Slide 1:16 August 2009 1


Facts about feed and fodder :16 August 2009 2 Facts about feed and fodder Dr. Pradeep Kumar Malik Assistant Professor (Animal Nutrition) Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari


Introduction :16 August 2009 3 Introduction India Indian economy is fastest growing India is the 12th largest economy of the world GDP growth was 9.0% and 9.2% during 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 The share of agriculture in GDP is declining continuously From 24 to 18.5% Second largest producer of fruit &vegetables (150 MT)


Slide 4:16 August 2009 4 India Third largest producer of food grain 3rd largest country in fish production Largest population of livestock (20%) and its contribution to Ag GDP is @ 24% Largest producer of milk in the world (100 MT) Milk alone contribute >18% of TO from agriculture Introduction


Livestock population in India (Million) :16 August 2009 5 Livestock population in India (Million) FAO, 2004


Status of feed and fodder (DM basis) in India :16 August 2009 6 Status of feed and fodder (DM basis) in India NIANP (2005)


Feeds or Feedstuffs :16 August 2009 7 Feeds or Feedstuffs Any material included in a diet or ration because of its nutritional properties Cereal Grains By-product feeds Forages and roughages Protein feeds Mineral supplements Vitamin supplements Feed Additives


Roughages :16 August 2009 8 Roughages Contains > 18% CF and <20%CP on DM basis


Concentrates :16 August 2009 9 Concentrates Contains 20%CP on DM basis Animal proteins Meat scraps, fish, and blood meal Plant proteins Cottonseed meal Soybean meal Peanut meal Grains-corn, oats, barley, wheat (Basal feed) By-products Wheat bran Cottonseed hulls Liquid supplements Molasses Urea


BIS specifications for cattle feed :16 August 2009 10 BIS specifications for cattle feed


BIS specifications for mineral mixture :16 August 2009 11 BIS specifications for mineral mixture


Slide 12:16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Digestive system


Non Conventional Feed Resources :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Non Conventional Feed Resources Non competitive unconventional feedstuffs may bridge the gap between demand and supply of nutrients Feeding at higher level and for longtime can cause adverse effect on animal performance They can be converted into wholesome animal feeds after suitable processing Besides annually cultivated, 86 different oil bearings perennial trees are present in India


Availability and their nutritional value of some non conventional feeds resources :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Availability and their nutritional value of some non conventional feeds resources


Potential of horticultural crop residues as animal feed :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Potential of horticultural crop residues as animal feed India is second largest producer of the vegetables and fruits About 33% is wasted during harvesting, marketing and processing (Gangadhar et al., 1993) Gap between demand and supply could be lessened High moisture content is one major problem (Datt et al., 2008) Utilize efficiently after processing


Proximate composition of some important horticultural crop residues :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Proximate composition of some important horticultural crop residues Vegetable crop residues Datt et al.(2008)


Contd..Fruit crop residues :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Contd..Fruit crop residues Datt et al. (2008)


Improvement of poor quality roughages :16 August 2009 18 Improvement of poor quality roughages


Procedure of dip treatment :16 August 2009 19 Procedure of dip treatment --------- --------- - ------- 1.5% NaOH - - - - - Soaking-2 ½-1 h Solution-1 ----------- ----------- Dripping-3 ½-2 h ------------- ------------- 0.6 kg NaOH 30 l H2O Replenishment/10 kg straw Straw Straw Straw Straw Ripening 3-6 days Feeding


Mode of Action :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Mode of Action CHO C O CO Lignin Alkali Ester linkage Carbohydrates C OH + COOH Lignin


Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) :16 August 2009 21 Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) Nitrogen supplied to the animal in a non-protein state Urea or Biuret Requires microbial synthesis (Ruminants) Crude Protein Equivalent % Nitrogen from NPN times a factor of 6.25


Urea :16 August 2009 22 Urea Supplementation Treatment Feeding of NPN has become a focal point and needs C Skeleton for AA synthesis NH2 NH2 + H2O Urease O=C CO2 + 2NH3


Factors affecting urea utilization :16 August 2009 23 Factors affecting urea utilization Source of energy Level and source of protein N:S Ratio Frequency of feeding Level of urea in feed


Urea Toxicity (NH3 Toxicity) :16 August 2009 24 Urea Toxicity (NH3 Toxicity) Mechanism Rumen [NH3]  Rumen pH  As pH , shift from NH4+ to NH3 NH3 absorbed faster than NH4+ Liver capacity to convert NH3 to urea is exceeded NH3 goes to blood 2 mg NH3/100 ml plasma is toxic


Urea Toxicity (NH3 Toxicity) :16 August 2009 25 Urea Toxicity (NH3 Toxicity) Signs of toxicity Appear 20-30 min after urea ingestion Excessive salivation Rapid and labored breathing Tremors Incoordination Inability to stand & tetany


Treatment :16 August 2009 26 Treatment Orally dose with 5% acetic acid (~1 gal. for 1,000 lb cow) Shift equilibrium from NH3 to NH4+  rate of absorption Vinegar drenching Drench with cold water  rumen temp. which  rate of urea hydrolysis Dilutes NH3 concentration Takes 6-12 gal.; not practical when several sick


Prevention :16 August 2009 27 Prevention Prevention Mix feeds well Don’t switch rapidly from natural protein to urea Always have feed available Don’t allow hungry animals access to highly palatable, high urea diet, feed, or supplement (including lick tanks) Don’t use urea with low-energy feeds


Multinutrient block (MNB) :16 August 2009 28 Multinutrient block (MNB)


Preparation of MNB :16 August 2009 29 Preparation of MNB


Composition of MNB :16 August 2009 30 Composition of MNB


How to prepare? :16 August 2009 31 How to prepare?


Procedure :16 August 2009 32 Procedure


Average consumption :16 August 2009 33 Average consumption


Characteristics :16 August 2009 34 Characteristics


Characteristics :16 August 2009 35 Characteristics


Signs of toxicity and corrective measure :16 August 2009 36 Signs of toxicity and corrective measure


Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation Enzyme is bio-molecule of protein Digestibility of fibrous material Microbial protein synthesis ADG, FCE, Milk yield and composition Break down anti-nutritional factors present in feed ingredients Xylanase, Pectinase, Cellulase, Hemicellulase, Arabinase etc.


Sources of feed enzymes :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Sources of feed enzymes Fungi Trichoderma viridae Neocalimastix frontalis Aspergillus Spp. Bacteria Bacillus spp. Fibrobacter spp. Ruminicocus flavifaeciens Ruminicocus albus Transgenic plant Xylanase from tobaco


Desirable characteristics of feed enzyme :16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition Desirable characteristics of feed enzyme Must survive at low pH Resistant to proteolytic enzymes Tolerant to feed processing Mixture should possesses adequate activity Method of Application Indirect method Direct method


Conservation of feed and fodders :16 August 2009 40 Conservation of feed and fodders Fodders can be conserve as Silage and Hay Silage Anaerobic fermented feed possess all the quality of fodder High moisture feed Suitable crops are Maize, Jowar, Grasses etc. Harvesting of crops at flowering stage moisture content Should not be <60-65%


Contd.. :16 August 2009 41 Contd.. Preservatives: Molasses (3.5-4%) Urea (0.5% of wet wt.) Propionic acid (1%) Formic acid (1%) Lactic acid bacteria lactic acid and acetic acid Prodn How silage Formed? GF Stored Respire O2 CO2 5 h CH4, CO, No Organic acids Lactic, Propionic, Formic, Acetic


Contd.. :16 August 2009 42 Contd.. Quality of silage Hay pH 3.5-4.2 Drying 85-90% Ammonical N <10% of total Leafy, pliable and green Butyric acid: No/traces <20% moisture Colour: green/brownish flowering stage Taste: acidic Losses Leaf shattering Late cutting Leaching etc. Silage Hay


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