H-W and S-W

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE : 

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

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What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactions? What arrangement of computers and computer processing would best benefit our organization? What kinds of software and software tools do we need to run our business? OBJECTIVES

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Of what new software technologies should we be aware? How would they benefit our organization? How should we acquire and manage the firm’s hardware and software assets? OBJECTIVES

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The centralization versus decentralization debate MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

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COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Hardware Components of a Computer System

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COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System bit Binary digit Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1 byte String of bits, usually eight Stores one number or character

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COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Bits and Bytes

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COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE The CPU and Primary Storage Central Processing Unit (CPU) Manipulates symbols, numbers, and letters Controls other parts of the computer system

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COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE The CPU and Primary Storage Primary Storage Temporarily stores program instructions Data being used by the instructions

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The CPU and Primary Storage

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Primary Storage Stores Software program being executed Operating system programs Data being used by program

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Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operations Control Unit: coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer system Primary Storage

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RAM: Directly accesses any randomly chosen location in the same amount of time ROM: Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions, cannot be written to Primary Storage

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Computer Processing Microprocessors and Processing Power Integrated circuit technology Integrates the computer’s memory, logic, and control on a single chip

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Computer Processing Parallel Processing Problem broken down into smaller parts Multiple instructions processed simultaneously with multiple processors

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Sequential and Parallel Processing

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Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks (SANs) Secondary Storage Technology

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A Storage Area Network (SAN)

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Input and Output Devices

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Input and Output Devices

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Batch processing Transactions accumulated and stored until processing On-line processing Transactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediately Batch and On-Line Input and Processing

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A Comparison of Batch and On-line Processing

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Integrates two or more types of media into a computer-based application Interactive Multimedia

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Mainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing power Midrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframe Server: Provides software and other resources to computers over a network Classifying Computers

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Minicomputers: Middle-range computer, used in universities, factories, or research laboratories Server Farm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor, available for electronic commerce and other activities CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers

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Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop or portable computer Workstation: Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computations CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers

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Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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Client/Server Computing CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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Types of Client/Server Computing

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Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing Network computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks

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Software program: Series of statements or instructions to the computer System software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resources Application software: Programs written to perform functions specified by end users TYPES OF SOFTWARE

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TYPES OF SOFTWARE The Major Types of Software

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Operating system System software Manages and controls computer TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

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Functions of the operating system Allocates and assigns system resources Schedules use of computer resources Monitors computer system activities Provides locations in primary memory for data and programs Controls the input and output devices System Software and PC Operating Systems

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Multiprogramming Executes two or more programs concurrently using the same computer CPU executes only one program but services the input/output needs of others System Software and PC Operating Systems

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Single-Program Execution Versus Multiprogramming

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Multitasking Multiprogramming capability of single-user operating systems Virtual Storage Handles programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed or variable length TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

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Virtual Storage

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Time Sharing Sharing of computer resources by many users simultaneously Multiprocessing Executing two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer using multiple central processing units TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

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Language translation and utility software Translates high-level language programs into machine language TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

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GUI Microsoft’s Windows 98 Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me) Windows 2000 TYPES OF SOFTWARE PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces

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Windows XP UNIX Linux TYPES OF SOFTWARE PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces

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Programming languages: Consists of 1s and 0s of binary code Assembly language: Resembles machine language, substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes Third-generation languages: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and C TYPES OF SOFTWARE Application Software and Programming Languages

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Fourth-generation language: Employed directly by end users Natural languages: Close to human language TYPES OF SOFTWARE Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools

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Query languages: Provides immediate on-line answers to requests Application software packages and PC software tools: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management Software TYPES OF SOFTWARE Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools

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TYPES OF SOFTWARE Spreadsheet Software

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TYPES OF SOFTWARE Data Management Software

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Enterprise software Set of integrated modules Allows data to be used by multiple functions and business processes TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware

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Middleware Allows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange data Web server Manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware

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TYPES OF SOFTWARE Middleware

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Enterprise application integration software Ties together multiple applications to support enterprise integration TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware

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Object-oriented programming Approach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single object Visual programming Construction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objects CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Object-Oriented Programming

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CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Class, subclasses, and overriding

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Programming language Delivers the software functionality needed for a particular task Runs on any computer and operating system CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Java

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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents XML (eXtensible Markup Language): General-purpose language, supports links to multiple documents, used for both Web and non-Web applications CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and XML

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Capacity planning: Process of predicting the computing power Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking down HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS

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Designates the total cost of owning technology resources Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets

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On-Line storage service providers Third-party provider Rent out storage space to subscribers over the Web Allow customers to store and access data HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

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Application Service Providers (ASPs) Provide software that can be rented by other companies Other Types of Service Providers Provide additional resources for helping organizations manage their technology assets HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers