Paraplegia

Paraplegia: 

Paraplegia By Ujay Kothari. Yash Vaidya. Brijesh Chaudhari. Chinmaee Yerunkar. Pooja Shukla.

What is paraplegia..?: 

What is paraplegia..? Paraplegia is the term used to describe the body's loss of movement and/or feeling as a result of damage or trauma to the nervous system. Paraplegia describes paralysis only on the lower half of the body. In patients who suffer from paralysis of the entire body, including arms, the condition is called ” Quadriplegia ” . The condition involves complete or partial paralysis of the legs and/or the trunk of the body, but not the arms. The location of the paralysis and the extent of the paralysis depend on location of the damage to the nervous system.

What causes paraplegia..?: 

What causes paraplegia..? Injury to the nervous system is the most common cause of paraplegia . Common injuries and other causes include: Broken neck Broken back Spinal cord injury Genetic disorder Tumor Stroke

What is stroke.??: 

What is stroke.?? Stroke is a brain injury. It occurs when the brain's blood supply is interrupted. Without oxygen and nutrients from blood, brain tissue dies quickly (less than 10 minutes). This causes a sudden function loss.

What Causes stroke.??: 

What Causes stroke.?? A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked or sudden decrease in blood flow to the brain due to: Cancer Pregnancy Atrial fibrillation Two types of stroke: a) hemorrhagic stroke. b) Ischemic Stroke .

Symptoms: 

Symptoms Symptoms will depend on how much of the spinal cord is involved. Symptoms include: Loss of movement or muscle control in the legs, feet, toes, or trunk. Loss of sensation in the legs, feet, toes, or trunk. Tingling in the legs, feet, toes, or trunk. Loss Of bladder control. Sexual dysfunction.

Complications of paraplegia: 

Complications of paraplegia Complications of paraplegia include: Skin care issues Loss of bladder control Loss of bowel control Loss of sensory function Loss of motor function

Types of paraplegia : 

Types of paraplegia There are Four types of paraplegia, They are as follows: 1) Hemiplegia. 2) Quadriplegia. 3) Monoplegia. 4) Diplegia.

1.Hemiplegia : 

1.Hemiplegia The main cause of hemiplegia is brain damage as the result of disrupted blood flow. This can occur at birth, or may occur after birth as a result of stroke and traumatic brain injury. If the person experiences injury on the right side of the brain, then the left side of the body will be affected. If the person experiences injury on the left side of the brain, then the right side of the brain will be affected.

Types of hemiplegia : 

Types of hemiplegia The types of the hemiplegia are as follows: Facial hemiplegia— Paralysis occurs on one side of the face. Cerebral hemiplegia— A brain lesion disrupts the flow of blood to the brain. Spastic hemiplegia— Characterized by paralysis and spastic movements on the affected side. Spinal hemiplegia— Caused by lesions that have formed on the spine.

2.Quadriplegia: 

2.Quadriplegia Paralysis can be either partial or complete. Paralysis of both the arms and legs has been traditionally been called quadriplegia. Quad comes from the Latin for four and plegia comes from the Greek for inability to move . Also called as Tetraplegia.

Causes of Quadriplegia : 

Causes of Quadriplegia The primary cause of quadriplegia is a spinal cord injury, but other conditions such as strokes can cause a similar appearing paralysis

Complications of quadriplegia : 

Complications of quadriplegia Loss of bladder and bowel control. Blood clots. When you have quadriplegia, your blood circulation slows down since you are immobile. Respiratory problems. The nerve signals to you chest and diaphragm may be weakened or distorted by a spinal cord injury, making breathing on your own difficult or impossible. If your diaphragm is wholly paralyzed, you will be placed on a ventilator. A special pacemaker is sometimes used to simulate the diaphragm’s nerves and allow the patient to breath without a ventilator.

3.Monoplegia : 

3.Monoplegia Monoplegia is the paralysis of one limb, quite frequently an arm. Causes of monoplegia are as follows: Stroke. Brain tumor. Motor neuron disease. Nerve inflammation.

4.Diplegia : 

4.Diplegia Diplegia is a term used to describe paralysis of like parts on both sides of the body, such as both legs or both arms. Causes of diplegia are as follows: Stroke Tumor Trauma Metabolic disorder Neurodegenerative disease Spinal Cord Injury

Diagnosing of Paraplegia: 

Diagnosing of Paraplegia Most often, neurosurgeons, orthopedists and neurologists are involved in diagnosis after a paralytic injury has occurred. Tests may include the following: CT scan -a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the body, in this case the head or spine MRI scan -a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the body, in this case the head or spine Myelography -a type of x-ray that uses an injection of a contrast medium to view the spinal cord Blood tests, including complete blood count (CBC)

Treatment for paraplegia : 

Treatment for paraplegia If an injury has been sustained that causes paraplegia, emergency medical treatment is needed to prevent further damage to the nervous system. A doctor will determine what therapies are needed to prevent additional injury and maximize recovery. Steroids may be used to minimize the swelling of the spinal cord if it has been injured. Surgery may be performed to help stabilize the spine. If a tumor is causing compression of the spinal cord surgery to remove it may be of benefit. Radiation therapy is another possible treatment which may be considered.

Treatment for paraplegia: 

Treatment for paraplegia The way paraplegia is initially treated at the scene of the injury is to prevent any further and possibly permanent injury to the spinal cord. Any pressure on the spine or the brain needs to be removed. Regaining the proper shape of the spine through surgery is another goal of treatment.

Treatment for paraplegia: 

Treatment for paraplegia Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment at this time to reverse paraplegia. To prevent blood clots, the patient is given special stockings to wear on the legs. A blood clot is a thick mass of blood. Tight bandages on the belly (known as abdominal binders) and special stockings help the person with paraplegia adjust from the move from a bed to a wheelchair.

Improvised Treatment: 

Improvised Treatment Stem cells could be used to repair and regrow spinal cord nerve cells, to treate the paraplegia. Rex, an acronym for “robotic exoskeleton”, supports standing up, walking, moving sideways and climbing up and down stairs or ramps. 38-kg Rex incorporates an easy joystick control and has to be custom made for each user. The battery can be expected to last a day before the need for recharging.

Prevention and control of Paraplegia : 

Prevention and control of Paraplegia Paraplegia is most often caused by injury or accident, the chance of injury resulting in paraplegia may be lessened by paying careful attention to environmental factors. Using safety equipment when playing sports and wearing seatbelts when driving will help reduce the chance that an accident will cause serious injury. Avoidance of risk taking activities, such driving while under the influence or driving when tired, will also reduce the likelihood of accidents that can cause paraplegia.

ARE THERE LIFE THREATENING CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PARAPLEGIA?: 

ARE THERE LIFE THREATENING CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PARAPLEGIA ? Unfortunately, the answer to this question is yes. For people with paraplegia, a life threatening condition can be caused by interruptions between the connections of the spine to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is a system that generally excites the body by doing things such as increasing both the heart rate and blood pressure. The parasympathetic nervous system is a system that generally calms the body down by doing things such as decreasing both the heart rate and blood pressure.

WHAT IS THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PEOPLE WITH PARAPLEGIA?: 

WHAT IS THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PEOPLE WITH PARAPLEGIA? The following are average life expectancies for people who have survived a spinal cord injury after 24 hours: For people who develop paraplegia at age 20, the average life expectancy is 45 years. For people who develop paraplegia at age 40, the average life expectancy is 28 years. For people who develop paraplegia at age 60, the average life expectancy is 13 years.

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