Stress and Disease

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Stress and Disease : 

Stress and Disease

Hans Selye: Father of Stress Research : 

Hans Selye: Father of Stress Research Austrian-born, Canadian physician Injected ovarian extracts into rats attempting to identify new sex hormone Discovered triad of stress effects

Stress Effects Triad : 

Stress Effects Triad Enlargement of Adrenal Cortex Atrophy of thymus, other lymphatics Bleeding ulcers of stomach, duodenum

Stress : 

Stress Non-specific state of physical and psychological arousal to stressor

Stressor : 

Stressor Any stimulus that triggers stress response

General Adaptation Syndrome : 

General Adaptation Syndrome ALARM RESISTANCE ADAPTATION

General Adaptation Syndrome : 

DISEASE General Adaptation Syndrome ALARM RESISTANCE EXHAUSTION

Homeostasis : 

Homeostasis Dynamic Steady State

Slide 9: 

Stressor Central Nervous System Psychological Response Hypothalamus Sympathetic Nervous System Anterior Pituitary Adrenal Cortex SNS Neurons Adrenal Medulla Immune System CRF ACTH Norepi Norepi Epi Cortisol

Slide 10: 

CNS Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Adrenal Cortex Immune System CRF ACTH Cortisol + + Macrophages - + Cytokines

Stress Response : 

Stress Response Psychoneuroimmunologic

Alpha-Beta Effects : 

Alpha-Beta Effects

Catecholamine Effects : 

Catecholamine Effects Brain Increased blood flow Increased glucose metabolism Cardiovascular System Increased heart rate, force of contraction Peripheral vasoconstriction Central vasodilation

Catecholamine Effects : 

Catecholamine Effects Respiratory System Bronchodilation Decreased work of breathing Increased oxygen supply Liver Increased glycogenolysis Increased gluconeogenesis Decreased glycogenesis

Catecholamine Effects : 

Catecholamine Effects Skeletal Muscle Increased glycogenolysis Increased dilation of blood vessels Adipose Tissue Increased lipolysis Increased fatty acids, glycerol

Catecholamine Effects : 

Catecholamine Effects Skin Decreased blood flow GI, GU Tracts Decreased blood flow Decreased protein synthesis

Catecholamine Effects : 

Catecholamine Effects Skeleton Decreased glucose uptake, use Lymphoid Tissue Increased protein breakdown

Cortisol Effects : 

Cortisol Effects Carbohydrate Metabolism Increased gluconeogenesis Decreased peripheral glucose uptake Increased blood glucose levels

Cortisol Effects : 

Cortisol Effects Protein Metabolism Increased protein breakdown in muscle, lymphoid tissue, muscle, skin, bone Increased blood amino acid levels Decreased immunoglobulin levels Increased synthesis of clotting factors, plasma proteins in liver

Cortisol Effects : 

Cortisol Effects Lipid Metabolism Increased lipolysis in extremities Lipogenesis in face, trunk

Cortisol Effects : 

Cortisol Effects Antinflammatory Effects Decreased immunoglobulin production Decreased lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils Decreased interleukin production Decreased cell-mediated immunity Decreased inflammatory response

Cortisol Effects : 

Cortisol Effects GI Tract Increased secretions Connective Tissue Decreased fibroblast proliferation Bone Decreased bone formation

Other Hormones : 

Other Hormones Beta-endorphins, increase = Decreased pain sensitivity; increased sense of well-being Growth hormone, increase = Increased utilization of protein, lipid, carbohydrate Testosterone, decrease Prolactin, increase

Stress Response: Up Side : 

Stress Response: Up Side Elevated blood glucose, lipids, amino acids Elevated blood oxygen Shifting of blood flow to heart, lungs, brain, skeletal muscles Shifting of blood flow away from skin, gut, kidney

Stress Response: Down Side : 

Stress Response: Down Side Elevated blood glucose = hyperglycemia, diuresis Elevated blood lipids = atherosclerosis Depressed immune response = increased infections, poor healing, allergies, autoimmune diseases Increased GI secretions, decreased motility = ulcers Increased skeletal muscle blood flow, metabolism = tension headaches, back aches Decreased testosterone = impotence Increased CNS metabolism = fatigue, depression, insomnia