Solution to NLU Problems

Solution to NLU Problems : 

Solution to NLU Problems Solution to the NLU problems are given as under: Context. Familiarity. Expectations.

Context : 

Context Ambiguity can be resolved by understanding an idea in context . E.g. let us consider the following paragraph: There were two men blocking my escape. One held a hammer, one has nothing in his hands. I knew, I could not hit both of them. I hit the man with the hammer.

Context : 

Context Although this paragraph ends with the ambiguous sentence. I hit the man with the hammer” but since the sentence is presented here in the context, so there is no difficulty in understanding its meaning.

Familiarity : 

Familiarity Familiarity with specific situations can make it easy for us to understand language that deals with those situations. For example if someone has waited in the doctor’s office or if he knows someone else who has waited, so he can give a reasonable interpretation to “a long time”.

Expectations : 

Expectations With the help of our experience, we can expect certain things in certain situations. For example, we can select the ending that is most likely to complete the following paragraph. Ali went to a restaurant and ordered chicken, when the waiter brought his order to the table, ali: Came out of the restaurant. Ate the chicken.

Expectations : 

Expectations In the above case, either of the two options are possible, but most of us would select choice B based on our expectations of likely events in that particular situation.

Assignment : 

Assignment Basic terminologies used in NLP Language. Linguistic. Vocabulary and Lexicon. Grammar. Syntax Semantic Context Pragmatics.

NLU Analysis Techniques : 

NLU Analysis Techniques In order to understand Natural Language, program may use one or more following methods of analyzing text. Syntax Analysis. Lexical Analysis. (keyword) Semantic Analysis. Pragmatic Analysis. Morphology. Discourse.

Syntax Analysis : 

Syntax Analysis Syntax refers to the way in which words are assembled to form phrases or sentences. It is that branch of grammar that deals with the mixing and sequencing of different kinds of words in the language such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and so on.

Syntax Analysis : 

Syntax Analysis Syntax is the method of putting words in a specific order so that they will have the correct form according to the language. As we know that the sentence (es) is made up of a subject or noun phrase (NP) and a predicate or verb phrase (VP). i.e. S = NP + VP

Syntax Analysis : 

Syntax Analysis The noun phrase could be a single noun , but it usually break down further into several additional parts of speech such as, an article (ART) or determiner (D) like “a” ,”this” or an adjective (ADJ) and the main noun, we show: NP = D + ADJ + N

Syntax Analysis : 

Syntax Analysis The noun phrase may even has a prepositional phrase (PP) made up of a prepositions (P) such as “of” or “with” and another determiner and noun: PP = P + D + N

Syntax Analysis : 

Syntax Analysis The verb phrase is made up of the verb (V) and often the object of the verb. Which is usually another noun (N) and its determiner (D). A prepositional phrase (PP) may also be associated with the phrase. It might be represented as: VP = V + D + N + PP

Syntax Analysis : 

Syntax Analysis The syntax analysis is performed by the parser which examine each word in a sentence and create a parse tree that identify all the words and puts them together in the right way.

Syntax Analysis (example) : 

Syntax Analysis (example) “Ali drove the new car to blooming dates” is divided into its various parts. The parser begins by examine the word “Ali”, this is found to be a person’s name, which is a noun. Next the word “drove” is examined. This is revealed to be a verb. Then the word “the” appears to the parser. This is identified as determiner. This process is continued as the parse tree is built.

Syntax Analysis : 

Syntax Analysis S NP VP Ali drove NP V D ADJ N PP the new car PP N blooming date

Lexical Analysis : 

Lexical Analysis Before we try to eliminate the extra non sense of the sentence we must have a lexicon (dictionary). Lexicon is nothing but a dictionary which contain the symbolic meaning or definition of the words and phrases. So we can say that in lexical analysis, words are looked up in a “dictionary” to determine their meanings.

Semantic Analysis : 

Semantic Analysis In order to eliminate the non sense of the sentence, the semantic analysis of any sentence is performed. The semantics can be defined as: It is the study of relationships between the words and the way they are assembled to represent a particular thought.

Semantic Analysis : 

Semantic Analysis Thus for any sentence, the syntactic and semantic analysis are necessary to be acceptable to any language. So first the syntactic analysis is performed which tells that the sentence is grammatically correct. After it, the semantic analysis is performed, which determines the meanings of the sentence or in other words either the sentence give acceptable or non sense meaning because sometimes the sentence is grammatically correct but gives non sense meaning.

Semantic Analysis (example) : 

Semantic Analysis (example) The mat sat on the cat Although it is correct syntactically, but not semantically. Hence semantic analysis determines the logical meanings of the sentence.

Pragmatic Analysis : 

Pragmatic Analysis Pragmatic analysis attempts to determine what a sentence really means. We often say or write one thing but its really means is another. E.g. You may ask what time it is but you really means am I late for meeting or college. Or in simple words we say that pragmatic analysis tells us in which sense the sentence is asked.

Pragmatic Analysis : 

Pragmatic Analysis Suppose we ask a question from the computer: “why did not the company gave the profit of last month” If the computer gives the answer as “the expenses were larger than the income”.

Pragmatic Analysis : 

Pragmatic Analysis This answer would not be good because it is fact that always lost made, when the expenses are greater than the cost (income). The good response would be as: “the product was not good”