African Americans and Education

African-Americans in Education through History : 

African-Americans in Education through History Justin Barnhart, Alysia Martin, Amy Bargiel, Jennifer Bennedict, Shannon Murphy

African American Population as of 2000 Census : 

African American Population as of 2000 Census There are 34,658,190 African Americans living in the United States African Americans Comprise 12% of the total U.S. Population Ohio Total Population 11,353,140 Ohio African American Population 1,301,307 11.5% of Ohio’s Population is African American

Where The African American Population Lives : 

Where The African American Population Lives

Educational Attainment 25+ : 

Educational Attainment 25+ 73% African Americans High School Diploma or Higher 80% Total U.S. Population High School Diploma or Higher 14% African Americans Bachelor’s Degree or Higher 24% Total U.S. Population Bachelor’s Degree or Higher

Income According to 2000 Census : 

Income According to 2000 Census Median Family Income African Americans $33,255 Median Family Income Total U.S. Population $50,046 African Americans Below the Poverty Level 54% Total U.S. Population Below the Poverty Level 24%

3rd Grade Reading Proficiency in Ohio 2007-2008 : 

3rd Grade Reading Proficiency in Ohio 2007-2008 Racial Gaps Begin at an Early Age African American Children Had The Lowest Percentage of Passage on 3rd Grade Reading Achievement Test African American 56.4% Passing Rate Across Ohio White Non-Hispanic 82.7% Passage on the Same Test Source: The Ohio Department of Education

You Have to See it to Believe it! : 

You Have to See it to Believe it!

10th Grade OGT Reading Results in Ohio 2007-2008 : 

10th Grade OGT Reading Results in Ohio 2007-2008 African American Students Still Struggle More Than Any Other Race of Student Only 68.9% Passed Asian Students Were The Highest With 91% Passage White Students Achieved Second Highest With 88.8% Passage African Americans Lagged Far Behind All Other Races

You Have to See it to Believe it 2! : 

You Have to See it to Believe it 2!

Standardized Testing and African American Students : 

Standardized Testing and African American Students African Americans are Trailing Behind All Other Races in Every Tested Category The Most Challenging Subjects are Math and Science Both in High School and Elementary African Americans are Falling Behind

Results for the Elementary Grades Ohio Achievement Test : 

Results for the Elementary Grades Ohio Achievement Test

Ohio OGT Results 2007-2008 by Race : 

Ohio OGT Results 2007-2008 by Race

Minority Students are Responding to Intervention in High Numbers : 

Minority Students are Responding to Intervention in High Numbers When Looking At The Improvement in Passing Rates Minorities are Out Performing the Dominant Culture African Americans are Third in Improvement at 4.75% American Indians Lead the Way at 5.55% White and Asian Americans Lag Behind With Less Than a 2% Growth From the Previous Year

You Have to See it to Believe it 3! : 

You Have to See it to Believe it 3!

Why Do You Think Minorities Are Responding Better to Intervention? : 

Why Do You Think Minorities Are Responding Better to Intervention? http://centralresidentscouncil.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/IMG_0002.191150314_std.JPG

Education of African Americans : 

Education of African Americans Kelly Miller, the first African American to attend John Hopkins University

African American Education Prior to Civil War (before 1861) : 

African American Education Prior to Civil War (before 1861) “Successful strivings of Negros for enlightenment under the most adverse circumstances.” Slaves needed to be taught, but question… How far would their education go? 1760-struggles for rights aroused Many could not look past the horrendous acts done to slaves Many believed they were at least entitled to freedom of body. Eventually Baptists and Methodists allowed access to the Negro population both bond and free.

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Three advocates for education Masters of Slaves Sympathetic persons Missionaries

Why education of slaves led to new opportunities in America. : 

Why education of slaves led to new opportunities in America. The growth and expansion led to rapid educational development in African Americans. Masters felt that educated slaves… proved useful and trustworthy were better laborers and artisans good at administrative abilities Able to manage the large plantations and business establishments

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Added to poetry, math, science, and philosophy, especially with the free in the North Some were employed to teach the white children

Segregated schools started not as a negative : 

Segregated schools started not as a negative Certain educateos advocated to establish special, “colored schools”. They were not meant to separate, but rather a movement to meet the needs of people just emerging from slavery. Educators saw the need to move beyond just religion. Courses in industries, literature, math Girls specialized in swing and French

1930’s : 

1930’s Education now radically segregated It was the law in many places especially the South African Americans often lived in the poorest parts of the communities Neighborhood schools suffered inability to raise funds to pay teachers salaries and maintenance African Americans unrepresented on school boards Unable to push for better school funding

1930’s Educational Stats : 

1930’s Educational Stats Average pupil expenditure: $80 African Americans:$15 Nationally 25% of all students were African American, but they only received 12% of all educational revenue and only 3% of funds budgets for transportation .

Brown vs. Board of Education1950-still radical segregation : 

Brown vs. Board of Education1950-still radical segregation Schools defined as “equal”, but the African American schools were far inferior to the white counterparts. Topeka, Kansas-Linda Brown NAACP-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1951-NAACP requested injunction that would forbid the segregation of Topeka’s public schools

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District Court for the District of Kansas Heard case June 25-26, 1951 NAACP argued the segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites. Board of Education defense… Plessy v. Ferguson Appealed to Supreme Court on Oct. 1st 1951 and heard December 9, 1952 14th Amendment Supreme Courts decision…

Milestones in African American Education : 

Milestones in African American Education 1856-Wilberforce University, the first black school of higher learning owned and operated by African Americans, founded by the African American Episcopal Church. 1869 –Howard University’s law school becomes the country's first black law school. 1876-Meharry Medical College, the first black medical school.

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1881-Spelman College, the first college for black women. 1944-Frederick Douglass Patterson establishes the United Negro College Fund to help support black colleges and black students. 1954-Brown vs. Board of Education

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1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends federal troops to ensure integration of the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Ark. The Little Rock Nine were the first black students to attend the school. 1968-San Francisco State University becomes the first four-year college to establish a black studies department.

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2003-In Grutter v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court (5-4) upholds the University of Michigan Law School's affirmative action policy, ruling that race can be one of many factors considered by colleges when selecting their students because it furthers “a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body.”

Question: : 

Question: Does affirmative action policies still force that segregation in the minds of decision makers?

Legal Decisions for African-Americans in Education : 

Legal Decisions for African-Americans in Education

Slide 32: 

1849: Robert vs. City of Boston 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” 1908: Private schools required to be segregated Early Cases

Cumming v. Richmond (GA) County Board of Education1899 : 

Cumming v. Richmond (GA) County Board of Education1899 The Supreme Court allows a state to levy taxes on black and white citizens alike while providing a public school for white children only.

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1952-1954: Brown v. Board of Education 1955-1960: Federal judges hold more than 200 desegregation hearings Desegregation

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1940: Equal pay for African-American and white teachers 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Right Direction

Enforcing Brown : 

Enforcing Brown 1968: Court orders to dismantle segregated school systems 1969: “All deliberate speed” no longer constitutional 1971: Court allows busing, magnet schools, compensatory education 1972: “Splinter districts” refused

Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1 : 

Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1 De jure: state mandated segregation (unconstitutional) De facto: segregation that is the result of private choices (not unconstitutional)

Still Finding the Right Direction : 

Still Finding the Right Direction 1982: Court rejects tax exemptions for private schools that discriminate 1986: Once a school reaches the Green factors, it can return to local control 1992: Court rules that schools can meet these factors in an incremental fashion

More Recent Developments : 

More Recent Developments “A report from Harvard's Civil Rights Project concludes that America's schools are resegregating.” 2002 “A study by Harvard's Civil Rights Project finds that schools were more segregated in 2000 than in 1970 when busing for desegregation began.” 2003

Question: : 

Question: Why do you think schools are more segregated now than they were in 1970?

Comparing and Contrasting the Education of African Americans With the education of the dominant Group : 

Comparing and Contrasting the Education of African Americans With the education of the dominant Group

Education from Slavery to Present Day : 

Education from Slavery to Present Day Slavery was made a lifelong system. There were “massive hegemonic structures operating at all levels.” These structures included “philosophical abstractions claiming racial and intellectual superiority of whites; through legal controls, work scheduling, and resident patterns; down to micro level policies of interactions between whites and blacks.”

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It was believed by white Southerners that everyone should have access to the Christian Bible. Planters would educate the slaves from revised Bible passages that supported “capture and involuntary servitude.” Enslaved children learned from their parents and they learned numbers, counting, the alphabet and spelling from white children while playing school.

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“Education of white children was largely in the hands of private groups.” While, “education of Negroes was almost non existent.” The education of African Americans was even forbidden in some states.

Slide 45: 

The segregation in education was viewed as resulting in, “the Negro children, as a class, receiving educational opportunities which are substantially inferior to those available to white children otherwise similarly situated.” This led to the view of “separate but not equal” regarding conditions of education and schools of African Americans to the schools of white children.

Slide 46: 

Today there are still messages in education that reinforce “white supremacy.” “Acting white” is term used in the African American community. This is used to define African Americans who act out the “norms that are generated, imposed, and maintained by the larger, dominant community.”

Slide 47: 

Early on, students are taught hegemonic values of white supremacy by the way we teach. Unfortunately, stories and texts fail to “publicly acknowledge a multiplicity of voices” and this “negates the idea of a multiple ethic that includes the black self.”

Educational Concernsand Controversies : 

Educational Concernsand Controversies

African Americans tend to be over-represented in: : 

African Americans tend to be over-represented in: Special Education Programs Juvenile Justice system as offenders Incarceration rates Poverty rates Unemployment Discipline referrals resulting in suspension or expulsion

African Americans tend to be under-represented in: : 

African Americans tend to be under-represented in: Programs for the Gifted and other advanced courses School activities other than sports Teaching; counselors, administrators Graduation rates Science and Technology classes Higher level Mathematics

African American students are getting left behind : 

African American students are getting left behind In 1997 Washington State gave the first Washington Assessment of Student Learning to students. 73% of African American students did not meet the standard in Reading. 95% did not meet the standard in Math. 69% did not meet the standard in Writing 55% did not meet the standard in Listening

Years later, African American students still struggle : 

Years later, African American students still struggle In 2004-2005 only 37.7% of 4th grade African American students met the standard in Math; leaving more than 63% who did not. 23.5% of7th grade students met the standard in Math, 74.7% did not Only 14% of 8th graders met the standard in science, 86% did not. 53.3% of 10th graders met the standard in reading.

Achievement Gaps : 

Achievement Gaps Before children even enter Kindergarten, there is an achievement gap between African Americans and Caucasians. This achievement gap continues through adulthood. Research shows that when African Americans and Caucasians attend schools together, African Americans typically achieve lower grades

A Slight Decrease : 

A Slight Decrease Between 1970 and 1990 the Achievement Gap decreased by about 40% and then stopped. Possible reasons for this sudden stop: Biased testing Discrimination Anxiety Disparities in income and family structure Cultural differences

The Later Years of the Achievement Gap : 

The Later Years of the Achievement Gap A Recent study of upper-middle class community Shaker Heights, Ohio found that about 80% of white students and fewer than 3% of African American students pass with honors (3.0 GPA or above)

African American Vernacular English : 

Also known as Ebonics or Black English African American Vernacular English

Deficient Theory : 

Deficient Theory This theory proposes that the minds of minority children are lacking a quality that makes them unable to speak Standard English. Standard English would be considered English that is commonly accepted among a society.

Black English : 

Black English Black English was supposedly considered the attempt of African Americans to speak Standard English. It was considered an inferior dialect. However, African Americans were not the only ones to use this dialect.

Amended Resolution of the Oakland School Board on Ebonics : 

Amended Resolution of the Oakland School Board on Ebonics The original Resolution was written in December of 1996. The amended version was written a month later in January of 1997.

Amended Resolution of the Oakland School Board on Ebonics : 

Amended Resolution of the Oakland School Board on Ebonics States that it is based on studies that believed that African Americans possessed and utilized their own language Recognized that some African American students used Ebonics as their primary speech, and therefore qualified for ESL. Wanted to remedy the low stat and national norms by creating a program featuring African American Language Systems to move them from their initial language to traditional English

Amended Resolution of the Oakland School Board on Ebonics : 

Amended Resolution of the Oakland School Board on Ebonics Wanted to create a program for teachers and instructional assistants to certify them in a methodology of African Language Systems to help students move onto English. Wanted to implement the best possible program for combined purpose of acquisition and mastery of English skills while respecting and embracing the legitimacy and richness of the language patterns of Ebonics or African Language Systems.

Teaching Techniques that will benefit African American students as well as your other students : 

Teaching Techniques that will benefit African American students as well as your other students Link Classroom Content with the students’ past experiences. Focus on the whole child rather than just cognitive growth Use and get to know your students cultural norms and patterns. Use cultural relevant teaching.

Slide 63: 

Have high expectations to help form self-efficacy. Stretch the borders of the classroom. (Reach out to the community) “Pedagogy must provide a way for students to maintain their cultural integrity while succeeding academically.”

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References Gundanker, Grey (2007). Hidden education among African Americans during slavery. Teachers College Record, Vol.109 Issue 7, 1591-612. Retrieved Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Bowling Green St. Univ. Lib., OH. 23 October 2008 <http://0-web.ebscohost.com. maurice.bgsu.edu/ehost>. (1997). Brown et al. v. Board of Education Topeka et al., Vol.1 Issue 1, 1-10. Retrieved Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Bowling Green St. Univ. Lib., OH. 23 October 2008 <http://0-web.ebscohost.com. maurice.bgsu.edu/ehost>. Watkins, William H., Lewis, James H., & Victoria Chou. (2001). Race and education: the roles of history and society in education African American students. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

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Holladay, Jennifer (Spring 2004, Updated 2007). BROWN V. BOARD: Timeline of School Integration in the U.S. . Teaching Tolerence, 25, Retrieved Octocer 23, 2008, from http://www.tolerance.org/teach/magazine/features.jsp?p=0&is=34&ar=487 Willoughby, Brian (Spring 2004). Brown v. Board: An American Legacy. Teaching Tolerance, 25, Retrieved October 23, 2008, from http://www.tolerance.org/teach/magazine/features.jsp?cid=485 Milestones in african american education. Retrieved October 18, 2008, from Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0872844.html

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Segregation. Retrieved October 18, 2008, from Enotes. http://www.enotes.com/1930-education-american-decades/education-african-americans Woodson, Carter (2004). The education of the negro prior to 1861 – A history of the education of the colored people of the united states from the beginning of slavery to the civil war. Retrieved October 18, 2008. Ebook of The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~natalieb/The_Education_Of_The_Negro_P.pdf Cozzens, Lisa (1995). Brown vs the board of education. Retrieved October 18, 2008. http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html

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Ohio Department of Education. Retrieved October 24, 2008, from http://www.ode.ohio.gov The United States Census Bureau. “Fact Finder” Retrieved October 24, 2008 http://www.census.gov Amended Resolution of the Oakland School Board on Ebonics. Retrieved October 15, 2008 from http://www.linguistlist.org/topics/ebonics-res2.html Farkas, G. The Black-White Test Score Gap. [electronic copy]. American Sociological Association, 3, 12-19. Retrieved October 15, 2008. PBS.com, Frontline: The Test Score Gap. (2008, October) Retrieved October 15, 2008 from http://www.pbs.org/wbgh/pages/frontline/shows/stats/etc/gap.html

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Gilbert-Manning, F. A. Controversy of Black English (1997). Retrieved October 15, 2008 from http://www.wright-house.com/ac/papers97/Gilbert-Manning-Paper.html Jackson, T. Educational Malpractice in Our Schools: Shortchanging African American and Other Disenfranchised Students. Journal of Educational Controversy. Retrieved October 15, 2008 from http://www.wce.wwu.edu/Resources/CEP/eJournal/v002n001/a009.shtml