills and fever -petichiae and ecchymosis on wrist and ankle

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JCS PERIDA nuchal rigidity- signs of meningial irritation -Kernigs sign- pain in the hamstring muscle when attempting to extend the legs -Brudzinski’s Sign- flexion of the hip and knee in response to the forward flexion of the neck. -Increase ICP -Child:high pitched cry, bulging of fontanels, hydrocephalus.

MENINGITIS(Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis, Cerebrospinal Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA MENINGITIS(Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis, Cerebrospinal Fever) Diagnostic Exam: Lumbar Puncture – increased pressure, elevated WBC and protein, decreased glucose Blood culture Preventive Measures: Proper disposal of nasopharyngeal secretions. Complications: Pnemonia; Endocarditis or pericarditis; Otitis media and mastoiditis; Hydrocephalus; Ocular conditions such as conjuctivitis; Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome- combination of

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JCS PERIDA meningococcemia and adrenal medullary hemorrhage Management: -Mortality is 70-100% a. antibiotics-ampicillin, cephalosporin,aminoglycosides b.digoxin-to control artythmia c. manitol-to decrease edema d. anti-convulsant e. acetaminophen-to relieve headache and fever

ENCEPHALITIS(Brain Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA ENCEPHALITIS(Brain Fever) Meaning: An acute inflammatory condition of the brain; and cerebral dysfunction. Incubation Period:4-21days Classification: Primary-virus attacking the brain directly (Culex bite and exposure to migratory birds) Secondary-resulting from illness(measles, mumps, chickenpox) Toxic-lead and mercurial poisoning

ENCEPHALITIS(Brain Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA ENCEPHALITIS(Brain Fever) Assessment: Clinical Manifestations: -flu-like syndrome -headache,N/V,convulsions -decorticate and decerebrate rigidity -diagnostics:CSF analysis,ELISA(IgM) Planning and Implementation: Nursing measures for increased ICP, seizures and hyperthemia; sanitary disposal of nose and throat secretions;I & O; adequate rest/sleep; and food.

POLIOMYELITIS(Infantile Paralysis, Heine - Medin Disease) : 

JCS PERIDA POLIOMYELITIS(Infantile Paralysis, Heine - Medin Disease) Causative Agent: Legio debilitans; typeI-Brunhilde; typeII-Lansing, typeIII-Leon. Incubation Period:7-12 days(most ttansmissible in the latter part of the incubation and the first 3 days of acute illness)

POLIOMYELITIS(Infantile Paralysis, Geine - Medin Disease) : 

JCS PERIDA POLIOMYELITIS(Infantile Paralysis, Geine - Medin Disease) Types of Paralysis: Spinal Paralysis – anterior – horn cells of the cord are affected: paralysis of the upper and lower extremities and intercostal muscle. Bulbar Paralysis – cranial nerve nuclei affected; respiratory paralysis Bulbo-spinal paralysis-combination Landry’s Paralysis – flaccid paralysis starting in the legs, abdominal and back muscles, arms and neck and the respiratory center.

POLIOMYELITIS(Infantile Paralysis, Geine - Medin Disease) : 

JCS PERIDA POLIOMYELITIS(Infantile Paralysis, Geine - Medin Disease) Diagnostic Exam: Electromyelography – extent of muscle involvement (+) Pandy’s Test – increased protein in the cerebrospinal fluid Muscle testing Planning and Implementation: -OPV;proper disposal of waste -Assist in physiotherapy(respiratory ventilation) -CBR during acute illness

RABIES(Hydrophobia) : 

JCS PERIDA RABIES(Hydrophobia) Meaning: Direct inoculation; infected animal to man and always fatal after it has once developed. Causative Agent: Rhabdo Virus. Mode of Transmission: Saliva of infected animal and bite of dog. Incubation Period: 3-6 weeks (for rabid animals) and 10 days to 10 years (for man).

RABIES(Hydrophobia) : 

JCS PERIDA RABIES(Hydrophobia) Assessment: Clinical manifestations for rabid animals: Dumb Form: animal becomes withdrawn;paralysis and copious flow of saliva Furious Form:vicious; agitated;emits excessive saliva,paralyzed then dies.

RABIES(Hydrophobia) : 

JCS PERIDA RABIES(Hydrophobia) Clinical manifestations for man: Invasive Stage – numbness on site of bite; headache; malaise; restlessness; fever; photosensitivity; and apprehension. Excitement Stage – hydrophobia; spasms of laryngeal and pharyngeal muscle. Maniacal – climbing the wall and excessive salivation. Paralytic Stage – last for how many seconds or hours; laryngospasms

RABIES(Hydrophobia) : 

JCS PERIDA RABIES(Hydrophobia) Diagnostic Exam: Fluorescent rabies antibody – blood of an individual; brain biopsy of the animal; 10 days observation of the animal. Planning and Implementation: Dim, quiet and non-stimulating room; all noises no matter how minor should be avoided; restrain the patient when needed; stimulation of any senses by fluids must be avoided; and anti-rabies vaccine.

RABIES(Hydrophobia) : 

JCS PERIDA RABIES(Hydrophobia) Preventive Measures: Keep away from stray animals; vaccination of all dogs;

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM : 

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER : 

JCS PERIDA DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER Meaning: Initial erythema and a terminal rash of varying morphology. Causative Agent: Dengue virus type 1,2,3,4, Chikungunya, Onyong-yang virus(RNA-containing viruses Synonyms:Breakbone Fever, Hemorrhagic Fever, Dandy Fever;Infectious Thrombocytopenic Purpura Mode of Transmission: Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus; Culex fatigans.

DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER : 

JCS PERIDA DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER Assessment: Clinical manifestations: Grade I – anorexia; abdominal pain; bone and joint pain; petechiae; Herman’s sign: generalized flushing of skin; pain behind eyes; nausea and vomiting; and headache. Grade II – melena; hematochezia; and epistaxis.

DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER : 

JCS PERIDA DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER Grade III – Grade II + circulatory failure Hypotension, cold clammy skin,restlessness, rapid but weak pulse Grade IV = Grade III + hypovolemic shock Diagnostic Exam Tourniquet Test or Rumpel- Leads Test – crude test of vascular resistance and platelet number and function;counting petechiae(at least 20) Hematocrit Level is increase Platelet Count Determination

DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER : 

JCS PERIDA DENGUEHEMORRHAGIC FEVER Planning and Implementation: Comfortable and quiet room; adequate rest; ice packs to relieve constant headache; and protect eyes from bright lights. Boric acid or saline compresses in the eyes- relieves soreness of the eyeball. Preventive Measures – screening; environmental sanitation;eradication of the source of infection.

MALARIA(Ague) : 

JCS PERIDA MALARIA(Ague) Meaning: parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of infected mosquito common in the tropical areas. Causative Agents: Plasmodium vivax – benign tertian or vivax malaria Plasmodium falciparum – esterio-autumnal-w/ high parasitic densities in the blood and tend to agglutinate Plasmodium malariae(Quartan) Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium knowlesi (new strain)

MALARIA(Ague) : 

JCS PERIDA MALARIA(Ague) The Life Cycle of the Malarial Parasite: Asexual Cycle Occurs in men(schizogony)while sexual in the mosquito gut(sporogony) 1.sporozoite 2.penetration of sporozoite in the RBC 3.growth of the schizont(dividing sporozoite) 4.liberation of the schizont into a merozoite 5.bite of anopheles and maturation of the merozoites- macrogametocytes(females), microgametocytes(males) 6.ookinete-zygote;spores liberarting the sporozoite in the insects saliva. Incubation Period: 10-12 days

MALARIA(Ague) : 

JCS PERIDA MALARIA(Ague) Assessment: Clinical Manifestation: Cold Stage – 10-15 minutes and presence of chills Hot stage – 4-6 hours; nausea and vomiting;fever;diarrhea;epistaxis; headache Diaphoretic Stage – generalized weakness; sweating; decreased pulse rate; temperature and respiratory rate.

MALARIA(Ague) : 

JCS PERIDA MALARIA(Ague) Malarial Cachexia – destruction of RBC and anemia (irregular and intermittent fever; hardened enlargement of spleen and liver; nose bleeding and purpura; severe anemia; and skin ashy yellow in color).

MALARIA(Ague) : 

JCS PERIDA MALARIA(Ague) Diagnostic Exam: Malarial smear and QBC – Quarantine Buffy Coat Planning and Implementation: Tepid to cool sponges Adequate fluids;F/E Vital signs especially temperature; Diet high in calories, vitamins and minerals; Oral hygiene; Iron rich food Chloroquine,primaquine,sulfadoxine,and pyrimethamine Artemeter-Lumefrantine

MALARIA(Ague) : 

JCS PERIDA MALARIA(Ague) Preventive Measures: Through screening; Carrier mosquito; Breeding places; Use of mosquito nets; Insect repellents; and Effective insecticides.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM : 

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

DIPHTHERIA : 

JCS PERIDA DIPHTHERIA Meaning: Contagious disease characterized by a general systemic toxemia emanating from localized inflammatory focus. Causative Agent: Cornebacterium diphteriae or Klebs loeffler Bacillus

DIPHTHERIA : 

JCS PERIDA DIPHTHERIA Mode of Transmission: Discharges from respiratory passages; and saliva. Incubation Period: 1-7 days.

DIPHTHERIA : 

JCS PERIDA DIPHTHERIA Assessment: Clinical Manifestations: Nasal Diphtheria – bloody discharges; excoriated nares and upper lip, pseudomembrane; fever;

DIPHTHERIA : 

JCS PERIDA DIPHTHERIA Pharyngeal – Diphtheria – sore throat;pseudomembrane on throat and uvula; tonsilitis w/ bull neck appearance due to edema. Laryngeal Diphtheria – hoarseness of voice; initiative “croupy” cough; cyanosis; profuse perspiration;and inflammation of larynx and air to the lungs.

DIPHTHERIA : 

JCS PERIDA DIPHTHERIA Wound Diphtheria – present in wounds or burns Mucous Membrane Diphtheria – conjunctiva or mouth Diagnostic Exam: Nose and throat culture Schick’s Test – susceptibility and immunity to diphtheria Maloney’s Test – hypersensitivity to diphtheria anti-toxin.

DIPHTHERIA : 

JCS PERIDA DIPHTHERIA Planning and Implementation: Tepid sponge bath for fever; Liquid or soft diet Sufficient carbohydrates Good oral hygiene; Maintain patent airway; Drugs – anti-diphtheria serum to neutralize toxins in combination w/ pennicilin Epinephrine and corticosteroids Tracheostomy; Throat irrigation

DIPHTHERIA : 

JCS PERIDA DIPHTHERIA Preventive Measures: Immunization Proper disposal of nasopharyngeal secretions. Complications: Myocarditis Polyneuritis-paralysis Airway obstruction

PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) : 

JCS PERIDA PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) Meaning: Peculiar paroxysmal cough ending in a whoop. Causative Agent: Bordetella pertussis a non-motile gram (-) bacteria. Mode of Transmission: Nasopharyngeal secretions. Incubation Period: 7-21 days.

PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) : 

JCS PERIDA PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) Assessment: Clinical Manifestations: Invasive or catarrhal stage (7-14 days) Fever, watery eyes, sneezing; Cough is worse at night (slight, dry, irritative); and Restlessness.

PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) : 

JCS PERIDA PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) Spasmodic Stage (4-12 weeks) Pathognomonic sign: cough with a peculiar inspiratory crowing sound which becomes the typical “whoop”; Whoop follows explosive coughs with no time to catch a break between cough; Protrusion of eyeballs, protruded tongue; Swollen head and neck veins; and Abdominal hernia Convalescent Stage

PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) : 

JCS PERIDA PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) Diagnostic Exam: Cough Plate – Bordet-Gengou test, agar plate. Planning and Implementation: Provide quiet and non-stimulating room; CBR Keep patient warm and out of drafts or wind Small frequent feedings (fruit juices) Apply abdominal binder for hernia; Oxygen inhalation; and Drug-antibiotics (Penicillin).

PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) : 

JCS PERIDA PERTUSSIS(Whooping Cough) Complication: Bronchopneumonia; hemorrhages; convulsions; hernia; severe malnutrition. Preventive measures: Immunization

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, Consumption dse,Koch’s dse) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, Consumption dse,Koch’s dse) Meaning: Formation of tubercle bacillus in tissues undergoing caseation, necrosis and calficification. Classification: (According to extent) Minimal – slight lesions without demonstrable excavation, confined a small part of one or both lungs. Moderately advanced – one or both lungs involved but diameter of the cavity should not exceed 4mm Far advanced – more extensive.

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) Clinical Classification: 1. Inactive -symptoms of TB is absent -AFB test is (-) -no evidence of cavity on chest X-ray 2. Active -tuberculin test is (+) -X-ray reveals progression of disease -symptoms present -sputum and GI contents (+) to test

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) Causative Agent: Mycrobacterium tuberculosis. Mode of Transmission: Nasopharyngeal secretions, drinking infected cow’s milk, droplet infection. Incubation Period: 2-10 weeks

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) Pathophysiology: Alveoli is the focus of infection Body attempts to wall off organism thru phagocytosis and lymphocytosis; Macrophages sorround the bacilli and form tubercles tubercles undergo caseation – a necrotic process (amophous cheese-like mass and may be encapsulated to form a nodule) Caseous nodule erodes and sputum is released leaving an airfilled cavity and infect other tissues.

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) Assessment: Clinical manifestations: Cough with yellow mucoid sputum; Low-grade fever; Anorexia; Weight loss; Night sweats, fatigue, malaise; Hemoptysis, chest and back pain; Dyspnea.

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) Diagnostic Exam: Sputum examination- confirmatory Chest x-ray; White blood cells – increased; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate – increased; Mantoux Skin Test

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) Planning and Implementation: Increase body resistance, adequate rest and sleep; Adequate nutrition, well-balanced diet; Prevent spread of disease by covering nose and mouth, maintaining adequate ventilation; Frequent oral hygiene; Handwashing; 6 months of drug therapy is sufficient for killing the bacteria; 2-4 weeks (3-5 months); Capreomycin, Kanamycin, paraaminosalicylic acid and cycloserine;

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) : 

JCS PERIDA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS(Phthisis, consumption) Corticosteroids, antituberculosis, cases to reduce symptoms. Isoniazid and Vitamin B6, 6 months to 1 year; Evaluate for potential complications – INH therapy: liver dysfunction and liver damage Fatigues of appetite, joint pain, dark urine, fever, upper tenderness, nausea and vomiting; and Liver studies.

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS Isoniazid Bacterial interference with lipid, nucleic acid biosynthesis; Tingling and numbness of hands and feet, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, dizziness, ataxia, weakness. Empty stomach (1 or 2 hours p.c. meals) Pyridoxine counteract peripheral neuropathies; and Avoid taking alcohol.

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS Rifampicin Enzymes within the bacterial cell that are required to produce DNA; Decreases tubercle bacilli replication; (side effects) Heartburn, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, confusion, visual disturbances, presence of reddish-orange secretions.

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS (nursing implication) Administer with food if GI upset occurs; Avoid taking alcohol; Reddish orange secretions If flu-like symptoms occur, give anti-pyretic

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS Streptomycin Protein synthesis inhibition bacterial cell; Ototoxicity (dizziness, tinnitus, deafness-damage to the 8th cranial nerve); Nephrotoxicity (hematuria, oliguria) Thrombocytopenia; Pain at injection site(give warm compress) Nausea and vomiting.

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS (nursing implications) Weigh client before the treatment; and Monitor urinalysis and kidney function tests(oliguria and albuminuria Contraindicated to pregnant mothers to prevent nerve damage to her fetus

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS Pyrazinamide anti-TB;preascribed in combination with other drugs. Watch out:hyperuracemia causing arthralgia- give aspirin or NSAIDs

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS Ethanbutol not to be given to child under 6 years old because they are too young to report visual disturbance Optic neuritis – impairment of visual aquity and skin color

REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS : 

JCS PERIDA REFERENCE FORTB DRUGS ADDENDA: Contraindicated for sputum collection:massive hemoptysis Midwife – the one responsible for the sputum test Specimens – should not exceed 4 days for analysis (store in a cool, dark, safe place) PPD – will reveal (+) to antibody but time of exposure is undetermined.

COLDS(Coryza) : 

JCS PERIDA COLDS(Coryza) Adenovirus and rhinovirus. Droplet infection, direct contact. 1-3 days. Clinical manifestations: General malaise; fever chills; sneezing, dry and scratchy throat; teary eyes, headache; and continuous water discharge from nares.

COLDS(Coryza) : 

JCS PERIDA COLDS(Coryza) Planning and Implementation: Adequate rest and sleep; Increase fluid intake; Adequate and nutritious diet; and Vitamins specially Vitamin C. Complications: Children – otitis media and bronchopneumonia; and Sinusitis 9among adults)

INFLUENZA(La Grippe of Flu) : 

JCS PERIDA INFLUENZA(La Grippe of Flu) Influenza virus A, B, C –RNA containing myxovirus Incubation period: 24-48 hrs Droplet infection, contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. Assessment: Respiratory – fever; chills; coryza; bitter taste; anorexia; muscle pains and aches; sore throat; pain behind the eyeballs. Intestinal – vomiting; fever; severe diarrhea; abdominal pain; and obstinate constipation. Nervous – headache; aching muscles and joints; and fever.

INFLUENZA(La Grippe of Flu) : 

JCS PERIDA INFLUENZA(La Grippe of Flu) Planning and Implementation: Adequate rest and good ventilation; Tepid sponge bath; Monitor vital signs; Adequate nutrition; Conserving strength when weak; and Drugs – symptomatic But can give Paracetamol, Ibuprofen or other anti-inflammmatory drug

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM : 

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Meaning: Nodules in the skin or mucous membrane changes in the nerves, anesthesia, paralysis or other changes. Causative Agent: Mycrobacterium leprae (acid fast bacillus). Occurrence: Sporadic / endemic cases, occurs in tropical and semitropical countries throughout the world.

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Predisposing factors: Contracted in childhood (age 15, age 20 years); and Previous contact. Mode of transmission: Prolonged intimate skin to skin contact, and nasal secretions. Incubation Period: Prolonged, undetermined and varies from one to many years.

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Assessment: Types: Tuberculoid type – clinical manifestations confined only in the skin and nerves;non-infectious Lepromatous type – most serious and most infectious; thickening with development of granuloma;there is atrophy and inclusion of bones especially of the hands and feet;lepromin test is (-) but lesions have large amount of the organism Borderline type – skin lesion in this type are diffused and poorly defined;non-infectious

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Clinical manifestations: Early Stage: loss of sensation; paralysis of extremities; absence of sweating (anhydrosis); nasal obstruction; loss of hair (eyebrows); eye redness; skin color;ulcers that does not heal; and muscle weakness. Late Symptoms: Contractures(clawing of fingers and toes); leonine appearance (nodular and thickened skin of the forehead and face); lagopthalmus (inability to close eyelids); madarosis (falling of eyebrows); gynecomastia; sinking of bridge of nose.

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Cardinal signs: presence of Hansen’s bacilli in a smear of biopsy material; localized areas of anesthesia; and peripheral nerve enlargement. Diagnostic Exam: Lepromin Reaction – inoculation

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Planning and Implementation: Separate infantsfrom infected parents at birth; Segregate and treat open cases of leprosy; and public health supervision of Hansen’s disease(case finds and control)

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Medical management: Multiple drug therapy Paucibacillary treatment – 6 months or until (-) results occurs; Rifampicin (once a month) and Dapsone (once a day). Multibacillary treatment – 2 consecutive years or until negative (-) for leprosy test; Rifampicin (once a month); Lamprene (once a day); Dapsone (once a day)

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Full, wholesome, generous diet; Alcohol or TSB may be used for high fever; A daily cleansing bath and change of clothing; Good oral hygiene; elimination should be maintained; and Meticulous skin care for ulcers.

LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPROSY(Hansen’s disease, Hansenosis, Lepra, Leontiasis) Prognosis: The longer the time of active disease, severe lesions,the more rapidly they have advanced; without the ability to produce the Lepromin Reaction – the poorer the prognosis; case under 21 years old – high relapse rate.

MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) Meaning: Exathematous disease of acute onset, and upper respiratory passages. Causative Agent: Paramyxovirus. Incidence: Large cities of the world recurring in epidemic form every 2 years during cold weather. Mode of Transmission: Nasal throat secretions, droplet infection, indirect contact with articles. Incubation period: 8-20 days. Period of communicability: Prodromal stage.

MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) Assessment: Stage: Incubation period (Ave. of 10 days) Pre-eruptive stage of invasion (3-6 days) Fever, severe cold; Frequent sneezing; Profuse nasal discharge; Eyes are red and swollen with mucopurulent discharge (lids sticking together)

MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) Stimson’s sign(puffiness of lower eyelid with lines) Redness of both ear drums; Vomiting, drowsiness; Hard, dry cough; Koplik’s spots: small, bright red macules or papules with a tiny or bluish-white specks; and maculopapular rashes.

MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) Eruptive Stage Characterized by a general intensification of all local constitutional symptoms of the preeruptive stage with the appearance of bronchitis and loose bowsis; Irritability and restlessness; Red and swollen throat; Enlargement of cervical glands Fever subsides.

MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) Desquamation Stage Follows after the rash fades; and Follows the order of distribution seen in the formation of eruption. Planning and Implementation: (Prevention): Education of parents regarding the disease; passive immunization of infants and children (gammaglobulin); and active immunization (1st year of life).

MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA MEASLES(Rubeola, Morbili, 7-day measles) (Management): Drugs – (antibiotics and sulfadiazine); isolation; meticulous skin care – warm alcohol rub to prevent pressure sores; good oral and nasal hygiene; proper care of the eyes; ears should be cleaned; and give ample amounts of fluids during febrile stage. (Complications): Otitis media; Bronchopneumonia; and Severe Bronchitis.

GERMAN MEASLES(Rubella, Roseola, 3-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA GERMAN MEASLES(Rubella, Roseola, 3-day measles) Meaning: Acute infectious disease characterized by mild constitutional symptoms. Causative Agent: Myxovirus. Incidence: Occurs mostly in spring and seen mostly in children over 5 years of age. Mode of Transmission: Direct contact. Incubation Period: 14-21 days. Period of communicability: 7 days before to 5 days after the rash appears.

GERMAN MEASLES(Rubella, Roseola, 3-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA GERMAN MEASLES(Rubella, Roseola, 3-day measles) Assessment: Clinical Manifestations: Fever, cough; loss of apetite; enlargement of lymph nodes; sweating; leukopenia; vomiting; headache, mild more throat; disquamation follows the rash; enanthem of ovula with tiny red spots; and rash. Planning and Implementation: (Prevention) Vaccination; Gammaglobulin; and included in MMR.

GERMAN MEASLES(Rubella, Roseola, 3-day measles) : 

JCS PERIDA GERMAN MEASLES(Rubella, Roseola, 3-day measles) (Management): Isolation; bed rest; meticulous skin care; good oral and nasal hygiene; and no special diet is necessary / increase fluid intake. (Complications): Otitis media; encephalitis; transient albuminuria; arthritis; and congenital defects. (Prognosis): Very favorable.

VARICELLA(Chicken Pox) : 

JCS PERIDA VARICELLA(Chicken Pox) Meaning: A very contagious acute disease usually occurring in small children. Causative Agent: Varicella zooster virus (airborne). Incidence: Occurs before the 6th year especially in winter. Mode of Transmission: Droplet infection and direct contact. Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks. Period of communicability: Highly contagious from 2 days prior to rash to 6 days after rash erupts.

VARICELLA(Chicken Pox) : 

JCS PERIDA VARICELLA(Chicken Pox) Assessment: Clinical manifestations: Slight fever: first to appear; body malaise, muscle pain; eruption (maculopapular) then progresses to vesicle (3-4 days); intense pruritus; vesicles ended as a granular scab; and irritability.

VARICELLA(Chicken Pox) : 

JCS PERIDA VARICELLA(Chicken Pox) Planning and Implementation: (Management): Drugs – penicillin; acyclovir, immunosin- antivirals; hydrocorticose lotion 1% for itching; isolation; well ventilation; warm bath; avoid injury; good oral hygiene; and regular diet. Complications: Pneumonia; nephritis; encephalitis; impetigo; and pitting or scarring of the skin. Prognosis: Excellent.

HERPES ZOOSTER(Shingles) : 

JCS PERIDA HERPES ZOOSTER(Shingles) Meaning: Acute viral infection of the peripheral nervous system due to reactivation of varicella zoster virus. Clinical manifestations: Neuralgic pain; malaise; burning; fever; and cluster of skin vesicles along course of peripheral sensory nerves. Planning and Implementation: Drugs – analgesics; corticosteroids; acetic acid compresses or white petrolatum; and anti-virals; isolate client; administer medications; and preventive measures.

SCABIES : 

JCS PERIDA SCABIES Meaning: Is an infestation of the skin produced by the burrowing action of a parasite mite resulting in irritation and the formation of vesicles or pustules. Causative Agent: Itch mite and Sarcoptes scabiei. Incidence: Occurs in individuals living in area of poverty where cleanliness is lacking. Mode of Transmission: Direct contact with infected persons, indirect contact through soiled bed linens, clothing and others.

SCABIES : 

JCS PERIDA SCABIES Pathophysiology: Both female and male parasites live on the skin; Female parasite burrows into the superficial skin to deposit eggs; Pruritus occurs and scratching of skin may produce secondary infection; Inflammation may produce pustules and crusts. Eggs is hatched in 4 days.

SCABIES : 

JCS PERIDA SCABIES Clinical manifestations: Intense itching especially at night; and sites. Diagnostic Exam: Presence on skin of female mite, ova and feces upon skin scraping. Planning and Implementation: Take a warm soapy shower; and apply permethrine cream or lindane lotion;crotamiton cream for 5 consecutive nights.

RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) : 

JCS PERIDA RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) Meaning: A group of diseases caused by a number of diseases caused by a number of vegetable fungi and affecting various portions of the body in different ways. Type: Tines Pedis (Athlete’s Foot). Clinical manifestations: Scaly fissures between toes, vesicles on sides of feet; pruritus; burning and erythema; and lymphagitis and cellulitis may occur.

RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) : 

JCS PERIDA RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) Diagnostic Exam: Direct examination of scrapings; and isolation of the organism in culture. Planning and Implementation: (Prevention): Instruct the patient to keep test dry such as by using talcum powder. (Management): Drugs – topical agents: Clotrimazole, Miconazole, and Tolnaflate; systemic antifugal therapy: Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole; and elevate test for vesicular type of painful infection.

RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) : 

JCS PERIDA RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) Type: Tinea Corporis or Tinea Circinata – ringworm of the body. Clinical manifestations: Intense itching. Planning and Implementation: (Prevention): Infected pet is common source and should be inspected and treated by a vet. (Management): Wear clean cotton clothing next to skin; and self-monitoring for signs of reinfection after a course of therapy.

RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) : 

JCS PERIDA RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) Type: Tinea Cruris (Jock itch) – superficial fungal infection of the groin which may extend to the inner thigh and buttocks areas and commonly associated with tinea pedis. Clinical manifestations: Dull red brown eruption of the upper thighs; and itching. Planning and Implementation: (Prevention): Avoid nylon underclothing, tight-fitting underwear and prolonged wearing of a wet bathing.

RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) : 

JCS PERIDA RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) Type: Tinea capitis (Ringworm of the scalp). Causative Agent: Microsporum canis, and Tricophyton tonsurans. Incidence: Usually spread through child to child contact, etc.; pets; and primarily seen in children before puberty. Assessment: Reddened, oval or round areas of alopecia; and presence of kerion.

RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) : 

JCS PERIDA RINGWORM(Trichophytosis) Diagnostic Exam: Wood’s lamp; and microscopic evaluation.

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS : 

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS

TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) Meaning: A general infection characterized by the hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues, especially enlargement and ulcerations of the Peyer’s patches and enlargement of the spleen. Causative Agent: Salmonella typhosa(gram - rickettsia Incidence: Prevalent in temperate climates, high incidence in fall, and mostly affected are the males and in youth and infant. Mode of Transmission: Infected urine and feces.

TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) Sources: Contaminated food and water. Entry Site: GI tract. Pathophysiology: Organism enters the body via the gastrointestinal tract.

TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) Clinical manifestations: 1. Onset – flu-like symptoms;at the end of the week, rose spots appear in the abdomen and becomes more prominent 2. Typhoid state – patient seems to be staring blankly(coma vigil); twitching of tendons and wrist(subsult us tendinum);carphologia

TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) Diagnostic Exam: leukopenia; blood or bone marrow culture; positive urine and stool cultures in later stage; positive urine and stool cultures in later stage; and blood serum agglutination- (+) at the end of 2nd week.Typhi dot – confirmatory test Planning and Implementation: (Prevention): Decontamination of water sources, milk pasteurization, individual vaccination of high risk persons, and control of carriers.

TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) : 

JCS PERIDA TYPHOID FEVER(Enteric Fever) (Management): Drugs – Chloramphenicol, ampicillin;cotrimoxazole; trimethoprim; intravenous infusions; and nursing care. (Complications): Perforation of the intestine; intestinal hemorrhage; relapse; thrombophlebitis; urinary infection; and meningitis.

LEPTOSPIROSIS(Weil’s disease, Canicola fever, Hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic jaundice, Icterohernorrhagic, spirochctosis, Swineherd’s disease) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPTOSPIROSIS(Weil’s disease, Canicola fever, Hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic jaundice, Icterohernorrhagic, spirochctosis, Swineherd’s disease) Causative Agent: Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae ( a spirochete) Vector: Wild rat. Incidence: Worldwide in its distribution and especially in areas where sanitation is poorest.

LEPTOSPIROSIS(Weil’s disease, Canicola fever, Hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic jaundice, Icterohernorrhagic, spirochctosis, Swineherd’s disease) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPTOSPIROSIS(Weil’s disease, Canicola fever, Hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic jaundice, Icterohernorrhagic, spirochctosis, Swineherd’s disease) Incubation period: 5-6 days. Clinical manifestations: Sudden onset with chills, vomiting and headache; intense itching of the conjunctivae; hematemesis, hematuria and hepatomegaly for severe cases.(Septic, toxic and convalescence stages)

LEPTOSPIROSIS(Weil’s disease, Canicola fever, Hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic jaundice, Icterohernorrhagic, spirochctosis, Swineherd’s disease) : 

JCS PERIDA LEPTOSPIROSIS(Weil’s disease, Canicola fever, Hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic jaundice, Icterohernorrhagic, spirochctosis, Swineherd’s disease) Diagnostic Exam: Agglutination test – positive. Planning and Assessment: (Prevention): Eradication of rats; and environmental sanitation. (Management): Drugs – Pennicilin G Na, tetracycline;Peritonial dialysis

DYSENTERY : 

JCS PERIDA DYSENTERY Type: Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis, Bloody Flux). Causative Agent: Shigella dysenteriae. Sources: Bowel discharges of infected persons and carriers. Mode of Transmission: Eating contaminated foods, hand to mouth transfer of contaminated materials, flies, objects and soiled with discharges of infected person, contaminated water.

DYSENTERY : 

JCS PERIDA DYSENTERY Incubation Period: 1-7 days. Period of communicability: During acute phase and until (-) stool exam. Assessment: Chills, fever; nausea and vomiting; tenesmus; severe diarrhea; and constipation. Diagnostic Exam: Stool exam and serologic test.

DYSENTERY : 

JCS PERIDA DYSENTERY Planning and Implementation: (Control and Prevention): Recognition of disease and reporting; concurrent disinfections from bowel discharges; food; and sanitation. (Management): Drugs – Cotrimoxazole; Nalidixic acid; Chloramphenicol; nursing care; and records For Amoebic type: Metronidazole (Complications): Often caused by the absorption of the toxins.

VIOLENT DYSENTERY(Cholera) : 

JCS PERIDA VIOLENT DYSENTERY(Cholera) Causative Agent: Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio coma. Mode of Transmission: Direct or indirect fecal contamination of water or food supplies by soiled hands, utensils or mechanical carriers such as flies. Source of infection: Feces or vomitus. Planning and Implementation: 1. IV- alkaline saline solution containing Na, K, Cl and bicarbonates;ORS;strict I and O (Management): Drugs – tetracycline; replacement of fluids; and isolation.

MUMPS(Infectious or epidemic parotitis) : 

JCS PERIDA MUMPS(Infectious or epidemic parotitis) Meaning: An acute contagious disease the characteristic feature of which is the swelling of one or both of the parotid glands usually occurring in epidemic form. Causative Agent: Filterable virus, and member of myxovirus family. Source of infection: Oral and nasal secretions. Mode of Transmission: Direct contact with a perosn who has the disease or by contact with articles which is contaminated.

MUMPS(Infectious or epidemic parotitis) : 

JCS PERIDA MUMPS(Infectious or epidemic parotitis) Period of communicability: Before the glands is swollen to the time present of localized swelling. Incubation period: 14-21 days. Clinical manifestations: Pain in the parotid region, headache; and difficulty to open the mouth wide. Diagnostic Exam: Moderate leukocytosis; complement fixation test; and skin test for susceptibility to mumps.

MUMPS(Infectious or epidemic parotitis) : 

JCS PERIDA MUMPS(Infectious or epidemic parotitis) Planning and Implementation: (Prevention): Immunization (MMR given at 9 months). (Management): Drugs; isolation; absolute bed rest to prevent complications; daily bath should be given; soft bland diet for sore jaw; advise male to wear well-fitting support to relieve the pull of gravity on the testes and blood vessels; TSB for fever; and ice pack / collar application. (Complications): Orchitis or Epididymitis (Prognosis): Favorable in most cases of mumps.

PARASITISM : 

JCS PERIDA PARASITISM Meaning: Parasitic worms defined. I. Pinworm (Enterobiasis) Causative Agent: Oxyuris vermicularis. Mode of entry: Mouth. Form of in stool: adults and ova Sources: Fomites, auto-infection, and fecal contamination. Incidence: Affects one in family and invariably infects entire family. Symptoms: Eosinophilia, itching around the anus, convulsions in children.

PARASITISM : 

JCS PERIDA PARASITISM II. Giant intestinal roundworms (Ascariasic) Causative Agent: Ascaris lumbricoides. Port of entry: Mouth. Form in stool: Adults and ova. Sources: Sputurn, ova in soil. Symptoms: Early – chest pain, malnutrition, indigestion, diarrhea, colicky abdominal pain.

PARASITISM : 

JCS PERIDA PARASITISM III. Threadworm Causative Agent: Strongyloides stercoralis. Port of Entry: Usually through the skin of feet. Form in stool: Larvae. Source: Facal soil contamination. Prevention: Wear shoes and use sanitary toilets. Symptom: Intermittent diarrhea.

PARASITISM : 

JCS PERIDA PARASITISM IV. Whipworm (Trichuriasis) Causative Agent: Trichuris trichura. Part of entry: Mouth. Form in stool: Ova. Sources: Fecal soil contamination. Symptom: Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, anemia and stunted growth.

PARASITISM : 

JCS PERIDA PARASITISM V. Hookworm (Ancylostomiasis) Port of Entry: Through skin of feet. Forms in stool: Adults and Ova. Sources: Larvae in fecal soil contamination. Symptoms: Anemia, diarrhea, stunted growth, bronchial symptoms, obstruction if the biliary or pancreatic duct.

PARASITISM : 

JCS PERIDA PARASITISM VI. Tapeworm (Taeniasis) Port of Entry: Mouth. Form in stool: Ova and segments of the worms. Diagnostic Exam: Stool exam. Types: Hymenolepis nana; Taenia saginata (beef); Taenia solium (pork); and Diphyllobothrium latum

PARASITISM : 

JCS PERIDA PARASITISM Planning and Implementation: Sanitation, proper disposal, meticulous cleansing of skin, and drugs(mebendazole/albendazole)

HEPATITIS : 

JCS PERIDA HEPATITIS Meaning: Widespread inflammation of the liver tissue with liver cell damage due to hepatic cell degeneration and necrosis. Types: Type A (Infectious Hepatitis) Incubation period: 15-45 days. Mode of Transmission: Fecal / oral route. Incidence: Common in fall and winter month. Period of Communicability: 3 weeks prior and 1 week after developing jaundice.

HEPATITIS : 

JCS PERIDA HEPATITIS Hepatitis B (Serum hepatitis, SH virus, Viral Hepatitis, Tranfusion Hepatitis, Homologous Serum Jaundice). Incubation Period: 50-180 days. Mode of Transmission: Blood and body fluids.

HEPATITIS : 

JCS PERIDA HEPATITIS Type C (Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis) Incubation period: 7-30 days Mode of Transmission: By parenteral route: through blood and blood products, needles, and syringes.

HEPATITIS : 

JCS PERIDA HEPATITIS Assessment: Pre Icteric stage: Anorexia; nausea and vomiting; fatigue; constipation or diarrhea; weight loss; right upper quadrant discomfort; hepatomegaly; splenomegaly; and lymphadenopathy. Icteric Stage: Light colored stools; jaundice; weight loss; dark urine; pruritus. Post Icteric Stage: Hepatomegaly: gradually decreasing.

HEPATITIS : 

JCS PERIDA HEPATITIS Diagnostic Exam: All three types SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phophatase, bilirubin, ER – all increased in preicteric; Leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils are increase

HEPATITIS : 

JCS PERIDA HEPATITIS Nursing Management: Hepa A: Bed rest High CHO, low fat and CHON diet Vit supplement esp. B complex Isoprinosine drugs –may enhance the cell mediated immunity of the T lymphocytes. Hepa B: Same as above Caution in giving care: avoid serologic contacts Observe safe sex Administration of Hepatitis Immunoglobulin (HBIg)

FOOD POISONING : 

JCS PERIDA FOOD POISONING Meaning: A gastroenteritis often produced by the presence of a disease organism or its toxins. Types: Salmonella Gastroenteritis: Causative Agent: Salmonella typhimurium, salmonella paratyphi A, B, C, Salmonella newport. Incubation period: 6 to 48 hours after the ingestion of contaminated food.

FOOD POISONING : 

JCS PERIDA FOOD POISONING Clinical Manifestations: Headache, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. Diagnostic Exam: Hx. Of illness after ingestion of certain foods. Planning and Implementation: Replacement of fluids and salts; sedatives and anticholinergic to reduce hypermobility of the intestine; good oral hygiene; and application of heat.

FOOD POISONING : 

JCS PERIDA FOOD POISONING Staphyloccus Gastroenteritis: Causative Agent: Coagulase-positive. Gram positive group. Incubation period: 2-6 hours after ingestion. Clinical manifestations: Abdominal pain; excessive perspiration; vomiting; diarrhea; and palior, weakness. Recovery: Within 24-36 hours

FOOD POISONING : 

JCS PERIDA FOOD POISONING Botulism: Causative Agent: Clostridium botulinum. Incubation period: 24 hours after the ingestion. Clinical manifestations: Peripheral Nervous System and paralysis of the respiratory system. Planning and Implementation: Prevention; nursing management; and medical management.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE : 

JCS PERIDA SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE Gonorrhea (Strain, Clap, Jack, Morning drop, G C Gleet) – an infectious disease which causes inflammation of the mucus membranes of the genitourinary tract. Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrheae. Mode of Transmission: Sexual contact. Incubation period: 2-5 days. Clinical Manifestations: Male: burning sensation upon urination; passage of purulent (yellowish) discharge; pelvic pain; and fever.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE : 

JCS PERIDA SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE Female: burning sensation upon urination; presence or absence of vaginal discharges; pelvic pain; abdominal distention; nausea and vomiting; and urinary frequency.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE : 

JCS PERIDA SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE Diagnostic Exam: Culture and sensitivity; female: pap smear or cervical smear; male: urethral smear; and blood exam – VDRL. Complications: Male – bilateral epididymitis, sterility; female – pelvic inflammatory disease, and ophthalmia neonatorum.

SYPHILIS(Lues, Pox, Bad blood disease) : 

JCS PERIDA SYPHILIS(Lues, Pox, Bad blood disease) Meaning: A contagious disease that leads to many structural and cutaneous lesions. Causative Agent: Treponema pallidum(Spirochete) Mode of Transmission: Sexual contact. Incubation Period: 3-6 weeks. Clinical manifestations: Primary syphilis; secondary syphilis; and tertiary syphilis. Diagnostic Exam: Positive test for syphilis; darkfield examination; culture and sensitivity test.

SYPHILIS(Lues, Pox, Bad blood disease) : 

JCS PERIDA SYPHILIS(Lues, Pox, Bad blood disease) Planning and Implementation: Personal hygiene; assist in case finding; encourage monogamous relationship; antibiotic therapy; and drugs. Complications: Still birth; child born with syphilis; and child born with late syphilis.

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME : 

JCS PERIDA ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME Meaning: An acquired immune deficiency characterized a defect in natural immunity. Causative Agent: A retrovirus, Human immunodeficiency virus. Mode of Transmission: Blood; sexual contact; contaminated needles and perinatal transmission. Incubation period: 6 months to 9 years.

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME : 

JCS PERIDA ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME Clinical manifestations: Anorexia; dyspnea; fever; enlarged lymph nodes; fatigue; and etc. Diagnostic Exam: ELISA test and Western Blot test. Planning and Implementation: Provide frequent rest periods and skin care; Prevent weight loss; and Good oral hygiene.

ADDENDA (Additional/s) : 

ADDENDA (Additional/s)

SARS : 

JCS PERIDA SARS 1. A person presenting after 1 February 2003 with a history of: High fever (>38°C); AND One or more respiratory symptoms including cough, shortness of breath, difficulty of breathing; AND one or more of the following exposures within 10 days prior to onset of symptoms: Close contact with a person who is a suspect or probable case of SARS; History of travel to an area with recent local transmission of SARS.

SARS : 

JCS PERIDA SARS Residing in an area with recent local transmission of SARS. 2. A person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting in death after 1 November 2002, but on whom no autopsy has been performed AND one or more of the following exposures during the 10 days prior to onset of symptoms: Close contact with a person who is a suspect or probable case of SARS; History of travel to an area with recent local transmission of SARS.

SARS : 

JCS PERIDA SARS Residing in an area with recent local transmission of SARS. Probable SARS case: A suspect case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on chest X-ray (CXR); or A suspect case of SARS that is positive for SARS CoV by one or more assays; or A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the pathology of RDS without an identifiable cause.

SARS : 

JCS PERIDA SARS  Currently the case fatality rate is estimated at 7-13% in those below 60 years old; about 50% in elderly persons (>60 years old).

SARS : 

JCS PERIDA SARS SARS CoV is spread mainly by: Person-to-person through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing or sneezing. Direct contact with body fluids of a person with SARS. Other possible modes of transmission include fomites or oro-fecal spread.

SARS : 

JCS PERIDA SARS Signs and symptoms include: Prodromal period (duration variable, usually 2-7 days): sudden onset fever (>38°C) and other signs and symptoms similar to other respiratory viral infections such as cough, myalgia, chills, headache and body malaise; possibly low risk of transmission during prodromal phase. Lower respiratory phase (follows the prodromal period): severe dry, non-productive cough, shortness of breath and/or difficulty of breathing; may include or progress to hypoxemia. Ten to 20% may require mechanical ventilation; highly infectious at this stage.

SARS : 

JCS PERIDA SARS Treatment is supportive and antibiotic therapy. (COH Website, Accessed 4/26/05)  WHO issued a global alert on the SARS outbreak on March 12, 2003. On April 16, 2003, WHO confirmed that the causative agent of SARS is a new corona virus unlike any other known human or animal virus in the corona virus family, SARS CoV. Because the virus is new, no vaccine has yet been developed to prevent it. (DOH Website, Accessed 4/26/05)

BIRD FLU : 

JCS PERIDA BIRD FLU Bird flu is not a food borne infection and the virus is easily destroyed by heat in cooking. Birds that survive the infection excrete the virus for at least 10 days orally and in the feces. Highly pathogenic viruses, water and environment, especially when temperature is low.

BIRD FLU : 

JCS PERIDA BIRD FLU Domestic birds can get the infection when they: Roam freely Share water supply with birds Use water supply that might be contaminated by infected dropping Contaminated equipments, feed, vehicles, cages, clothing and shoes can carry the virus from farm to farm Wet markets where live birds are sold under crowded and sometimes unsanitary conditions

BIRD FLU : 

JCS PERIDA BIRD FLU A person who has been exposed to a sick or dead chicken will manifest fever body weakness, cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing, sore eyes if the infection has been transmitted to him. Bird flu or avian influenza is caused by 15 subtypes of influenza virus affecting chicken, ducks and other birds. Virus of low pathogenecity can mulate to highly virulent strains.

BIRD FLU : 

JCS PERIDA BIRD FLU All outbreaks of the highly infective form have been caused by influenza A/H5N1, the only subtype that cause severe outbreak in humans. Treatment is the same for other influenza infections. No vaccine available for bird flu. The vaccine currently available for humans does not protect against the viruses that cause bird flu.

KAWASAKI : 

JCS PERIDA KAWASAKI The signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome are: Fever for 5 days or more Conjunctival infection Oral change Strawberry tongue Redness, fissuring or crusting of lips Diffuse oropharyngeal erythema

KAWASAKI : 

JCS PERIDA KAWASAKI 4. Extremity changes Generalized purple-red discoloration on palms and soles Indurative, firm edema of hands and feet Desquamation of tips of fingers and toes about 2 weeks from onset of illness Transverse grooves across fingernails 2 to 3 months after onset of illness. 5. Erythematous rash 6. Enlarged lymph node mass

Slide 157: 

JCS PERIDA The different diagnostic tests for communicable diseases are: 1. AIDS: ELISA, Western blot/ Immunoflourescence tests to detect antibodies that give positive results 6-12 weeks after exposure.

Slide 158: 

JCS PERIDA 2. Amebiasis: Stool examination to identify cysts or trophozoites Microscopy of specimen scraped from lesions in the sigmoid colon for (+) amebic form Serologic test of blood for (+) indirect hemagglutination test Biopsy of rectal tissue to identify presence of entamoeba histolytica

Slide 159: 

JCS PERIDA 3. Chickenpox: Diagnosis of acute/on going infection by isolation of virus from vesicle fluids, pustule or scab, material, cytophathogenic effect in tissue culture, flourescent antibodies and microscopic examination of inclusion bodies. To confirm infection and immunity: serologic test of blood serum

Slide 160: 

JCS PERIDA 4. Cholera: Stool culture for positive identification of microorganism 5. Filiariasis: Immunochromatographic test (ICT) done at daytime. Nocturnal blood examination taken after 8 pm

Slide 161: 

JCS PERIDA 6. Leprosy: Biopsy of skin lesions Blood test 7. Malaria Microscopic method / Blood test or malarial smear best done during peak of fever. Indirect fluorescent antibody test.

Slide 162: 

JCS PERIDA 8. Measles: Wright’s stain of sputum or nasal scraping presence of measles multinucleated giant cells during prodromal period. Viral serologic test: Elevated IgG anf IgM 9. Meningitis: CSF Exam 10. Mumps: Isolation of virus from saliva, urine Serologic tests show elevated IgM

Slide 163: 

JCS PERIDA 11. Poliomyelitis (+) Pandy test- elevated glucose on CSF Serologic test Stool culture for presence of virus 12. Rabies Postmorten examination of brain of animal negri bodies Serologic test of blood serum for antibodies

Slide 164: 

JCS PERIDA 13. Salmonellosis: Stool culture 14. Schistosomiasis Fecalysis for presence of eggs Urinalysis for blood in urine in S. haematobium Serologic test for chronic infection when stool is negative for ova Rectal biopsy of mucosal fold for presence of parasites 15. Bacillary dysentery or shigellosis: CBC for a rise in agglutination titers after the first week 16. Tetanus: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

Slide 165: 

JCS PERIDA 17. TB: Sputum exam to identify microorganisms 18. Typhoid fever: Blood culture during first ten days. Stool culture after 10 days. Urine culture on the 2nd and 3rd week even of blood is negative. Widal’s test on the second weeks. 19. Leptospirosis: LAT or leptospira agglutination test Isolation of leptospires from blood (1-7 days), CSF (4-10 days) and urine (after 10 days)