GBV AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE BY NDAHIRO EMYL MD

GBV AND SEA Gender Based Violence/ Sexual Exploitation and Abuse : 

GBV AND SEA Gender Based Violence/ Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by DR NDAHIRO Emile Ruhengeri Hospital Internal Medicine department Tel: +250 788437835 Email: ndahiroemile@yahoo.com Address : po box 57 musanze Rwanda

CONTENT: 

CONTENT OBJECTIVES DEFINITIONS TYPES OF VIOLANCE MYTHS & FACTS ABOUT GBV-SEA SEXUAL EXPLOITATION and ABUSE RISK FACTORS FOR VICTIMS & PERPETRATORS CONSEQUENCES OF GBV-SEA SPECIAL MEASURES TO COMBAT GBV-SEA

OBJECTIVES: 

OBJECTIVES Create/strengthen a core team of male activists/supporters for the fight against GBV-SEA To train men (perpetrators) of GBV so that they can be in position to identify GBV-SEA & its causes as well as design effective intervention to address it. Create a common understanding of GBV-SEA and hence look for solution to achieve domestic peace in our societies Discuss the relationship between masculinity and violence against women. To create action plans for the fight against GBV-SEA at personal & institutional level

VIOLENCE: 

VIOLENCE An act of aggression (as one against a person who resists) A turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction etc. The property of being wild or turbulent “ the storm’s violence”

GBV (gender based violence): 

GBV (gender based violence) Violence involving men and women , which is derived from gender norms and roles as well as from unequal power relations. specifically targeted against an individual because they are female or male, affects women disproportionately. +++ Involves physical, sexual and psychological harm. It includes violence perpetuated by the State .

PowerPoint Presentation: 

PHASE TYPE OF VIOLENCE * Prenatal Prenatal sex selection, battering during pregnancy, coerced pregnancy (rape during war) * Infancy Female infanticide, emotional and physical abuse, differential access to food and medical care * Childhood Genital cutting; incest and sexual abuse; differential access to food, medical care, and education; child prostitution * Adolescence Dating and courtship violence, economically coerced sex, sexual abuse in the workplace, rape, sexual harassment, forced prostitution * Reproductive Abuse of women by intimate partners, marital rape, dowry abuse and murders, partner homicide, psychological abuse, sexual abuse in the workplace, sexual harassment, rape, abuse of women with disabilities * Old Age Abuse of widows, elder abuse (which affects mostly women Types of Violence commonly experienced at various phases of the life cycle

TYPES OF GBV-SEA: 

TYPES OF GBV-SEA Physical violence Emotional violence Sexual violence Economic violence E.g. Slapping, kicking, hitting or use of weapons, FGM Systematic, Controlling behavior, degrading behavior, threats Coerced sex, rape, FGM , sexual harassment Restricting access to finance. Not providing for the family

Violence against Women: 

Violence against Women “ Any act of GBV that results in, or is likely to result in, physical , sexual , or psychological harm or suffering for women , including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life .” - United Nations General Assembly 1993

Sexual Harassment: 

Sexual Harassment Any unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.

Sexual Harassment includes such unwelcome behaviors as s/he: : 

Sexual Harassment includes such unwelcome behaviors as s/he: constantly invites you for drinks, dinners, dates; invades your personal space while working together; makes obvious sexual gestures at you; asks questions about your personal and/or sexual life; writes, draws and/or sends graffiti, pictures, cartoons and/or cards which are sexually offensive to you; exerts subtle pressure to coerce you into sexual interactions; kisses you without your consent at school, parties with peers or at business events; touches, rubs or grabs at your body. etc

Why Gender-Based Violence?: 

Why Gender -Based Violence? Gender norms and inequity condone and perpetuate violence against women. Gender influences the patterns of violence among men vs. violence against women. Violence against women is used to support unequal gender roles.

Types of GBV : 

Types of GBV * Intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, psychological, economic) *Sexual coercion *Childhood sexual abuse *Rape *Forced and early marriage --Source: WHO TEACH-VIP, 2005

Types of GBV…continued: 

Types of GBV…continued * Trafficking *Rape in conflict situations *Acid throwing *FGM (Female Genital Mutilation) * Honour killings *Dowry deaths * Misogyny (Hatred of women)

Honour killings/Customary killings: 

Honour killings/Customary killings murder of a (female) family, clan or community member by one or more fellow (mostly male)family members, where the murderers (and potentially the wider community) believe the victim to have brought dishonor Examples of causes HK: Dressing codes , own choice to marry , Certain sexual acts /same sex relationships) etc

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): 

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) “ IPV is actual or threatened physical or sexual violence or psychological and emotional abuse directed toward a spouse, ex-spouse, current or former boyfriend or girlfriend, or current or former dating partner.”

Intimate partner violence: 

Intimate partner violence

Sexual Coercion: 

Sexual Coercion The act of forcing (or attempting to force ) another individual through violence , threats , verbal insistence , deception , cultural expectations or economic circumstances to engage in sexual behaviour against her/his will . . . -- Heise , Moore and Toubia , 1995

Sexual Coercion: 

Sexual Coercion

Victims of acid throwing: 

Victims of acid throwing

Sphere where GBV takes place: : 

Sphere where GBV takes place: * Family level/ Domestic violence: e.g. sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, FGM etc * general community : During flight, in refugee camps, at the workplace, (rape, sexual harassment),a cultural rite (e.g. FGM??? ) * violence perpetrated or condoned by the State : Unesco 1999 p.53

places where sexual violence usually exists in conflict & post-conflict situations: 

places where sexual violence usually exists in conflict & post-conflict situations • Captor or prisoner centers • Checkpoints and borders • Near military units • Public places • Community or neighborhood • Home

Perpetrators of GBV in conflict & post-conflict: 

Perpetrators of GBV in conflict & post-conflict Government armed forces soldiers Paramilitary groups or pro-government militias Armed groups fighting against the government or other armed groups Police Prison security personnel Private security personnel Foreign military/police forces, including UN forces Other peacekeeping forces Humanitarian personnel agencies, including UN agencies Neighbors and relatives

FGM/female genital mutilation: 

FGM/female genital mutilation NEXT 3 SLIDES CONTAIN DISTURBING PHOTOS OF FGM . Note. U can close eyes or leave room if Uncomfortable.

FGM (female genital mutilation): 

FGM (female genital mutilation) Involves removal of some or all female external genitalia. Also known as “female circumcision” ( A misleading term ) Often performed in primitive conditions

FGM: 

FGM . Usually performed under unsanitary conditions, with scissors, razor blade, or knives and no anesthetic. Incision is usually held closed by thorns and legs are tied closed for 3 weeks.

Infibulations: Removal of all external genitalia: 

Infibulations : Removal of all external genitalia

Attitudes toward GBV & or myths : 

Attitudes toward GBV & or myths Men/boys don't cry bkoz they r strong Domestic violence is in the private sphere and therefore neighbors or authorities should not intervene Men have the right to control wives’ behavior and to ‘discipline’ them.

Attitude: cont……: 

Attitude: cont…… Wife beating is normal Blaming the victim for the violence received Notion that there are ‘just’ causes for violence

FACTS : 

FACTS Violence is a traumatic experience for any man or woman GBV-SEA is preponderantly inflicted by men on women & girls GBV-SEA becomes extreme in times of crisis Natural disasters can increase vulnerability Pervasive in times of peacekeeping

Facts………: 

Facts ……… In armed conflicts, one form of GBV (sexual violence) can become so widespread & systematic that it is considered a method of war and can escalate into a crime against humanity , War crime & an aspect of genocide . Most of the time the perpetrator goes unpunished.

Facts GBV-SEA…………….: 

Facts GBV-SEA……………. Major public health concern & a violation of human rights. Employees who are sexually harassed experience less job satisfaction and lower job performance. Abuse of power can lead to sexual harassment esp. in workplaces. Particularly in the hands of the wrong person, power can be dangerous.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Myths and Realities about GBV MYTHS GBV happens only to poor and marginalized women. GBV is not common in industrialized countries. Men cannot control themselves. Violence is simply a part of their nature. REALITIES GBV happens among people of all socioeconomic, educational and racial profiles. Even in developed countries, such as the US, 1 in 3 women report being physically sexually abused by their partner. Male violence is not genetically-based; it is perpetuated by a model of masculinity that permits and even encourages men to be aggressive.

Myths and Realities about GBV: 

Myths and Realities about GBV MYTHS Victims of gender-based violence provoke the abuse through their inappropriate behavior. Most women are abused by strangers. Women are safe when they are home. REALITIES Blaming the victim is precisely the kind of attitude that has the potential to cause harm to a survivor of violence. Studies consistently show that most women who experience GBV are abused by people they know; often the perpetrators are those they trust and love .

RISK FACTORS FOR GBV: 

RISK FACTORS FOR GBV Wars High levels of crime & conflict in society Unemployment Natural disasters Isolation Exposure to social norms, or shared beliefs that support sexual violence

RISK FACTORS : 

RISK FACTORS Alcohol and drug abuse Histories of family violence & victimization Personal & cultural power retaliation Delinquency & family victimization Weak community sanctions against perpetrators.

GBV in Men and Adolescent Boys: 

GBV in Men and Adolescent Boys Men and adolescent boys are also subjected to GBV, sexual torture, or mutilations by male captors or prisoners who wish to destroy their sense of masculinity or manhood . Abuse and torture against female family members in their presence is used to convey the message that they have failed in their role as protectors. The goal of humiliating men has powerful political and symbolic meanings.

CONSEQUENCIES OF GBV-SEA: 

CONSEQUENCIES OF GBV-SEA GBV is a public health issue Has severe reproductive health impacts GBV is a Human Rights issue Economic impacts

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fatal Outcomes Non-fatal Outcomes Femicide Suicide AIDS-related mortality Maternal mortality Physical Sexual & Reproductive Psychological & Behavioral Fractures Chronic pain syndromes Fibromyalgia Permanent disability GITdisorders STDs including HIV Unwanted pregnancy Pregnancy complications Traumatic gynecologic fistula Unsafe abortion Sexual dysfunction Depression and anxiety Eating and sleep disorders Drug and alcohol abuse Poor self-esteem Post-traumatic stress disorder Self harm Psycho-sexual disorders I. GBV is a Public Health Issue

PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE: 

PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE

CONSEQUENCIES GBV/SEA: 

CONSEQUENCIES GBV/SEA Women and girls who were kidnapped or raped or suffered other abuses such as amputations, can have difficulties reintegrating into their families and communities.

Human trafficking victim: 

Human trafficking victim In Savannakhet , in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, a woman covers her daughter’s face to protect her identity. The daughter was trafficked when she was 16 years old and spent seven years as a domestic servant for a wealthy businessman in Bangkok, where she was beaten and tortured .

GBV/SEA: 

GBV/SEA Portrait of Mukhtar Mai, a Pakistani woman who became a world-renown education and women's rights activist after she was gang raped as clan vengeance in her native village for crimes allegedly committed by her brother. May 2006 .

II. GBV Has Severe Reproductive Health Impact: 

II. GBV Has Severe Reproductive Health Impact Violence during Pregnancy Intimate partner violence prevalence of 4-15% during pregnancy Leading cause of death among pregnant women may be homicide Violence and HIV/AIDS Forced sex is correlated to HIV risk Victims of violence tend to engage in behaviors that put their health at risk Proposing condom use may increase women’s risk of violence Disclosing HIV status may increase risk of violence

III. GBV is a Human Rights Issue: 

III. GBV is a Human Rights Issue GBV violates the following principles of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 1 : “ All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights…” Article 3 : “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.” Article 5 : “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” --United Nations General Assembly, 1948

IV. Economic impacts : 

IV. Economic impacts

HOW TO COMBAT GBV-SEA??: 

HOW TO COMBAT GBV-SEA ?? Legal reform & policy change Improving the Healthcare Response Multi- sectoral Coordination Changing the Norms around GBV

Legal reform and policy change: 

Legal reform and policy change Specific legislation on family, domestic or sexual violence Training of judges on violence legislation Training of police on GBV response Legal aid services for victims Reform of medico-legal system to improve forensic evidence collection and preservation

POLICE: 

POLICE Haitian National Police arrest a man for beating his wife, in Gonaives. (Source: UN Photo #187328C)

Improving the Healthcare Response: A Systems Approach: 

Improving the Healthcare Response: A Systems Approach Develop institutional policies and protocols for treatment of GBV survivors Train entire health institutions Ensure privacy and confidentiality for women’s health services Strengthen referral networks with other GBV services Provide emergency supplies Provide educational materials on GBV Monitor and evaluate GBV services --USAID Bureau for Global Health, forthcoming

Multi-sectoral Coordination: 

Multi- sectoral Coordination Coordinate health and justice systems to improve medico-legal services . Incorporate gender equity/gender & health education in schools. Launch mass media and community campaigns against GBV. Set up or strengthen socio-economic support services. Coordinate a referral network for victims of GBV.

Toward Prevention: Changing the Norms around GBV: 

Toward Prevention: Changing the Norms around GBV Clinic and community-based education efforts Programs for men aimed at promoting gender equitable relationships Behavior change mass media campaigns and edutainment Incorporation of gender equality, human rights and violence prevention into school curricula

Stop FGM: 

Stop FGM At the beginning of April 2007, Eritrea issued a “Proclamation to Abolish FGM”, stating that it seriously endangers women’s health and violates their human rights.

STOP/STOP/STOP: 

STOP/STOP/STOP

Stop : 

Stop Kenyan women demonstrate against rape in Darfur, Sudan. (

YES WE CAN: 

YES WE CAN

END: 

END DR. NDAHIRO Emile MD RUHENGERI HOSPITAL Gynecology & Obstetrics department ( tel : +250 788437835 Email: ndahiroemile@yahoo.com

Happy people: 

Happy people