INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

What is the meaning of word Physiology? : 

What is the meaning of word Physiology? Ancient Greek : physis , "nature, origin"; -logia , "study of“ . ology - branch of learning

Definition: 

Definition Physiology :- biological sciences -deals with the study of body functions , which r -biochemical -physical -mechanical

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4 Human physiology : basic science dealing with normal life phenomena of the human body.

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5 Why do we study Physiology ? 3. Understand the physiologic principle underlie normal function in order to cure the impairments. Goal of physiology : 1.Explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the original development 2. Progression of life.

Human Physiology- IS BASE FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES: 

6 Human Physiology- IS BASE FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES e.g. GENOMICS Pathophysiology Pharmacology Immunology Biochemistry Microbiology Medicine

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Physiology is the Basis of Medicine It- -tries to correct dysfunction -or minimize its effects - trying to restore system towards normal homeostatic setpoint -need to understand physiological Parameters that can be manipulated

Anatomy & Physiology: inseparable & complementary : 

Anatomy & Physiology: inseparable & complementary are complementary with each other. Structure determines function and function determines certain structure. Ex: The structure of lung cannot secrete urine, like kidneys.

Maintenance of Life: 

9 Life depends on five ( 5)environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure Maintenance of Life

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10 1. Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature PROPERTIES OF WATER 1.-LIQUID AT ORDINARY TEMP; 2-LARGE HEAT OF FUSION 3.-LARGE HEAT OF CAPACITY 4. -LAGRE.HEAT OF VAPORIZATION 5.-MAXIMUM DENSITY AT 4% CENTRIGADE -LARGE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT HENCE THE FACTOR REDUCE ELECTRISTATIC FORCES 80 TIMES AND MAKES IT A SUPERB SOLVENT FOR IONIC COMPO UNDS Requirements of HUMANS

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11 Oxygen ( gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients HEAT CONTROLS rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing 2. Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw material s

Life: 

Life Characteristics of life Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion

To know Science of body functions- answer : 

To know Science of body functions- answer 1 . Teleological – the why, explains purpose of a physiological process Example: shivering Teleological - shivering elevates a low body temperature 2.Mechanistic – the how, explained in terms of cause and effect of physiological process Mechanistic - when body temperature drops below normal, a reflex pathway causes involuntary oscillating skeletal muscle contractions which produce heat

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Distinguish between Process & Function Integrate both for complete picture ! How do we breathe? How does blood flow? How do RBCs transport O 2 ? Why do we breathe? Why does blood flow? Why do RBC transport O 2 ?

History : 

History 1. Physiology dates back to at least 420 B.C. and the time of Hippocrates the father of medicine . 2. Aristotle , - on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology 3. Galen ( 126-199 A.D.) was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology

During the Middle Ages, were further developed by Muslim physicians, Avicenna (980-1037), who introduced experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology in The Canon of Medicine: 

During the Middle Ages , were further developed by Muslim physicians , Avicenna (980-1037), who introduced experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology in The Canon of Medicine Many of the ancient physiological doctrines were eventually discredited by Ibn al- Nafis (1213–1288), who was the first physician to correctly describe the 1. anatomy of the heart , the coronary circulation , 2.structure of the lungs , + pulmonary circulation , for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology 3. aeration of the blood , 4.the cause of pulsation , concept of capillary circulation

] Anatomist Vesalius +William Harvey described the circulatory system in the 17th century,[9] demonstrating the: 

] Anatomist Vesalius + William Harvey described the circulatory system in the 17th century, [9] demonstrating the Herman Boerhaave father of physiology who first time used thr term (1708) In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in 1838 with the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann , which radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. In 1858, Rudolph Virchow hypothesized that cells divide to form new cells. Claude Bernard 's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as " homeostasis " by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871–1945

Nobel Prize Medal : 

Nobel Prize Medal The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 100 times to 195 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2009.

Name 3 individuals whose work in Physiology as been forever noted in history : 

Aristotle : began thinking critically about the relationship between structure and function, which marks the beginning of the discipline of physiology. 2.Ibn al- Nafis : first correctly described the human circulatory system and gas exchange in the lungs. 3.Walter Cannon: was the first to propose Homeostasis. Name 3 individuals whose work in Physiology as been forever noted in history

Major Branches of Physiology: 

Major Branches of Physiology Comparative Physiology Environmental Physiology Evolutionary Physiology Developmental Physiology /Stem- cell Molecular Cell Physiology PHYSIOLOGICAL GENOMICS/CLONING

classification: 

c lassification 1.GENERAL 2.SYSTEMIC 3.APPLIED 4.CLINICAL

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Looking at Cells Microscopes 1673-Anton von Leeuwenhoek

2 Cell Types: 

2 Cell Types Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles are called prokaryotic Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called eukaryotic

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Cell Theory The 4 main ideas of the cell theory are: (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells . 2.The cell is the basic unit of all living things . 3.Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell 4.(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow All cells come from existing cells .

Cell: 

Cell -is a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life. -is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. -r important because they are organized structures that help living things carry on the activities of life. All living things are composed of 1 or > all cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation) Some organisms are made up of only one cell; others are made up of trillions of cells .

Benefits of Being Multi-cellular: 

Benefits of Being Multi-cellular - not just mixed-up collections 1. Cells are organized into systems that, together, perform functions that keep the organism healthy and alive. 2. Larger organisms are prey for fewer predators . 3. Larger predators can eat a wider variety of prey. 4.The life span of a multi-cellular organism is not limited to the life span of a single cell . 5.Specialization makes the organism more efficient.

Comparing Cells: 

Comparing Cells A nerve cell in your leg could be a meter long. A human egg cell is no bigger than the dot on an i . A human red blood cell is about one-tenth the size of a human egg cell. A bacterium is even smaller—8,000 of the smallest bacteria can fit inside one of your red blood cells In an organism with many cells, different kinds of cells perform specialized functions and work together as a team.

Levels of Organization: 

Levels of Organization Here are the levels from lowest to highest complexity : Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

RESEARCH Levels of Structural Organization: 

R ESEARCH Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Level: interaction of atoms Cell Level: functional unit of life Tissu e Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together Organism Level: any living thing.

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33 Organization of the human body Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organisms (Human body) Different Level of Physiological Research

Levels of Organization: 

Levels of Organization Chemical All of the cells in a human are eukaryotic Chemical

Cellular : 

Cellular

TISSUE: 

TISSUE

Connective Tissue: 

Connective Tissue 4 Types of Connective Tissue: Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood

Organs : 

Organs

System Level : 

System Level

Organization of Human Systems : 

Organization of Human Systems 11 Body Systems

1.Integumentary System: 

1.Integumentary System Components skin hair glands Functions protection regulates body temperature eliminates waste vitamin D sensations

2.The Skeletal System : 

2.The Skeletal System Components Bones Joints Cartilage Functions Support Protection Body movement Produces blood cells Stores minerals & fats

3.The Muscular System : 

3.The Muscular System Components skeletal muscles Functions body movement posture generates heat

4.The Nervous System : 

4.The Nervous System Components brain spinal cord nerves special sense organs Functions action potentials (nerve impulses) detects, interprets, and responds to changes in environment

The Endocrine System : 

The Endocrine System Components hormone-producing glands and cells Functions regulates body activities

The Cardiovascular System : 

The Cardiovascular System Components blood heart blood vessels Functions pumps blood carries O 2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away regulates temperature, acid-base balance, and H 2 O

The Lymphatics and Immune System : 

The Lymphatics and Immune System Components lymph fluid & vessels spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils Functions transports dietary lipids protection

The Respiratory System : 

The Respiratory System Components lungs pharynx larynx trachea bronchial tree Functions exchange of gases acid-base balance sound production

The Digestive System: 

The Digestive System Components mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas Functions breakdown of food absorption of food eliminates wastes

The Urinary System : 

The Urinary System Components kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra Functions eliminates waste regulates blood composition & volume acid-base balance

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Role of Most Organ Systems Relates to Extracellular Fluid 1) The extracellular fluid (blood) brings metabolic substrates and removes waste products. 2) Need to maintain the flow (blood pressure) and composition of the extracellular fluid so that it comes into contact with each cell in the body.

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52 The integration between systems of the body

The Reproductive System : 

The Reproductive System Components ovaries testes associated structures Functions produce gametes hormone regulation of reproduction

Basic Cell Functions: 

Basic Cell Functions Reproduction Exception - nerve cells and muscle cells lose their ability to reproduce during their early development Sensing and responding to changes in surrounding environment Control exchange of materials between cell and its surrounding environment

Homeostasis: 

Homeostasis

The environment, where the cells live. It is “salty water : 

The environment, where the cells live. It is “salty water Unicellular Organism Multicellular Organism The cell has direct contact with the externalenvironment . The cell cannot change the exterior. The cell does not have direct contact with the external environment . The cell have direct contact with the INTERNAL ENVIRONMET.(= extracellular fluid)

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Requirements for Survival of Unicellular Organism 2) Export wastes Import metabolic substrates 3) Maintain cell volume 4) Energy generation 5) Build and degrade proteins, nucleic acids, etc. 6) Reproduce Extracellular Intracellular Cell Membrane

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Multicellular Organisms a Fundamental Problem Cells with relatively free access to ocean for uptake of metabolic substrates and export of wastes 2 Classes of cells in multicellular organism Cells with limited access to ocean SOLUTION : 1) Create a personal ocean/extracellular fluid. 2) Circulate the extracellular fluid so that it comes in contact all cells. 3) Need to maintain composition and volume of this fluid.

Scientific Method: 

Scientific Method Formulate hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis. Analyze results. Draw conclusion.