depreciation ppt 3

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1 Depreciation Methods

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Fixed Assets and Depreciation Learning objectives: Definition of depreciation Causes of depreciation Factors that affect the calculation of depreciation Methods of depreciation

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Fixed Assets and Depreciation Introduction: You are familiar with the distinction between fixed and current assets, a fixed asset being one bought for ongoing use in the business. Fixed assets are held and used by a business for a number of years, but they wear out or lose their usefulness over time. Every tangible fixed asset has a limited life. The only exception is land held freehold or on a very long leasehold. The accounts of a business recognize that the cost of a fixed asset is consumed as the asset wears out, . For example, a machine costs £1,000 and is expected to wear out after ten years. We can reduce the balance sheet value by £100 each year. This process is known as ‘ depreciation ’.

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4 Depreciation is an expense based on the expectation that an asset will gradually decline in usefulness due to time, wear and tear, or obsolescence. Depreciation The cost is spread out over its estimated useful life in the form of an expense given various depreciation methods.

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Definition of Depreciation Question: What is ‘depreciation’? Answers: ‘Depreciation’ mtay be defined as the reduction in value or the effec tive economic life of an asset arising from the .-Passage of time -Use or abuse -Wear and tear -Influence of the elements -stoppage of demand for use As a fixed asset has a life of over 1 year and is expected to produce revenue over a number of years, it is important to spread the cost of the fixed asset over these years.

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Definition of Depreciation Question: Why do we have to include depreciation in the balance sheet and profit and loss account? Answers: The depreciation charge in the profit and loss account represents a cost of expense and can be viewed as the cost of using the fixed asset over the period that the profit and loss account covers. This follows the matching concept which requires that revenues are matched with expenses in the year they are incurred.

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You can depreciate property only if it meets the following requirements: It is used in business or held for the production of income. It must be expected to last for more than one year. In other words, it must have a useful life that extends substantially beyond the year it was placed in service. It is property that wears out, decays, gets used up, becomes obsolete, or looses value from natural causes. Depreciable property can be either tangible or intangible What can be depreciated?

Tangible Depreciable Property: 

Tangible Depreciable Property Purchased property you can see or touch Livestock (purchased) Machinery Buildings and improvements, fences Dams, ponds, or terraces Irrigation systems and water wells Partial business use You can claim depreciation on the part of a vehicle used in the business (ex - 1/2 business value of a truck)

Intangible Depreciable Property: 

Intangible Depreciable Property Purchased property that has value that you cannot readily see or touch Computer Software Copyrights, patents, etc

What cannot be depreciated?: 

What cannot be depreciated? Property placed into service and disposed of in the same year. Land (land can never be depreciated) Inventory You cannot depreciate property held for resale in the normal course of business Leased property The value of the lease is already showing up as a rental expense Raised Market Livestock (Because there is no cost to recover)

When depreciation begins & ends?: 

When depreciation begins & ends? Begins When you “place the property in service”. When it is ready and available for a specific use in the business Example When it was bought for the business Ends When the cost of the item has been recovered or when it is retired from service, whichever happens first Example When it is sold or is not longer useable

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Causes of Depreciation Question: What are the causes of depreciation? Answers: Fixed assets are those assets bought by the company for the intention to be used for a long period of time. Fixed assets are said to depreciate over a period of time due to the following factors: 1) Physical deterioration i) Wear and tear – When a motor vehicle or machinery or fixtures and fittings are used, they eventually wear out. Some last many years, others last only a few year. ii) Erosion, rust, rot and decay – Land may be eroded or wasted away by the action of wind, rain, sun and other elements of nature. Similarly, the metals in motor vehicles or machinery will rust away.

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Causes of Depreciation Economic factors i) Obsolescence – This is the process of becoming out of date. For instance, replacing a computer with old operating system with a new computer with XP system. ii) Inadequacy – This arises when an asset is no longer used because of the growth and changes in the size of the firm. For instance, a small ferryboat that is operated by a firm at a coastal resort will become entirely inadequate when the resort becomes more popular, to be more efficient and economical, the firm may replace it with a large ferryboat.

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Causes of Depreciation The time factor (the effluxion of time) Some assets might have a legal life fixed in terms of years. For example, the patents, and leasehold. You may agree to rent some buildings for 10 years. This is normally called a lease. When the years are finished, the lease is worth nothing to you, as it has finished. Whatever you paid for the lease is now of no value. Depletion Other assets are of wasting character, perhaps due to the extraction of raw materials from them. These materials are then either used by the firm to make something else, or are sold in their raw state to other firms. Natural resources such as mines, quarries and oil wells come under this heading.

Causes of depreciation: 

Causes of depreciation Custom or usage With some types of fixed assets for example cars and other vehicles ,there are customs which have been established,on the rate of wear and tear normally expected every year Abnormal occurences Accidents Defects in materials Excessive wear and tear Contingent occurences

Causes of depreciation: 

Causes of depreciation Technological developments New equipments superceding the existing ones eg:calculators replacing abacus Change in manufacturing methods obsolecscence

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Factors that affect the calculation of Depreciation Question: What are the factors that affect the calculation of depreciation? Answers: 1) Cost of asset (include expenses and capital expenditure incurred eg. The installation fees, the legal fees) 2) Estimated useful life of asset This is the number of years that the asset is expected to be used) 3) Residual or scrap value of the asset This is the value of the asset at the end of its life. 4) Method of calculating depreciation

methods: 

methods Straight line method Reducing balance method Production based method -per unit and per hour Repair provisionmethod Annuity method Sinking fund method Endowment policy method Revaluation method Sum of the digits method

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Methods of Depreciation a) Straight-line method (using equation) Straight-line method of depreciation is based on the cost of an asset that is then depreciated, by the same amount, over the estimated useful life of the asset. Cost – Estimated Disposal Value Depreciation per annum = Expected useful life Example 1: ABC Ltd. Bought a machine at a cost of £80,000. The machine has an expected useful life of 5 years and at the end of the 5 th year, it can be sold for £10,000. Depreciation per annum =

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Ch 5: Methods of Depreciation Straight-line method (continues) Depreciation for 5 years would be: Cost Annual Depreciation Provision for Depreciation NBV Date of purchase 80,000 80,000 End of 1 st year 80,000 14,000 14,000 66,000 End of 2 cd year 80,000 14,000 28,000 52,000 End of 3 rd year 80,000 14,000 42,000 38,000 End of 4 th year 80,000 14,000 56,000 24,000 End of 5 th year 80,000 14,000 70,000 10,000

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Ch 5: Methods of Depreciation The depreciation expense can also be calculated by writing off a fixed percentage of cost of the asset. Straight-line method (using fixed percentage of cost of asset) Example 2: ABC Ltd. Bought a machine at a cost of £80,000. The depreciation is to be charged at a 20% per annum on cost. Depreciation per annum = £80,000 x 20% = £16,000 per year

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Ch 5: Methods of Depreciation b) Reducing balance method Depreciation is calculated on a fixed percentage on the Diminishing Balance of the Asset (the NBV). This results in a higher depreciation charge in the earlier years of the asset’s estimated useful life. Example 3: A machine costs £50,000 is to be depreciated at 15% on Reducing Balance Method. Cost Annual Depreciation Provision for Depreciation NBV Date of purchase 50,000 0 - 50,000 End of 1 st year 50,000 50,000 x 15% = 7,500 7,500 42,500 End of 2 cd year 50,000 42,500 x 15% = 6,375 13,875 36,125 End of 3 rd year 50,000 36,125 x 15% = 5,419 19,294 30,706 End of 4 th year 50,000 30,706 x 15% = 4,606 23,900 26,100 End of 5 th year 50,000 26,100 x 15% = 3,915 27,815 22,185

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Ch 5: Methods of Depreciation b) Reducing balance method Advantages of using reducing balance method: 1) Appropriate for assets which lose value quickly in the early year. 2) Appropriate for assets which become outdated/obsolete Disadvantages: 1) Asset is never completed written off 2) For assets which have a short life, the percentage used to calculate depreciation is very large.

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Ch 5: Double entry records for depreciation and the disposal of fixed assets The ledger accounting entries for depreciation: Step 1: Dr Depreciation Expense (Profit and Loss) Cr Provision for Depreciation (Balance Sheet) Step 2: Dr Profit and Loss Cr Depreciation Expense

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Ch 5: Double entry records for depreciation and the disposal of fixed assets Using the answers in Example 3, write up the depreciation expenses and provision for depreciation accounts for 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. Also, records the provision for depreciation in the Balance Sheet.

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Ch 5: Double entry records for depreciation and the disposal of fixed assets The Disposal of an Asset Reason for accounting entries: Upon the sale of an asset, we will want to delete it from our accounts. This means that the cost of that asset needs to be taken out of the asset account. In addition, the depreciation of the asset which has been sold will have to be taken out from the provision for depreciation. Finally, the profit and loss on sale, if any, will have to be calculated.

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Ch 5: Double entry records for depreciation and the disposal of fixed assets The Disposal of an Asset: The accounting entries needed On the sale of a fixed asset, for instance machinery, the following entries are needed: A) Transfer the cost price of the asset sold to an assets disposal account: Dr Machinery disposals A/C Cr Machinery A/C B) Transfer the depreciation already charged to the assets disposals account: Dr Provision for Depreciation A/C Cr Machinery disposals A/C

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Ch 5: Double entry records for depreciation and the disposal of fixed assets C) For remittance received on disposal: Dr Cash A/C Cr Machinery disposals A/C D) Transfer difference to the profit and loss account. If the machinery disposals account shows a credit balance , it is a profit on sale : Dr Machinery disposals A/C Cr Profit and loss A/C If the machinery disposals account shows a debit balance , it is a loss on sale : Dr Profit and loss A/C Cr Machinery disposals A/C

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Ch 5: Double entry records for depreciation and the disposal of fixed assets Example 4: In a business with financial years ended 31 December, a machine is bought for £2,000 on 1 January 1995. It is to be depreciated at the rate of 20% using the reducing balance method. The company has decided to sell the machine for £1,070 on 2 January 1998. Required: Show the following ledger accounts for the year ended 31 December 1998: i) Machinery A/C ii) Cash A/C iii) Provision for Machinery A/C iv) Disposals on Machinery A/C

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Ch 5: Double entry records for depreciation and the disposal of fixed assets Example 5: In a business with financial years ended 31 December, a machine is bought for £2,000 on 1 January 1995. It is to be depreciated at the rate of 20% using the reducing balance method. The company has decided to sell the machine for £950 on 2 January 1998. Required: Show the following ledger accounts for the year ended 31 December 1998: i) Machinery A/C ii) Cash A/C iii) Provision for Machinery A/C iv) Disposals on Machinery A/C

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Exercise 1 The financial year of Lu Ltd. ends on 31 December. On 1 January 2002, the following balances are in its Ledger Accounts that relate to fixed assets: Fixed Assets at cost £ Machinery 650,000 Equipments 320,000 Provision for depreciation £ Machinery 140,000 Equipments 72,000 The company adopts the following policies for the depreciation of its assets: i) The reducing balance method of depreciation is used to depreciate the machinery. A rate of 10% per annum is used. ii) The straight-line method of depreciation is used to depreciation the equipments at a rate of 10% per annum. iii) When fixed assets are purchased in the first half of a financial year, a full year’s depreciation is charged. When fixed assets are purchased in the second half of a financial year, a half-year’s depreciation is charged. v) Depreciation is not charged on assets in the year in which they are sold. During the year 2002, the following transactions took place in relation to the company’s fixed assets: Purchases on credit: 10 February Machinery £50,000 29 September Equipments £6,000 Sales On 15 August, a machine was sold for £14,000 and the proceeds were received by cheque. The machine had been purchased on 12 October 2002 for £15,000. Required: Prepare the following Ledger Accounts for the year ended 31 December 2002: i) Machinery Equipment Provision for depreciation of machinery Provision for depreciation of equipment Disposals on machinery a)