Assignment VSC-504

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“CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND THIRE FUNCTIONS ,physiology of dormancy and germination of vegetable seed , tubers and bulbs” Course No. :- VSC-504 Course Title :- Growth and Development of vegetable crops Submitted by respect to :- Prof. J. R. Vadodaria Associate Research Scientist, College of Horticulture, S.D.Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar-385506. Submitted by :- Dalpat Singh, M.Sc. (Horti.) Vegetable Science, 1st semester College of Horticulture, S.D.A.U. Sardarkrushinagar-385506.

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Controls turgity Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane Primary cell wall: extremely elastic Secondary cell wall: forms around primary cell wall after growth is complete

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Usually in the form of chromatin Contains genetic information Composed of DNA Thicken for cellular division Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)

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Surrounds nucleus Composed of two layers Numerous openings for nuclear traffic

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Spherical shape Visible when cell is not dividing Contains RNA for protein manufacture

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Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules Involved in cellular division Lie at right angles to each other

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A plastid usually found in plant cells Contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place

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Composed of microtubules Supports cell and provides shape Aids movement of materials in and out of cells

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Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system Smooth type: lacks ribosome Rough type (pictured): ribosome embedded in surface

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Protein 'packaging plant' A membrane structure found near nucleus Composed of numerous layers forming a sac

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Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Vary in shape depending on process being carried out Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

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Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae Controls level of water and other materials in cell

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Each cell contains thousands Miniature 'protein factories' Composes 25% of cell's mass Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm

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Membrane-bound Contains water solution Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms)

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Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic Contains proteins (left, gray) that span through the membrane and allow passage of materials Proteins are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

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PHYSIOLOGY OF DORMANCY During the developmental cycle of the plant, at some phase or the other certain structures like buds, tubers, seeds, etc., go through a period of temporary suspension of growth activity. Such a state is called dormancy. It may be imposed by certain environmental factors or internal factors or genetic factors included.

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Generally plants or plant structures, in order to overcome or survive against hostile environmental conditions undergo a period of dormancy with suitable modifications.  In lower plants production of endospores, zygospores, auxospores, akinetes, etc, are some of the methods involved in tiding over unfavorable conditions.

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Even vascular plants with their complex structural organization and reproductive methods produce dormant structures to overcome unfavorable conditions. Some of the dormant structures that develop in plants greatly facilitate in the dispersal mechanism.  Among the many structures which exhibit dormancy, seeds and buds are important.

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Seed germination is the return of metabolic activities and growth by the seed tissue to give rise to a new plant by the development of the embryo. Types of Seed Germination In flowering plants two types of germination are found. They are: Epigeal germination ; and (b) Hypogeal germination .

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Epigeal Germination In epigeal ( epi = above; geo = earth) germination hypocotyl elongates and cotyledons come out above the soil surface. Examples : seeds of pumpkin, mustard, tamarind, french bean, etc. Hypogeal Germination In hypogeal (hypo = below, geo = earth) germination the epicotyl elongates and cotyledons remain below the soil surface. Examples : Most monocots seeds like rice, wheat, maize, coconut, etc.

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Tubers Tubers are underground food stores which stores food over the winter and provides a new plant with food until it can make its own. Examples: potato, artichoke, yam, cassava, water chestnut, arrowroot Food made by the new plant is sent to make new tubers. Thereby reproducing itself.

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• Some form enlarged underground stems called tubers (e.g., potatoes). • They develop when specialized stem branches grow down into the ground and swell up with starch containing cells. Buds on the tubers will grow into new plants. Examine the potato tuber and note the buds which are commonly termed "eyes"

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