surbhi mathur

LACHOO MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY : 

LACHOO MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SECTOR A, SHASTRI NAGAR, JODHPUR-342003

SURBHI MATHURPINKI MALIK MAITREY KACHHWAHADEEPIKA SHARMAMANISHA JADDOO(STUDENTS OF BCA ‘I’ SECTION A)PRESENTS : 

SURBHI MATHURPINKI MALIK MAITREY KACHHWAHADEEPIKA SHARMAMANISHA JADDOO(STUDENTS OF BCA ‘I’ SECTION A)PRESENTS

GENERATIONSOFCOMPUTER : 

GENERATIONSOFCOMPUTER

COMPUTER : 

COMPUTER A computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations in accordance with a set of instructions called programe.

INTRODUCTION : 

INTRODUCTION The term “computer generation” is often used in relation to the hardware of computer. Each phase of computer development is known as separate generation of computer. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of a product. With each generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced then the previous generation. Each generation of computer is characterized by major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper more powerfull and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the development that led to the current devices that we use today. The modern computers is the end result of countless inventions, ideas & development. Today’s computers use the idea of “stored programme computer”. The evolution of computer has been divided into 5 generations.

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IV GENERATION (1975-1990)

FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1942-1955) : 

FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1942-1955) During first generation the basic components used in the computer were vacuum tubes for circuitry. Magnetic drums were used as internal memory. Magnetic Drum were once used as a primary storage devices but have since been implemented as an auxiliary storage devices. They were very expensive to operate & in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. Machine language were use to perform operations, but they could only solve one problem at a time. Since it is not possible to understand machine language be the programe the programmer should use either high level language or assembly language. Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Input was based on punched cards & paper tape & output was displayed on print out. Continue on next page…… VACUUM TUBE

THE MAIN COMPUTERS OF IST GENERATION : 

THE MAIN COMPUTERS OF IST GENERATION ENIAC (1943-1946)- Electronic Numeric Integrater And Calculator. EDVAC (1946-1952)- Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer EDSAC (1947-1949)- Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer Other computer were MANCHESTER MARK – I (1948), UNIVAC- I (1951), etc. UNIVAC-I ENIAC

SOME KEY FEATURES OF IST GENERATION COMPUTERS : 

SOME KEY FEATURES OF IST GENERATION COMPUTERS 1) Thermionic valves (Vacuum Tubes) circuit. 2) Continuous maintenance required. 3) Different computers for scientific and business applications. 4) Batch processing. 5) Large air conditioner was necessary. 6) Poor reliability 7) Limited internal storage capacity. 8) First commercial computer to be used. 9) Slow input/output operations. 10) The tubes got fused due to excess of temperature. VACUUM TUBE

SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1955-1964) : 

SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1955-1964) A big revolution in electronics took place with the invention of transistor. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes & ushered in the second generation of computer. Transistor is a device composed of semi conductor materials that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit. Transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits including computer. The invention of magnetic cores for storage is the another major invention during second generation. These are tiny ferrite rings (0.02” diameter) that can be magnetized in either clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. The two directions represents 0 & 1. Magnetic cores were used to construct large random access memory. The second generation computer began with the advent of transistorized circuitry of magnetic cores & magnetic disk storage devices made these computers much more reliable. Transistors are far superior to vacuum tubes, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper & more energy efficient. Continue on next page……..

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With the use of transistors the problem of dissipation of heat were also decreased to very large extent. Second generation computer still relied on punched cards for input & print out for output. Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic & paved the way for development of high level languages. Some high level languages used in this generation were the early versions of COBOL, FORTRAN, Algol, Snobol, etc. With speedy CPU’s & the advent of magnetic tapes & disc storage, operating system came into being. Batch operating systems ruled the second generation computers. Second generation computers were used in business & industries in the applications like payroll, inventory control, marketing, production planning, etc. Some important computers of this generation :- IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108, RCA 501, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, HONEYWELL-400 to 800 Series, etc. Continue on next page…..

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Key Features of IInd generation computers:- Transistor circuits used as core element. Magnetic core primary storage. Secondary storage on taps. Great reliability, speed & smaller in size. Reduced generate heat. Required less power to operate. Core memory developed. First operating system developed. Programming in machine as well as symbolic or assembly languages.

THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1964-1975) : 

THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1964-1975) The third generation replaced transistors with ”Integrated Circuits” or I.Cs. An I.C.s is a wafer thin slice of extremely purified silicon crystal. A single I.C. has many transistors, resistors & capacitors along with the associated circuitry encapsulated in a small package with many leads. The development of Integrated Circuits was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized & placed on silicon chips, called semi coductors, which drastically increased the speed & efficiency of computers. A chip is a small piece of semi conducting material (usually silicon) on which an I.C. is embedded. A typical chip is less than 1/4-square inches & can contain millions of electronic circuit boards. Continue on next page…… INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

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There are different types of chips. For example, CPU chip (Microprocessor) contain an entire processing unit, whereas memory chip contain blank memory. Semi conductor not only does miniaturization mean that the components take up less space, it also means that they are faster & require less energy. The size of main memory reached 4MBs. Magnetic disk technology also improved & it became feasible to have drive having capacity up to 100MBs. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

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Instead of punched cards & print outs, user interacted with IIIrd generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. This allow the system to run many different applications at a time with a central programe that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper then their predecessors. Computers these days found place in other areas like education, survey, small business, estimation, analysis, etc. This generation used the Small Scale Integration & Medium Scale Integration technologies. Some important computers of IIIrd generation :- Main frame computers - IBM-360 series, ICL-1900 series, IBM-370/168, ICL-2900, Honeywell Model 316, etc. Mini computers - ICL 2903, CDC 1700 and PDP-11/45 (Personal Data Processor-11/45),etc.

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Some key features of IIIrd generation computers :- ICs of thousands of transistors and other electronic components on a silicon crystal. Increased miniaturization, speed & reliability. Development of mini computers. Magnetic disk secondary storage. On line, real time processing. Multi programming operating system. Improved input/output devices. Concept of multi programming was used. Better storage devices (tapes). High level languages appeared.

FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1975-1990) : 

FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1975-1990) The advent of microprocessor chip marked the beginning of fourth generation computer. It became possible to fabricate the whole CPU on a single chip called the microprocessor. MSI (Medium Scale Integrated) circuits yeilded to VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) circuits. Semi conductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. Thousands of I.C.s were built onto a single silicon chip. A single chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the term microprocessor & CPU are used interchangeably. Microprocessor controls the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radio to fuel injection system for automobiles. The emergence of microprocessor led to the emergence of extremely powerful personal computers. Continue on next page……..

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The faster accessing & processing speeds & increased memory capacity helped in development of much more powerful operating systems. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessor also moved out of the realm of desktop computers. The fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces), the mouse & hand held devices. The computer are being applied in various areas like simulation, visualization parallel computing, virtual reality, multimedia, etc. APPLE MACINTOSH COMPUTER

Some Key Features Of IVTH Generation Computers : 

Some Key Features Of IVTH Generation Computers LSIC & VLIC were used. Dramatic rise in hardware cost. Semi conductor primary storage. Development of microprocessor or personal computer. Increased cost of software. Development of electronic spreadsheet. Database management system. Application development by user. User friendly software. Distributed data processing. Graphics terminals. Compact size but faster speed of processing. MICROPROCESSOR

FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER (PRESENT & BEYOND) : 

FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER (PRESENT & BEYOND) The fifth generation started with major innovations in computer architecture like Parallel Processing, Intelligent Programming, applications of Artificial Intelligence & knowledge based system. The use of parallel processing & super conductors is helping to make artificial intelligence in reality. Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behaving like humans. The ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) has triggered now era as it has become possible to have the fastest microprocessor. Artificial Intelligence includes:- 1} Game Playing:-Programming computers to play game such as chess & checkers. 2} Expert Systems:-Programming computers to make decision in real-life situations. Continue on next page……

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3} Natural Language:- Programming computers to understand natural human languages. 4} Neural Networks:- System that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains. 5} Robotics:- Programming computers to see, hear and react to other sensory stimuli. Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence. There are several programming languages that are known as AI Languages (Artificial Intelligence Languages) because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP (List Processing) and Prolog (Programming in Logic). The goal of Vth generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural languages input & are capable of learning & self organization.

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The most noticeable characteristic of Vth gen. computer is the ability to apply previously gained knowledge, draw conclusions & then execute a task. Input devices for fifth generation computers could also include speech and visual recognition. Computer will have to be able to classify information ,search large databases rapidly, make decisions and learn from their mistakes.

APPLICATIONS OF FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS : 

APPLICATIONS OF FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS Intelligent systems that could control the route of a missile & defence-systems that could fend off attacks. Word processors that could be controlled by means of speech recognition. Programs that could translate documents from one language to other. Intelligent robots that could ‘see’ their environment and could be programmed to carry out certain tasks without step-by-step instructions. The robot should be able to decide for itself how the tasks should be accomplished, based on the observations it made of its environment.

SOME KEY FEATURES OF Vth GENERATION COMPUTERS:- : 

SOME KEY FEATURES OF Vth GENERATION COMPUTERS:- Organic chips are used. Decrease in cost of software. Decrease in cost of hardware. Vast improvement in price performance ratio. PC’s are to be used. Large data storage facility. Artificial Intelligence. High speed facility. Under developed in U.S.A., Japan, U.K.