seed treatment vinod

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The world has changed.. So as We.. Then Why not .. agriculture..?? wellcome

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“Seed treatment history and development” Vinod kumar S B. PGS10 AGR 5365

What is a seed treatment? : 

What is a seed treatment? “Chemical or biological substances that are applied to seeds or vegetative propagation materials to control disease organisms insects, or other pests. Seed treatment pesticides include bactericides, fungicides, insecticides, and herbicide antidotes (safeners).”

What is not a seed treatment? : 

What is not a seed treatment? “Treatments designed to protect stored food or feed grain are considered grain treatments rather than seed treatments.” Therefore, stored grain treatments such as Reldan or Actellic are not included as seed treatment chemicals. Seed-applied growth regulators, micronutrients, and nitrogenfixing Rhizobium inoculants are not included because they are not intended for pest control.

Historical Aspects : 

Historical Aspects The earliest reported use of seed treatment dates back to 60 A.D. when wine and crushed cypress leaves were used to protect seed from storage insects. In 1670 a ship event in coast of England near the city of Bristol. The French botanist Tillet published an article on this in 1770 indicating that treating seed with such materials would reduce the amount of smut. In 1807, the Swiss scientist Prevost showed that treating smut spores with a liquid solution of copper sulfate inhibited their germination. In 1888, the use of a hot water treatment was proposed by the Danish seedsman, J. L. Jensen.

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In 1895, the use of formaldehyde was suggested by the Germans. In 1912, organic mercury compounds were tried in Germany and found to be quite effective in controlling common bunt. By 1917, research on other compounds showed that copper carbonate was safer to use than copper sulfate and could be applied as a dry powder formulation. The advent of the organic mercurial's in the 1920s started a new era in seed treatment. The first commercial formulation called Panogen (= methyl mercury guanidine) was developed in Sweden in 1938. Later, a dust formulation of ethyl methyl mercury (= Ceresan) was developed and was also widely used in treating small grains.

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The use of the mercury fungicides continued until the 1970’s when concern developed over their toxicity to man and other animals. This new compound, called carboxin, was found to control loose smut of wheat and barley as well as common bunt of wheat. The Uniroyal Chemical Company formulated carboxin with another fungicide, thiram, into a product today known in the United States as Vitavax 200. It finally it was replaced by carboxin in the 1980‘s.

Advantages: : 

Advantages: Seed treatments have had phenomenal success in eradicating seed borne pathogens . And also insects. Treated seed is planted, avoiding significant exposure to environment and wildlife. Low application rates per acre Exact placement of the pesticide on the target surface. 4049 sq.ft of soil 24 sq.ft

Disadvantages: : 

Disadvantages: Accidental exposure of workers who produce orapply seed treatments. Contamination of the food supply by accidental mixing of treated seed with food or feed grain. Accidental contamination of the environment through improper handling of treated seeds or seed treatment chemicals. “All of these risks can be minimized by proper training and proper use of seed treatment pesticides”

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Status of Seed treatment Commercial hybrid seeds are generally treated. Seeds of Self pollinated crops are treated to the extent of 10-15% on an average Seed treatment estimated to enhance the productivity by 8-10%. Concerted effort can enable to achieve this 8-10% increase productivity with minimal cost

Seeds commonly treated : 

Seeds commonly treated Corn Small grains (barley, oats, rice, rye, wheat) Cotton Forage grasses Sorghum Soybeans Vegetables

Methods of application : 

Methods of application Nonchemical treatments: Hot-water soaks kill most disease causing fungi and bacteria on and within certain vegetable and flower seeds without injuring the seed. Chemical treatments: Dust treaters. Slurry or liquid treaters.

Ideal chemical seed treatment : 

Ideal chemical seed treatment Harmless to seed (no phytotoxicity). Stable for relatively long periods of time before planting. Provide an even coating to seed. Adhere well without giving a dull or unattractive appearance. Does not impair seed flow in planting equipment. Inexpensive. Registered for its intended use.

Types of fungicidal seed treatments : 

Types of fungicidal seed treatments Seed disinfestation - killing of spores, mycelia, or propagules of microorganisms on seed surface. Seed disinfection – elimination of pathogen that has penetrated into living cells of seed (e.g. smut or bunt). Seed protection – application to protect seed from pathogens in the soil (damping-off). A systemic fungicide may provide post- emergence protection (powdery mildew).

The insecticides used in seed treatment: : 

The insecticides used in seed treatment: Relatively nontoxic to mammals . Pose the least danger to operators during treatment, handling, and sowing. Relatively harmless to birds and other animals that might eat the treated seed. Toxic to a variety of pest insects. A large safety margin between the dose that kills insect pests and the dose that damages the germinating seed.

Diseases and pathogens : 

Diseases and pathogens

Chemical compounds currently used as small grain cereal seed treatments : 

Chemical compounds currently used as small grain cereal seed treatments

Names of seed treatment fungicides : 

Names of seed treatment fungicides

Mode of action of seed treatment fungicides : 

Mode of action of seed treatment fungicides

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Treatment of seed with salt and plant bio agent Seed Treatment Salt solution (10-15 %) is prepared for dipping the seed. This salt solution concentration can be tested with fresh egg which floats in the solution. Thereafter seed selected for nursery should be poured in salt solution. Seeds in the solution should be stirred and discard the floating seed. Pour off the solution to another bucket. Select the seed which is settled in the solution. This salt solution can again be used.

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For Direct sowing After treatment with salt solution prehydration of seeds for 8-10 hours is done for advancing germination. Seeds are thereafter dried in shade to decrease their moisture content and facilitate their free flow during drilling. Before sowing seed must be treated with  Tricoderma and Pseudomonas @ each of 5 gm/kg seed or Pant bio-agent 3 (mixture of Pseudomonas and Tricoderma @ 10gm/kg seed). Precaution must be taken that the treated seed should not be exposed to the direct sunlight.

Thiamethoxam Treated soybean crop : 

Thiamethoxam Treated soybean crop

Maize : 

Maize UNTREATED TREATED Seed rate 5 Kg./ acre Cruiser 5gm /acre water volume 10 ml /kg.seed

Pearl millet - Excellent Plant Stand & Growth in Gaucho Treated Plot : 

Pearl millet - Excellent Plant Stand & Growth in Gaucho Treated Plot Untreated Gaucho treated

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Gaucho treated

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Area sown (lakh ha.) UP 59.03 Guj 6.93 Chat 37.24 Pun 26.21 WB 42.86 Bihar 32.38 Mah 14.50

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Area sown (lakh ha.) UP 8.84 Guj 9.37 Raj 48.79 Maha 14.55

Seed TreatingEquipment : 

Seed TreatingEquipment Application of dust into a planter or drill box Slurry type seed treater Metered slurry treater Liquid seed treater Treating seed with metered pump kit

Treated seed disposal : 

Treated seed disposal Leftover seed must be stored separately from grain and labeled. Leftover seed intended for planting the following year should be stored in a dry, well-ventilated location. Percentage germination must be checked before use.

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Sample label for restricted highly toxic substances Sample label for general use substances Store under appropriate conditions. Avoid direct contact with treated seed. During handling, wear protective clothing and gloves. In the event of intoxication, consult a doctor, showing him this label, or call emergency number. Never use treated seed for human/animal food. Never re-use empty bags. The precautionary Phrases:

Future Trends : 

Future Trends Disease Control. Insect Control. Amendments. Low Rates. Reduced Risk. Dust Free Coatings. systemic seed treatment

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Thank you…… “for success Genius is 1% inspiration but needs 99% perspiration”-Thamos alva Edision.