water management

EOQ ModelEconomic Order Quantity : 

EOQ ModelEconomic Order Quantity Ken Homa

EOQ Assumptions : 

EOQ Assumptions Known & constant demand Known & constant lead time Instantaneous receipt of material No quantity discounts Only order (setup) cost & holding cost No stockouts

Inventory Holding CostsReasonably Typical Profile : 

Inventory Holding CostsReasonably Typical Profile Housing (building) cost 6% Material handling costs 3% Labor cost 3% Inventory investment costs 11% Pilferage, scrap, & obsolescence 3% Total holding cost 26% % of Category Inventory Value

EOQ Model : 

EOQ Model Order Quantity Annual Cost

EOQ Model : 

Order Quantity Annual Cost Holding Cost EOQ Model

Why Order Cost Decreases : 

Why Order Cost Decreases Cost is spread over more units Example: You need 1000 microwave ovens Purchase Order Description Qty. Microwave 1000 Purchase Order Description Qty. Microwave 1 Purchase Order Description Qty. Microwave 1 Purchase Order Description Qty. Microwave 1 Purchase Order Description Qty. Microwave 1 1 Order (Postage $ 0.35) 1000 Orders (Postage $350) Order quantity

EOQ Model : 

Order Quantity Annual Cost Holding Cost Order (Setup) Cost EOQ Model

EOQ Model : 

Order Quantity Annual Cost Holding Cost Total Cost Curve Order (Setup) Cost EOQ Model

EOQ Model : 

Order Quantity Annual Cost Holding Cost Total Cost Curve Order (Setup) Cost Optimal Order Quantity (Q*) EOQ Model

EOQ Formula Derivation : 

EOQ Formula Derivation D = Annual demand (units) C = Cost per unit ($) Q = Order quantity (units) S = Cost per order ($) I = Holding cost (%) H = Holding cost ($) = I x C Number of Orders = D / Q Ordering costs = S x (D / Q) Average inventory units = Q / 2 $ = (Q / 2) x C Cost to carry average inventory = (Q / 2) x I x C = (Q /2) x H Total cost = (Q/2) x I x C + S x (D/Q) inv carry cost order cost Take the 1st derivative: d(TC)/d(Q) = (I x C) / 2 - (D x S) / Q² To optimize: set d(TC)/d(Q) = 0 DS/ Q² = IC / 2 Q²/DS = 2 / IC Q²= (DS x 2 )/ IC Q = sqrt (2DS / IC)

Economic Order Quantity : 

D = Annual demand (units) S = Cost per order ($) C = Cost per unit ($) I = Holding cost (%) H = Holding cost ($) = I x C Economic Order Quantity

EOQ Model Equations : 

EOQ Model Equations D = Demand per year S = Setup (order) cost per order H = Holding (carrying) cost d = Demand per day L = Lead time in days

EOQ Example : 

EOQ Example You’re a buyer for SaveMart. SaveMart needs 1000 coffee makers per year. The cost of each coffee maker is $78. Ordering cost is $100 per order. Carrying cost is 40% of per unit cost. Lead time is 5 days. SaveMart is open 365 days/yr. What is the optimal order quantity & ROP?

SaveMart EOQ : 

SaveMart EOQ D = 1000 S = $100 C = $ 78 I = 40% H = C x I H = $31.20 EOQ = 80 coffeemakers

Slide 15: 

SaveMart ROP ROP = demand over lead time = daily demand x lead time (days) = d x l D = annual demand = 1000 Days / year = 365 Daily demand = 1000 / 365 = 2.74 Lead time = 5 days ROP = 2.74 x 5 = 13.7 => 14

Slide 16: 

Avg. CS = OQ / 2 = 80 / 2 = 40 coffeemakers = 40 x $78 = $3,120 Inv. CC = $3,120 x 40% = $1,248 Note: unrelated to reorder point SaveMart Average (Cycle Stock) Inventory

Economic Order Quantity : 

D = Annual demand (units) S = Cost per order ($) C = Cost per unit ($) I = Holding cost (%) H = Holding cost ($) = I x C Economic Order Quantity

Slide 18: 

What if … Interest rates go up ? Order processing is automated ? Warehouse costs drop ? Competitive product is introduced ? Product is cost-reduced ? Lead time gets longer ? Minimum order quantity imposed ?