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Premium member Presentation Transcript Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons Vladimíra KvasnicováAlkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) main natural source: natural gase (up to 97% of methane; ethane, propane, CO 2 , N 2 ) petroleum (mixture of aliphatic, alicyclic, and polycyclic hydrocarbons C 1 -C 50 ; the composition varies with its location)Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) fractions of petroleum : gas (C1-C4) ~ cooking gas petroleum ether (C5-C6) ~ solvent for org. chemicals gasoline (C6-C12) ~ automobile fuel kerosene (C11-C16) ~ rocket and jet fuel fuel oil (C14-C18) ~ domestic heating lubricating oil (C15-C24) ~ lubricants for automobiles and machinesAlkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) methane ethane hexane 3-methylpenthane ! Alkanes are not planar !Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) physical properties: not soluble in water (= hydrophobic) non polar bonds (similar electronegativity of C and H) densities between 0.6 and 0.8 g/cm 3 (= less than water) colorless, tasteless, nearly odorless boiling points increase with increasing MW, and decrease with branching (C1-C4 are gases) volatility decreases with molar weight (MW) narcotic and irritant effects increase with MW (! C5-C9)Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) alkanes and the human body: inhalation of alkane vapors (e.g. gasoline) causes severe damage to the lung tissue (it dissolves cellular membranes) liquid alkanes can also harm the skin : long-term contact between low MW alkanes and skin remove skin oils and can cause soreness and blisters high MW alkanes can be used to protect the skin : mixtures of C 20 -C 30 alkanes are used in skin and hair lotions to replace natural oils mineral oil purified mixture has been used as a laxativeAlkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) reactivity: not very reactive („paraffins“ ~ parum affinis = little activity) simple (sigma, ) bonds: C-C bonding electrons tightly held between carbons, not readily available to other substances C-H bonds around the carbon skeleton, more susceptible to reactions (usually under extreme conditions)Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) reactivity: oxidation (combustion) gases of any alkane form explosive mixtures with air exergonic reaction: heat is produced e.g. CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O + energy (192 kcal) halogenation (it is a substitution reaction, replacement) CH 4 + Cl 2 → CH 3 Cl + HCl CH 3 Cl + Cl 2 → CH 2 Cl 2 + HCl .......... → CHCl 3 , CCl 4Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) carbon atoms in a ring (polygon) properties similar to alicyclic hydrocarbons C3 and C4 are higly reactive (ring strain) cyclopropane was used as a narcotics polycyclic (cyclopentano perhydrophenanthrene) is a parent structure of steroids C3, C4, C5 are planar moleculesCycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) C6: many conformations in space (free rotation of C-C; the most stable at room temperature: CHAIR conformation) http://www.chemistry.nmsu.edu/studntres/chem539/answers/chexane_chair.jpg http://cat.middlebury.edu/~chem/chemistry/students/williamson/stewart/chairboat.jpgCycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) geometric isomerism = the same sequential arrangement of atoms but different arrangement in space http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Geometric_isomerism trans = E- cis = Z-Alkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) physical properties: not soluble in water (= hydrophobic) nonpolar bonds (similar electronegativity of C and H) low boiling points – lower than alkanes of the same length (C1-C4 are gases) double bond consist of 1 and 1 bond the double bond does not permit free rotation geometric isomerismAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) ethene (= ethylene) is planar http://www.chem.umass.edu/~rday/chem110/ethenepi.gifAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) example of geometric isomers: http://www.gunthersclass.com/24_10.jpgAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) alkenes have higher biological efect than alkanes their narcotic efect and toxicity increase with MW and with other unsaturated bonds 2 double bonds: ALKA DI ENS 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene = isopreneAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) reactivity: the double bond is responsible for their reactivity oxidation - -bond is attacked by oxidizing agents CH 3 - CH=CH -CH 3 → CH 3 - CH(OH)-CH(OH) -CH 3 (e.g. by KMnO 4 ) reduction = hydrogenation = saturation of the molecule by hydrogen CH 3 - CH=CH -CH 3 → CH 3 - CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 (by H 2 + Pt)Alkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) reactivity: addition reaction = two substances join together to form a compound containing all atoms present in the original substances the double bond is transformed to the single bond, substituents are added CH 2 = CH 2 + Br 2 → Br -CH 2 - CH 2 - Br = halogenation CH 2 = CH 2 + HCl → CH 3 - CH 2 - Cl = halogenation CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O → CH 3 - CH 2 - OH = hydrationAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) ! Markovnikov´s rule ! for unsymmetrical reagents „HX“ „ hydrogen atom of the reagent HX binds to the unsaturated carbon that has the greater number of dirrectly bonded hydrogen atoms“ http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/propenehcl.gifAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) polymerization „polymers“ are high molecular weight molecules made from thousands of repeating units, which are low molecular weight molecules („monomers“) it is a multiple addition reaction of alkenes e.g. n CH 2 =CH 2 → (-CH 2 -CH 2 -) n properties of polymers depend on the monomer used and MW of the productAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) polymerization - examples of polymers: polyethylene (PE) polyvinylchloride (PVC) polypropylene (PP) polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) polystyrene (PS) polymethylmetacrylate (Plexiglas)Alkynes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n-2): Alk yne s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n-2 ) physical properties: boiling points slightly higher than that of alkanes and alkenes specific gravity higher in comparision to alkenes the triple bond = 1 and 2 bonds it is shorter than the double bond the reactivity of the triple bond is similar to that of the double bond of alkenes (addition reactions) ethyne (= acetylene ): all four atoms in a stright lineAromatic hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons benzene liquid of pleasant odour narcotic effect can damage the bone marrow (it can give rise to leukemia) toluene and xylenes narcotic and irritant effect less dangerous than benzeneAromatic hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons biphenyl suspected from cancerogenesis naphtalene irritant effect (skin, mucosa) causes methemoglobinemia and the kidney damage benzo(a)pyrenes cancerogenic effectHalogene Derivatives: Halogene Derivatives majority of gas or liquid halogene derivatives : narcotic effect irritate skin and mucosa some can cause liver and nervous system damage solvents (CCl 4 , CCl 3 CH 3 , CCl 2 =CCl 2 ) cooling media (CH 3 Cl, freons, e.g. CCl 2 F 2 ) fire-extinguishing agents (CCl 4 , CBrF 3 ,...) insecticides (DDT, C 6 H 6 Cl 6 )Halogene Derivatives: Halogene Derivatives monomers CF 2 =CF 2 , CH 2 =CHCl, chloroprene: CH 2 =CH(Cl)CH=CH 2 anesthetics (Halothane: CF 3 CHClBr) formerly used in the medicine : bromoform (in cough sirups), iodoform (desinfectant) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)Important common (trivial) names - add structural formulas -: Important common (trivial) names - add structural formulas - ethene = ethylene ethyne = acetylene trichloromethane = chloroform chloroethene = vinylchloride 2-methylbut-1,3-diene = isoprene methylbenzene = toluene dimethylbenzenes = xylenes vinylbenzene = styrene MEMORIZE THESE NAMES You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Premium member Presentation Transcript Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons Vladimíra KvasnicováAlkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) main natural source: natural gase (up to 97% of methane; ethane, propane, CO 2 , N 2 ) petroleum (mixture of aliphatic, alicyclic, and polycyclic hydrocarbons C 1 -C 50 ; the composition varies with its location)Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) fractions of petroleum : gas (C1-C4) ~ cooking gas petroleum ether (C5-C6) ~ solvent for org. chemicals gasoline (C6-C12) ~ automobile fuel kerosene (C11-C16) ~ rocket and jet fuel fuel oil (C14-C18) ~ domestic heating lubricating oil (C15-C24) ~ lubricants for automobiles and machinesAlkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) methane ethane hexane 3-methylpenthane ! Alkanes are not planar !Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) physical properties: not soluble in water (= hydrophobic) non polar bonds (similar electronegativity of C and H) densities between 0.6 and 0.8 g/cm 3 (= less than water) colorless, tasteless, nearly odorless boiling points increase with increasing MW, and decrease with branching (C1-C4 are gases) volatility decreases with molar weight (MW) narcotic and irritant effects increase with MW (! C5-C9)Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) alkanes and the human body: inhalation of alkane vapors (e.g. gasoline) causes severe damage to the lung tissue (it dissolves cellular membranes) liquid alkanes can also harm the skin : long-term contact between low MW alkanes and skin remove skin oils and can cause soreness and blisters high MW alkanes can be used to protect the skin : mixtures of C 20 -C 30 alkanes are used in skin and hair lotions to replace natural oils mineral oil purified mixture has been used as a laxativeAlkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) reactivity: not very reactive („paraffins“ ~ parum affinis = little activity) simple (sigma, ) bonds: C-C bonding electrons tightly held between carbons, not readily available to other substances C-H bonds around the carbon skeleton, more susceptible to reactions (usually under extreme conditions)Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2): Alk ane s – saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n+2 ) reactivity: oxidation (combustion) gases of any alkane form explosive mixtures with air exergonic reaction: heat is produced e.g. CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O + energy (192 kcal) halogenation (it is a substitution reaction, replacement) CH 4 + Cl 2 → CH 3 Cl + HCl CH 3 Cl + Cl 2 → CH 2 Cl 2 + HCl .......... → CHCl 3 , CCl 4Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) carbon atoms in a ring (polygon) properties similar to alicyclic hydrocarbons C3 and C4 are higly reactive (ring strain) cyclopropane was used as a narcotics polycyclic (cyclopentano perhydrophenanthrene) is a parent structure of steroids C3, C4, C5 are planar moleculesCycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) C6: many conformations in space (free rotation of C-C; the most stable at room temperature: CHAIR conformation) http://www.chemistry.nmsu.edu/studntres/chem539/answers/chexane_chair.jpg http://cat.middlebury.edu/~chem/chemistry/students/williamson/stewart/chairboat.jpgCycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Cycloalkanes – cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) geometric isomerism = the same sequential arrangement of atoms but different arrangement in space http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Geometric_isomerism trans = E- cis = Z-Alkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) physical properties: not soluble in water (= hydrophobic) nonpolar bonds (similar electronegativity of C and H) low boiling points – lower than alkanes of the same length (C1-C4 are gases) double bond consist of 1 and 1 bond the double bond does not permit free rotation geometric isomerismAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) ethene (= ethylene) is planar http://www.chem.umass.edu/~rday/chem110/ethenepi.gifAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) example of geometric isomers: http://www.gunthersclass.com/24_10.jpgAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) alkenes have higher biological efect than alkanes their narcotic efect and toxicity increase with MW and with other unsaturated bonds 2 double bonds: ALKA DI ENS 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene = isopreneAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) reactivity: the double bond is responsible for their reactivity oxidation - -bond is attacked by oxidizing agents CH 3 - CH=CH -CH 3 → CH 3 - CH(OH)-CH(OH) -CH 3 (e.g. by KMnO 4 ) reduction = hydrogenation = saturation of the molecule by hydrogen CH 3 - CH=CH -CH 3 → CH 3 - CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 (by H 2 + Pt)Alkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) reactivity: addition reaction = two substances join together to form a compound containing all atoms present in the original substances the double bond is transformed to the single bond, substituents are added CH 2 = CH 2 + Br 2 → Br -CH 2 - CH 2 - Br = halogenation CH 2 = CH 2 + HCl → CH 3 - CH 2 - Cl = halogenation CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O → CH 3 - CH 2 - OH = hydrationAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) ! Markovnikov´s rule ! for unsymmetrical reagents „HX“ „ hydrogen atom of the reagent HX binds to the unsaturated carbon that has the greater number of dirrectly bonded hydrogen atoms“ http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/propenehcl.gifAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) polymerization „polymers“ are high molecular weight molecules made from thousands of repeating units, which are low molecular weight molecules („monomers“) it is a multiple addition reaction of alkenes e.g. n CH 2 =CH 2 → (-CH 2 -CH 2 -) n properties of polymers depend on the monomer used and MW of the productAlkenes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n): Alk ene s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n ) polymerization - examples of polymers: polyethylene (PE) polyvinylchloride (PVC) polypropylene (PP) polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) polystyrene (PS) polymethylmetacrylate (Plexiglas)Alkynes – unsaturated hydrocarbons (CnH2n-2): Alk yne s – unsaturated hydrocarbons (C n H 2n-2 ) physical properties: boiling points slightly higher than that of alkanes and alkenes specific gravity higher in comparision to alkenes the triple bond = 1 and 2 bonds it is shorter than the double bond the reactivity of the triple bond is similar to that of the double bond of alkenes (addition reactions) ethyne (= acetylene ): all four atoms in a stright lineAromatic hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons benzene liquid of pleasant odour narcotic effect can damage the bone marrow (it can give rise to leukemia) toluene and xylenes narcotic and irritant effect less dangerous than benzeneAromatic hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons biphenyl suspected from cancerogenesis naphtalene irritant effect (skin, mucosa) causes methemoglobinemia and the kidney damage benzo(a)pyrenes cancerogenic effectHalogene Derivatives: Halogene Derivatives majority of gas or liquid halogene derivatives : narcotic effect irritate skin and mucosa some can cause liver and nervous system damage solvents (CCl 4 , CCl 3 CH 3 , CCl 2 =CCl 2 ) cooling media (CH 3 Cl, freons, e.g. CCl 2 F 2 ) fire-extinguishing agents (CCl 4 , CBrF 3 ,...) insecticides (DDT, C 6 H 6 Cl 6 )Halogene Derivatives: Halogene Derivatives monomers CF 2 =CF 2 , CH 2 =CHCl, chloroprene: CH 2 =CH(Cl)CH=CH 2 anesthetics (Halothane: CF 3 CHClBr) formerly used in the medicine : bromoform (in cough sirups), iodoform (desinfectant) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)Important common (trivial) names - add structural formulas -: Important common (trivial) names - add structural formulas - ethene = ethylene ethyne = acetylene trichloromethane = chloroform chloroethene = vinylchloride 2-methylbut-1,3-diene = isoprene methylbenzene = toluene dimethylbenzenes = xylenes vinylbenzene = styrene MEMORIZE THESE NAMES