Ecology-PATEL

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Ecological Principles: 

Ecological Principles P.MEGARAJ PATEL

Objectives: 

Objectives Define Ecology Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors Describe the three types of symbiosis

ECOLOGY: 

ECOLOGY is the study of the interactions among organisms and their environment studied by an ecologist

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An organism’s surroundings Composed of living ( biotic ) and nonliving ( abiotic )things Biotic Factors: humans, plants, birds, fungi , bacteria, protists Abiotic Factors: water , light, temperature , air, soil

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Describes the associations that organisms have with other organisms of a different species within the environment

Symbiosis: 

Symbiosis A relationship between organisms in which at least one of them benefits Three types of symbiosis in ecosystems are mutualism, commensalism , and parasitism .

Mutualism (+, +): 

Mutualism (+, +) Both species benefit from being in relationship with one another ex. honeybee & flower

Commensalism (+, 0): 

Commensalism (+, 0) One organism benefits while the other is unaffected (neither helped nor harmed) Ex. robin in a tree

Parasitism (+, -): 

Parasitism (+, -) One organism benefits at the expense of the other One organism benefits, other harmed but not not killed Example: deer tick on a deer

Predation (+, -): 

Predation (+, -) one organisms benefits by hunting , killing , and feeding on another organism AKA predator – prey relationship fox & rabbit

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predator = organism that hunts, kills, and feeds off another prey = organism that is hunted & killed

Competition: 

Competition Occurs when organisms in the same ecosystem are competing with each other for resources such as food, water, sunlight, and living spaces

Objectives: 

Objectives Describe plants and animals found in various biomes Identify the biome that we live in

BIOMES: 

BIOMES

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A large region that contains similar plant and animal ecosystems and is characterized by certain climate conditions. Biomes can be terrestrial (land) or aquatic (water).

Terrestrial Biomes: 

Terrestrial Biomes

Temperate Deciduous Forest: 

Temperate Deciduous Forest Trees ( birch, oak, maple, elm ) lose leaves in fall Animals such as bears, deer , rabbits, squirrels , & many species of birds

Coniferous Forest: 

Coniferous Forest Cone shaped trees (fir, pine, spruce) Moose , bears, lynxes wolves Snow covered ground during long winters

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Made up of tall trees with broad leaves that form a dense canopy of vegetation Animals include a wide variety of snakes , lizards , colorful birds , and many kinds of monkeys

Grassland: 

Grassland Made up of grasses & plants that produce colorful flowers Called a prairie in U.S.

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Has rich, fertile soil Well suited for growing crops Animals include bison, mice, and prairie dogs

Desert: 

Desert

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Arid or dry Very little yearly rainfall Vegetation sparse , consists of plants like cacti Animals include snakes, lizards , and jackrabbits

Tundra: 

Tundra

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Very cold conditions Very little vegetation Contains permafrost (permanently frozen soil located underneath topsoil Animals include musk oxen & wolves

Aquatic Biomes: 

Aquatic Biomes Aquatic biomes can be freshwater or marine

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Freshwater biomes include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands Wetlands are land areas that remain wet for all or part of the year. They include swamps & marshes

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O ceans have 4 distinct zones: intertidal neritic oceanic benthic

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Intertidal – where ocean meets the land. Animals include shellfish & birds Neritic – numerous fishes, sea turtles, squids, coral reefs

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Oceanic – open ocean; most of zone cold & dark; not much life. Fishes & whales Benthic – ocean floor; bottom feeder animals like starfish, anemones, sponges