Biodiversity Indexing Through PRA techniques

ESTIMATING ICTHIOFAUNAL BIODIVERSITY THROUGH PARTICIPATORY LEARNING ACTION Speaker: Dr S K Acharya Prof. and Head Dept. of Agricultural Extension Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya India acharya09sankar@gmail.com : 

ESTIMATING ICTHIOFAUNAL BIODIVERSITY THROUGH PARTICIPATORY LEARNING ACTION Speaker: Dr S K Acharya Prof. and Head Dept. of Agricultural Extension Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya India acharya09sankar@gmail.com

Part-I In A changing world, thousands of fishes have gone endangered or enticed…… ………With their extinctions, myriad of rural livelihoods are vanishing leaving a disaster in traditional culture and economy too. : 

Part-I In A changing world, thousands of fishes have gone endangered or enticed…… ………With their extinctions, myriad of rural livelihoods are vanishing leaving a disaster in traditional culture and economy too.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fishes exhibit enormous diversity in their morphology, habitats and their biology. Unlike other commonly recognized vertebrate groups, fishes represent a heterogeneous faunal assemblage. Fishes also constitute almost one-fourth of the total number of vertebrates.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

An estimated 21,723 living species compared with 21,450 extant tetrapods have been described from the globe (Nelson, 1984). A total of 28,500 fin fishes have so far been recorded from different parts of the globe of which India shares around 2,200 (Anon., 1998)

PowerPoint Presentation: 

A few decades back, a large no of fish species had once been very common in different water bodies in different ecological conditions all over India. However, due to destruction of habitats, pollution of water, introduction of exotic species, systematic elimination from culture system and over-exploitation; a number of fish species have been depleting steadily from different corners of the world.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Therefore, the situation warrants for identification of fishes and categorization including prioritization of the need based problems. The fish genetic resources which are at an eloping stage will be lost forever in the near future if proper conservation strategies are not worked out on the baseline information with regard to biology and ecology of fishes.

Despite of incredible success of technology revolution in agriculture…..we have the story of unhappiness and agony.: 

Despite of incredible success of technology revolution in agriculture…..we have the story of unhappiness and agony.

The reserve of groundwater is fast dwindling…………. (430 cubic kilometer to 125 cubic kilometer by 2040, at the present rate of depletion): 

The reserve of groundwater is fast dwindling…………. (430 cubic kilometer to 125 cubic kilometer by 2040, at the present rate of depletion)

It is getting increasingly contaminated by heavy metal toxicity.: 

It is getting increasingly contaminated by heavy metal toxicity.

8–9 ton of delicious top soils are getting eroded from each ha. Of land every year to welcome desertification. : 

8–9 ton of delicious top soils are getting eroded from each ha. Of land every year to welcome desertification.

Against 1°c increase in night temperature, a downfall of wheat productivity would be there, 15-20%.: 

Against 1°c increase in night temperature, a downfall of wheat productivity would be there, 15-20%.

The sea is simmering up 3-4 mm every year to swallow 30% of the coastal lines of India(7600 km.).: 

The sea is simmering up 3-4 mm every year to swallow 30% of the coastal lines of India(7600 km.).

And farmers are turning gradually disillusioned(42% of the farmers are ready to quit agricultural occupation).: 

And farmers are turning gradually disillusioned(42% of the farmers are ready to quit agricultural occupation).

How long the 348 million hungry people shall remain quiet and quelling!: 

How long the 348 million hungry people shall remain quiet and quelling!

PowerPoint Presentation: 

1.5 lakhs of Bio-diversity Scores have been lost in last one thousand years in India

Hunger is the worst denial to humanity.: 

Hunger is the worst denial to humanity.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

The milestones To assess icthio-faunal productivity (production of fish/unit area/unit time). To enlist different icthio-faunal components inhabiting different water bodies of the area and to classify them on the basis of their availability and abundance. To identify and asses different biosocial and techno-managerial factors related to ichthio-faunal diversity and ichthio-faunal productivity.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

To study biology of one threatened fish so that similar studies may be taken up as a part of conservation strategy of threatened categories. To assess and evaluate the influences and efficiency of different bio-social and techno-managerial factors on ichthyofaunal diversity and ichthyofaunal productivity. To generate avenues for delineating strategic intervention towards providing efficient and sustainable management approaches and techniques in fish production and management in lentic water bodies of the area.

Part-II: 

Part-II Approach and Methodology

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Determination of conservation categories and identification of causes for depletion of fish population through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). General analysis of specific topic, question or problem; Needs assessment; Feasibility studies; Identifying priorities for development activities; Implementing development activities where new information needs to be collected; and Monitoring and evaluation of development activities.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Resource Diagramming. Venn Diagram . Vector Scoring. Time Line. Direct Matrix Scoring.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) value was administered to re rank the identified factors in terms of their vertical and horizontal distribution by followed the formula RBQ =  n fi x (n+1-i)X 100Nn N = Total no of fishermen. n = No of Ranks. i = Rank position. fi = Frequency of i

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Causal Diagram.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Resource Diagramming DAM CAGE RIVER WELL LAKE CANAL Rank 7 Rank15 Rank 2 Rank10 Rank 8 Rank4 BILL Rank6 JHARNA AVAILABILITY OF FISH IN EAST SINGHBHUM CISTURN Rank14 Cemented Soil Rank12 POND Rank1 Rank13 Seasonal Long Seasonal Perennial AQUARIUM Rank5 Rank11 Rank9 Rank3 NAlA WAY SIDE DITCHES DERELICT WATER BODY PADDY FIELD Dry Wet Source of FISH identified and ranked in East Singhbhum District,Jharkhand,India . Note:Rank based on fixed ranking form 15 of 15. Remark:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Part-III Trend Analysis (Decade Wise Fish Decline): 

Part-III Trend Analysis (Decade Wise Fish Decline) Trend analysis was done to analyze the nature of increase and decline of the populace of target fishes over decades taking reference from the age-old and experience profiles of 150 local fishermen (Paik et. al . 2005). In the present context, each individual person assessed the availability of a fish species in percentage (%) for a given decade. To avoid biases in perceptual assessment, averages were used. A total of six groups, each group consisting of 25 local fishermen of both sexes (male and female) having the age above and beyond sixty years participated in the interactive process. Female representatives were included to esteem the gender value of the responses. Availability of fishes was attributed by very common (4), common (3), moderate (2), rare (1) and not available (0).

PowerPoint Presentation: 

The calculation was done by following formula –  (V% x S) /N Where V = percentage of opinion both male and female about attributes (very common, common, moderate, rare and not available), S = Scores and N = Total no of scores.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure presents Quantum of production and decline of Catla catla over different decades as percept and assessed by the fishermen from their profile of experiences and collective wisdom. The figure also depicts that the decadal decline of this fish species was from 72.80 per cent to 64.33 per cent on 2000. Therefore, the average decadal decline is 74.80-64.33/5 = 2.09 per-cent. This also revealed that there has been a uniform decadal decline over the last five decades.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig - 87

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 88 presents the quantum of production and distribution of the fish Calbosh ( Labeo calbasu ) over different decades as percept and assessed by the fisherman from their profile of experiences and collective wisdom. Average decadal decline was 55.07-22.13/5 = 6.59 per cent . Although there was a gradual decline during first two decades (60th and 70th) but this species experienced sharp decline after 80th decade and recently this species is recorded in meager quantity.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 89 illustrate the distribution of economically viable culturable cyprinid minor carp, Bata ( Labeo bata ). The figure reveals that the decline of this species was initially gradual in different decades up to 70’s but after 80th decade, the revelation depicted a stiff slope and now it has gone rare and confined only to few selected water bodies of the district.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig - 90

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 90 illustrate the distribution and decline of indigenous major carp Birbal ( Labeo pungusia ) over different decades as percept and assessed by the fishermen from their profile of experiences and collective wisdom. In 60th decade, it was found that 58.20 per cent. Although there was a gradual decline during first three decades (60th, 70th and 80th ) but after 80th decade this species experienced sharp decline and recently its survival has now faced to challenges.

Fig - 91: 

Fig - 91

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 91 illustrate the distribution and decline of a very small colored non-economically viable but ecologically important indigenous cyprinid fish Puntius gelius over different decades as percept and assessed by the fishermen from their profile of experiences and collective wisdom. It was found that the abundance of this fish species in the decade 60th 66.68 per cent and it had been reduced to 27.33 per cent on 2000. So the average decadal decline of this fish species was 60.68 - 27.33 / 5 = 6.67 per cent. This also exposed that there has been a uniform decadal decline over the last five decades.

Fig - 92: 

Fig - 92

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 92 illustrate the distribution and decline of an economically and ecologically viable indigenous cyprinid fish Puntius sarana over different decades as percept and assessed by the fishermen from their profile of experiences and collective wisdom. The abundance of this fish species over the decade 60th was found to be 74 per cent which remained more or less at steady level over the decades of 70th and 80th, but afterwards the abundance of this species declined drastically and it was around 21% over the decade 2000.

Fig - 93: 

Fig - 93

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 93 illustrate the distribution and decline of a very important, economically viable and easily cultivable exotic cyprinid fish Puntius japanicus over different decades as percept and assessed by the fishermen from their profile of experiences and collective wisdom. The figure also depicts that quantum of production of this fish species has stated increasing after being introduced in this District during 90th decade and the rate of increase was from 12.48 per cent to 26.67 per cent.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

People’s opinions: High growth rate Easily cultivable in pond Omnivorous feeding habit High survival rate

Fig - 94: 

Fig - 94

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 94 illustrate the distribution and decline of an ecologically important and easily cultivable small cyprinid fish Puntius ticto over different decades as percept and assessed by the fishermen from their profile of experiences and collective wisdom. The abundance of this fish species over the decade 60th was found 61.07 per cent but it gradually declined during different decades and showed only 29.87per cent. Therefore the average decadal decline of this fish species was 61.07-29.87/5 = 6.24 per cent. This all together revealed that a sharp decline over last five decades.

Fig - 95: 

Fig - 95

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 95 illustrate the distribution and decline of a common economically not important but ecologically important indigenous cyprinid fish Chela faciata over different decades. The abundance of this fish species over the decade 60th was 66.73 per cent which was reduced to 28.80 per cent in 2000. So, the average decadal decline was 66.73-28.80/5 = 7.69 per cent. This clearly indicates that the deckling of this fish population have become very drastic during last five decades.

Fig - 96: 

Fig - 96

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Figure 96 illustrate the distribution and decline of a common economically not important but ecologically viable indigenous cyprinid fish Salmostoma bacaila over different decades. The abundance of this fish species over the decade 60th was found 73.25 per cent which remained more or less balanced in the decade of 70th and 80th. But after 80th decade, its declining trend was very sharp and now it is very rarely noticed.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Part-IV Fish Productivity: The Contribution of Factors/Variables

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Causal Effect of Causal Variables on Fish Productivity Fish Productivity (y) X 13 X 17 X 18 X 19 X 20 (X 13 ) Plankton Activity (X 17 ) Stocking Density (X 18 ) Cost of Inputs (X 20 ) Gross Investment

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Path Analysis : Direct, Indirect and Residual Effect (Exogenous Variables on Fish Productivity) Water Area (X 7 ) Training Experience (X 3 ) Ownership of Pond (X 6 ) Fish Productivity (y)

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Discriminant Function Analysis (D L ) : Factors contributing to High and Low Level of Productivity Fish Productivity (HL) Stocking Density Plankton Quality (X 13 ) Fish Productivity (LL)

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Co.efficient of correlation : Fish Productivity (y) and Twenty Techno-managerial and Socio-economic Variables (x) X 13 X 17 X 18 X 7 X 19 X 12 Predictors Predicted X 13 Plankton Present in the Date of Survey X 17 Stocking Density X 18 Gross Cost of Inputs X 7 Water Area X 12 pH of Pond Water X 19 Size of Fish Fry

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Factor Analysis : Co-integration of Variables into Factor F I S H P R O DUCTIVITY Resource Management Water Eco-system Input Delivery Pond Character Institutional Factor Factor I Factor II Factor III Factor V Factor IV

Part-V The new Learning: Participatory monitoring and evaluation. : 

Part-V The new Learning: Participatory monitoring and evaluation.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Sl No Particulars Puntius sarana Ompok bimaculatus Mystus cavacious Heteropneustes fossilis Clarias batrachus Chela faciatus Amblypharyngodon mola Mystacymbalus armatus Notoperous notopterus Channa striatus Wallago attu Colisha faciatus Botia lohachata Anabus testudinus 1 Taste 4.5 8 8.25 8.5 8.5 6.25 6.75 4.25 3.5 4.25 5 2 4.25 4.75 2 Easily digestable protein. 5 6.75 7 7.5 7.25 5.5 6 4.5 4 4.25 4.5 3.5 4.25 5.5 3 High vitamin content. 3 5.75 6 6.75 6.5 4.75 5 4 3.25 4.25 3.75 2.25 3.25 5.75 4 Market price. 4.5 9 8.75 9.25 8.5 6.75 6.25 3.75 3 4.25 4 1.5 2.5 7 5 Availability. 8 3.25 2.25 2.25 4.75 3.25 5.5 5.5 6 3 1.75 6 4 1 6 High yield. 7 2.25 2.5 2.25 4.75 4 4.75 3.5 4.25 4 1.75 4.75 2.5 3.75 7 Adaptive power in different environment. 8.5 4.75 4.75 6.75 7.25 4.5 5.25 4.75 5.5 5.75 4 7.25 3.75 8.75 8 Disease protective power. 5.5 7 7 6 6 6 6.25 4.5 5.75 4.25 5.75 7.5 6 7.5 9 Medicinal value. 2.3 3.25 3.5 5 5 2 2.25 1.75 1.75 3 2.75 1.5 2 4.75 10 Larvicidal efficiency. 5.3 0.5 0 5.75 6 0 0 0 1.75 3 0.5 8.5 2 7.5 54 50.5 50 60 64.5 43 48 36.5 38.8 40 33.8 44.8 34.5 56.25 Rank IV V VI II I IX VII XII XI X XIV VIII XIII III Table : Direct Matrix Scoring

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Sl.No . General Pisci-cultural Problems Ranking by rural fishermen Rank base Quation Value % Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (RBQ %) 1 Lack of Knowledge 3 2 2 2 1 33.2 2 Lack of financial support 8 2 1 1 44.4 3 Lack of water retention capacity 13 4 1 2 75.2 4 Use of pesticide in different fields 8 2 1 2 1 42.2 5 Non-availability of fish spawn 2 3 1 4 1 26.4 6 Lack of machinaries 1 2 1 4 7 Different diseases resulted down fish production 1 2 1 3 8.8 8 In stagnant of water due to sloppy land 1 1 2 9 Destruction of brood fish during monsoon 4 3 1 2 1 32.4 10 Destruction of breeding ground 2 1 3 2 20.4 11 Destruction of fish spawn & fry 1 3 2 4 12 Sharing problems of water bodies 14 3 2 1 75.6 13 Problems of natural calamities 1 2 2 1 10 14 High cost of pisicultural equipment 1 2 2 1 5.6 15 Rapid urbanization and population exploration 1 1 1.2 Table : Identification of causal factors responsible for extinction of fish species

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Sl.No General Pisci -cultural Problems Ranking by rural fishermen Rank based Quation Value % Rank position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (RBQ %) Group I (RBQ %) Group II (RBQ %) Group III (RBQ %) Group IV (RBQ %) GroupV (RBQ %) GroupVI Average (RBQ %) 1 Lack of Knowledge 33.2 57.6 19.2 16 20.5 169.3 28.22 8th 2 Lack of financial support 44.4 39.6 31.6 36.8 18.8 203.6 33.93 7th 3 Lack of water retention capacity 75.2 31.6 60 57.6 49.6 329.6 54.93 3rd 4 Use of pesticide in different fields 42.2 42.8 74.8 69.2 71.6 362.9 60.48 1st 5 Non-availability of fish spawn 26.4 22.8 23.2 19.6 11.2 121.4 20.23 10th 6 Fluctuation of season 4 8 3.6 8.8 6.6 35.4 5.9 15th 7 Different diseases resulted down fish production 8.8 46 68 63.2 68.4 291.2 48.66 4th 8 In stagnant of water due to sloppy land 2 5.2 2.4 19.6 15.2 50.6 8.43 12th 9 Destruction of brood fish during monsoon 32.4 53.6 60.8 46 51.2 292.4 48.73 2nd 10 Destruction of breeding ground 20.4 16.8 34.4 33.2 30.4 168 28 9th 11 Destruction of fish spawn & fry 4 30.8 42.8 48.4 45.6 215.8 35.97 6th 12 Sharing problems of water bodies 75.6 38 48.8 42.8 44.8 286.2 47.7 5th 13 Lack of machinaries 10 34.4 16 22 18.4 117.4 19.57 11th 14 High cost of pisicultural equipment 5.6 6.8 7.2 4.4 7.6 37.4 6.23 14th 15 Rapid urbanization and population exploration 1.2 6 8.4 19.2 1.2 40.2 6.7 13th Table : Identification of causal factors responsible for extinction of fish species

ABIOTIC FACTOR: 

ABIOTIC FACTOR Pesticide residue in water & soil Pollution of water sources Poor water health Environmental degradation increases. Low pH value both soil & water High temperature in summer Use of pesticides for weed eradication. pesticides in different Use of crop fields. Industrial effluents in river

BIOTIC FACTOR: 

BIOTIC FACTOR Destruction of breeding ground Induced breeding not successfully occurred Destruction of brood fish Un scientific fishing Low plankton quantity Destruction of fish fry. Use of pond water in irrigation purpose for veg.cultivation . Highly carnivorous nature of different fish species. Fish not breed Low production of fish fry LOSS OF FISH AND AQUATIC LIFE

METEOROLOGICAL FACTOR : 

METEOROLOGICAL FACTOR Fish not available for further year Less availability of brood fishes Fish not grow in numbers as well as weight. Fluctuation of total annual rainfall Dry Derelict water body in monsoon. Siltation in river belt Hilly geographical location Seasonal fluctuation (monsoon) Maximum water body dry in summer Decline/extinction of Ichthyofaunal diversity

PowerPoint Presentation: 

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT Scientific fish cultivation permits only few economical viable fish. Lack of awareness Rapid urbanization Population stress Lack of organizations,training institutions dealing with the problem.

LOSS OF FISH AND AQUATIC LIFE: 

LOSS OF FISH AND AQUATIC LIFE Lower catch of different fish sp. From natural water resources Lower the availability of local fishes Fish availability decreases. Fish demand increases. Increase endangerness of diff fish species. Market price increased Fish gradually extinct

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Important factors of contribution to productivity have been isolated. So, these factors to be focused in case of future study. Interrelationships among and between the factors have been assessed. This would help to develop a comprehensive plan for fishery development and management. It would also help building up management strategy It is expected to help to discriminate important factors from trivial ones. People’s wisdom, perceptions, technique of evaluation have been evinced and come up as a pro-people methodology. This would help develop the sustainable plan for fishery development with active participation of grassroots people. Strategic Interventions

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Eco-dynamics both social and biophysical as identified would help to generate a system vision to this area. Methodology, towards assessing some critical event like extinction, endangered ness, would ultimately contribute to the empirical study on the said problem. Strategic implication in awareness building is creating motivation and ensuring peoples participation in a society as well as ecological context. Management of pond to be redesigned for the protection and regeneration of endangered or depleting fish species.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Sl No Scientific Name Local Name % of Mean decline of last five decade % of decline of last decade ** 1 Catla catla (Hamilton-Buchanan) Catla 3.06 4.56 LC 2 Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton-Buchanan) Mirik,Mrigal 3.84 3.93 LC 3 Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton-Buchanan) Saruansh,Nuni 13.88 25.07 LC 4 Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan) Rahu,Rui 2.94 1.00 LC 5 Labeo calbasu (Hamilton-Buchanan) Calbagus,Calbosh 19.66 36.64 NT 6 Labeo bata (Hamilton-Buchanan) Bata 21.91 44.03 VU

PowerPoint Presentation: 

7 Labeo pangusia (Hamilton-Buchanan) Birbal 29.54 44.88 VU 8 Labeo angra (Hamilton-Buchanan) Perih 25.00 47.86 VU 9 Puntius chola (Hamilton-Buchanan) Puthi DATA DEFICIENT 10 Puntius gelius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tit puthi 17.79 21.47 NT 11 Puntius sarana sarana (Hamilton-Buchanan) Potha,Sar puthi 22.20 37.30 NT 12 Puntius japanicus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Japani puthi -110.51 Exotic and introduced 13 Puntius sophore (Hamilton-Buchanan) Puthi 4.14 2.69 LC

PowerPoint Presentation: 

14 Puntius ticto (Hamilton-Buchanan) Dingla puthi 15.97 27.97 NT 15 Puntius puntio (Hamilton-Buchanan) Kankoi DATA DEFICIENT 16 Chela faciata (Silas) Chela 18.17 35.71 NT 17 Salmostoma bacaila (Hamilton-Buchanan) Banspata 22.52 42.56 VU 18 Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Ramshal DATA DEFICIENT 19 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes) Grasscarp -137.59 Exotic and introduced

PowerPoint Presentation: 

21 Cyprinus carpio (Hamilton-Buchanan) Commoncarp, American -59.65 Exotic and introduced 22 Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton-Buchanan) Mourla, Morula 16.35 30.76 NT 23 Rohtee cotio (Dey) Chandkura 16.53 31.72 NT 24 Danio dangila (Hamilton-Buchanan) Darnke 18.78 32.48 NT 25 Chela labuca (Hamilton-Buchanan) Darnka 24.19 34.97 NT 26 Omobranchus zebra (Bleeker) Luli 5.57 10.26 LC 27 Esomus danricus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Darnka , Darnke 4.60 9.69 LC

PowerPoint Presentation: 

28 Garra annandalei (Hora) Garra DATA DEFICIENT 29 Lepidocephalicthys guntea (Hamilton-Buchanan) Genti 8.93 16.01 LC 30 Botia lohachata (Chaudhuri) Pathar chata 16.47 32.32 VU 31 Hyporhamphus limbatus (Valenciennes) Gangdhara (Small) DATA DEFICIENT 32 Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton-Buchanan) Gangdhara (Big) 52.53 100.00 CR 33 Monopteras (Amplinpinim)cuchia Cuchia 25.71 49.03 VU 34 Monopterus albus (Zuiew) Bhunia 43.02 94.29 CR

PowerPoint Presentation: 

35 Mystus gulio (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tangra 31.24 57.51 VU 36 Mystus cavasius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tangra 28.30 56.48 VU 37 Mystus tangra (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tangra 32.73 60.30 EN 38 Mystus vittatus (Bloch) Tangra 36.81 68.22 EN 39 Aorichthys seenghala (Sykes) Arh 21.78 47.01 VU 40 Ompok pabda (Hamilton-Buchanan) Pabda 32.34 63.49 EN

PowerPoint Presentation: 

41 Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) Pabda 23.34 49.15 VU 42 Wallago attu (Schneider) Boal, boar 26.53. 53.89 VU 43 Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Pangas 43.87 100.00 CR 44 Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) Magur 14.66 22.41 NT 45 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) Singhi 28.04 60.08 EN 46 Clarias gariepinus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Hybrid magur -89.18 Exotic and introduced 47 Lates calcerifer (Bloch) Bhetki 53.60 100.00 CR

PowerPoint Presentation: 

48 Chanda nama (Hamilton-Buchanan) Chanda 10.44 14.62 LC 49 Pseudambassis ranga (Hamilton-Buchanan) Pitpiti, Chanda 8.88 15.67 LC 50 Pseudambassis lala (Hamilton-Buchanan) Do 8.96 14.12 LC 51 Pseudambassis notetus (Blyth) Do 9.22 14.78 LC 52 Nandus nandus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Nedhas, Nedha 46.22 100.00 CR 53 Badis badis (Hamilton-Buchanan) Koi DATA DEFICIENT 54 Oreochromis mojambica (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tilapia -20.89 Exotic and introduced

PowerPoint Presentation: 

55s Oreochromis niloticus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Nilotika -127.05 Exotic and introduced 56 Liza parsia (Hamilton-Buchanan) Perse 45.39 100.00 CR 57 Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton-Buchanan) Cactus, Tarai 45.31 100.00 CR 55 Oreochromis niloticus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Nilotika -127.05 Exotic and introduced 56 Liza parsia (Hamilton-Buchanan) Perse 45.39 100.00 CR 57 Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton-Buchanan) Cactus, Tarai 45.31 100.00 CR

PowerPoint Presentation: 

60 Colisa feciatus (Schneider) Kholse 11.81 20.34 NT 61 Aplochielus dayi (Hamilton-Buchanan) Techokha DATA DEFICIENT 62 Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton-Buchanan) Do 17.88 34.60 NT 63 Channa gachua (McClelland) Chang 6.51 10.67 LC 64 Channa marulius (Hamilton-Buchanan) Shal 50.92 100.00 CR 65 Channa striatus (Bloch) Shole 23.96 53.60 EN 66 Channa punctatus (Bloch) Gorai, Latha 6.99 11.27 LC

PowerPoint Presentation: 

67 Macrognathus pancalus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Khet truh 11.60 25.29 NT 68 Rhynchobdella aculeata (Hamilton-Buchanan) Turh 11.61 16.47 LC 69 Mastacymbalus armatus (Lacepede) Ban 10.45 26.52 NT 70 Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton-Buchanan) Chaldhua 13.66 54.09 VU 71 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) Pholad, Pholui 29.37 26.11 NT 72 Notopterus Chitala (Hamilton-Buchanan) Chital 13.85 100.00 CR 73 Gadusia chapra (Hamilton-Buchanan) Gaducia DATA DEFICIENT

PowerPoint Presentation: 

74 Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan) Ilish 26.15 43.62 VU 75 Chanos chanos (Forsskal) Chanos DATA DEFICIENT Present status of fishes of East Singh district. IUCN-2001 categories criteria version 3.1 have been mentioned within parenthesis. CR = Crically Endangered. EN = Endangered. VU = Vulnerable. NT = Near Threatened. LR-nt = Lower risk – near threatened. Lr-lc = Lower risk – least concern. LC = Least concern.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 48 : Labeo calbasu Fam. Cypriniformes Fig. 49 : Labeo bata Fam. Cypriniformes

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 50 : Labeo pangusia Fam. Cypriniformes Fig. 52 : Puntius sarana Fam. Cypriniformes

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig.53 : Puntius sophore Fam. Cypriniformes Fig. 54 : Puntius ticto Fam. Cypriniformes

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 55 : Danio dangila Fam. Cypriniformes Fig. 56 : Amblypharyngodon mola Fam. Cypriniformes

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 57 : Chela faciata Fam. Cypriniformes Fig. 58 : Esomus danricus Fam. Cypriniformes

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 59 : Rohtee cotio Fam. Cypriniformes Fig. 60 : Lepidocephalicthys guntea Fam. Cobitidae

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 61 : Xenentodon cancila Fam. Cobitidae Fig. 62 : Mystus gulio Fam. Bagridae

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 63 : Mystus cavacius Fam. Bagridae Fig. 64 : Ompoc bimaculatus Fam. Siluridae

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 65 : Pungasius pangasius Fam. Pangasidae Fig. 66 : Clarius batrachus Fam. Clariidae

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 67 : Heteropneustes fossilis Fam. Heteropniustidae Fig. 68 : Arichthys singhala Fam. Heteropniustidae

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 69 : Lates calcerifer Fam. Centropomidae Fig. 70 : Pseudambasis lala Fam. Chanda

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 71 : Pseudambasis ranga Fam. Chanda Fig. 72 : Nandus nandus Fam. Nandidae

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 73 : Liza parsia Fam. Mugilidae Fig. 74 : Rhinomugil corsula Fam. Mugilidae

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 75 : Glossogobius giuris Fam. Gobiidae Fig. 76 : Anabus testudineus Fam. Anabantidae .

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 77 : Colisa faciatus Fam. Belontiidae . Fig. 78 : Apolochielus panchax Fam. Aplocheilidae .

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 79 : Channa punctatus Fam. Chanidae . Fig. 80 : Channa striatus Fam. Chanidae .

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 81 : Mystacymbalus armatus Fam. Mystacymbalidae Fig. 82 : Notopterus notopterus Fam. Notopteridae .

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 83 : Hilsa ilisha Fam. Clupidae. Fig. 84 : Amblyceps mangois Fam. Amblycipitidae .

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 85 : Botia lohachata Fam. Cobitidae. Fig. 86 : Monopteras (Amphipnius) cuchia Fam. Monopteras

BIBLIOGRAPHY Agarwal, R. C. (1983). Role of farmer’s education in increasing agricultural production in the Himalayan region of Nepal and India. Fifth International Farm Management Congress, Farnhao Royal, Shough, United Kingdom. Agarwal, V. P. and Sharma, U. (1996 b). Studies on the physiology of digestion in Nadus nandus (Ham). Proceedings of Indian Academic Science, 64(3) : 157-168. Ahmad, N. (1945). The spawning habits and early stages in the development of the carp, Labeo gonius (Hamilton) with hints for distinguishing eggs, embryos and larvae of Labeo gonius, Cirrhina mrigala and Wallago attu. Proceedings of National Institute of Science India, 10(3) : 343-54. Ahmad, S. H. and Singh, A. K. (1992). Present status potentialities and strategies for development of reservoir fisheries in Bihar. Fishing Chimes, 12(8): 49–57. Ajitkumar C.R., Remadevi K., Raju Thomas K. and Iju, C.R. (1999). Fish fauna ,abundance and distribution in Chaklakkudy river system, Kerala. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 96(2): 244-254. Akhteruzzaman, M., Kohinoor, A. H. M and Shah, M. S. (1992). Observation on the induced breeding of Puntius sarana (Hamilton). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 20(2): 291 – 295. Ali, A.B. (1996). Community-based management in inland fisheries: case studies from two Malaysian fishing communities, In: Cowx, I.G (ed.), Stock Assessment in Inland Fisheries, Fishing News Books, London. : 482-493, Alikunhi, K. H. (1956b). Observation on the fecundity, larval development and early growth of Labeo bata (Hamilton). Indian Journal of Fisheries, 3(1) : 216-29. Alikunhi, K. H. (1957). Fish culture in India. Bulletin of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi : 1 - 143. Alikunhi, K. H., Chaudhuri, H. and Ramachandran, V. (1965). Observations on growth, maturity and feeding of induced breed, pond reared silver carp, Hypopthalmicthys molitrix and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella in India during July 1962 to August 1963. Bulletin Central Institute of Fisheries Education Bombay, 2 : 

BIBLIOGRAPHY Agarwal , R. C. (1983). Role of farmer’s education in increasing agricultural production in the Himalayan region of Nepal and India. Fifth International Farm Management Congress, Farnhao Royal, Shough , United Kingdom. Agarwal , V. P. and Sharma, U. (1996 b). Studies on the physiology of digestion in Nadus nandus (Ham). Proceedings of Indian Academic Science, 64 (3) : 157-168. Ahmad, N. (1945). The spawning habits and early stages in the development of the carp, Labeo gonius (Hamilton) with hints for distinguishing eggs, embryos and larvae of Labeo gonius , Cirrhina mrigala and Wallago attu . Proceedings of National Institute of Science India , 10 (3) : 343-54. Ahmad, S. H. and Singh, A. K. (1992). Present status potentialities and strategies for development of reservoir fisheries in Bihar. Fishing Chimes , 12 (8): 49–57. Ajitkumar C.R., Remadevi K., Raju Thomas K. and Iju , C.R. (1999). Fish fauna ,abundance and distribution in Chaklakkudy river system, Kerala. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society , 96 (2): 244-254. Akhteruzzaman , M., Kohinoor, A. H. M and Shah, M. S. (1992). Observation on the induced breeding of Puntius sarana (Hamilton). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology , 20 (2): 291 – 295. Ali, A.B. (1996). Community-based management in inland fisheries: case studies from two Malaysian fishing communities, In: Cowx , I.G (ed.), Stock Assessment in Inland Fisheries, Fishing News Books, London. : 482-493, Alikunhi , K. H. (1956b). Observation on the fecundity, larval development and early growth of Labeo bata (Hamilton). Indian Journal of Fisheries, 3 (1) : 216-29. Alikunhi , K. H. (1957). Fish culture in India. Bulletin of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi : 1 - 143. Alikunhi , K. H., Chaudhuri , H. and Ramachandran , V. (1965). Observations on growth, maturity and feeding of induced breed, pond reared silver carp, Hypopthalmicthys molitrix and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella in India during July 1962 to August 1963 . Bulletin Central Institute of Fisheries Education Bombay , 2

Please don’t go away…. : 

Please don’t go away…. ……and don’t scream either