Physical Education in Britain and America :Physical Education in Britain and America Hana Doggett Sports and Society 2/2/09


History in Britain - - Before 1901 :History in Britain - - Before 1901 Public Schools sports - organized mainly by the students fought by teachers until Dr. Arnold of Rugby muscular Christianity Private Schools gymnastics and drill 1900 - Board of Education decree sports acceptable Girls and Women In elementary school sometimes included in drill Gymnastics was thought to be better suited Focus was on increasing posture and beauty 1869 Endowment Schools Act passed


History in Britain - -1901- 1945 :History in Britain - -1901- 1945 WWII led to much greater disorganization of education than WWI. Evacuations, limited equipment and areas, and many teachers taken into the armed forces 1944 Act provided the abolition of fees for all secondary schools other than independent and direct grant schools After Boer war declared that “physical training in elementary schools, should not be less and cannot well be more, than a preparation for the more specialized forms of physical training which may properly be undertaken at a later age” - Board of Education Fisher Education Act of 1918: holiday and school camps; centers and equipment for PE, other facilities for day or evening social and physical training - permissive


Current State in Britain :Current State in Britain Key Stage 1 -age 7 Key Stage 2 - age 11 Key stage 3 - age 14 Key stage 4 -varies 2 hours of physical activity a week with competitive games played in key stages 1-3 Promoting pupils’ spiritual, moral, social and cultural development through physical education and developing of key skills


History in America :History in America 1975 - both genders require physical education classes 1823 - Catherine Beecher Hartford Seminary 1825 - first official physical education instructor Charles Beck German gymnastics 1861 - Normal Institute of P.E. founded in Boston 1866 California passes P.E. legislation 1891 - Basketball invented (James Naismith) 1906 NCAA formed 1961 JFK President’s council on Physical Fitness and Sports


American National Standards in Physical Education :American National Standards in Physical Education “Physical fitness is not only one of the most important keys to a healthy body it is the basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity. The relationship between the soundness of the body and the activities of the mind is subtle and complex. Much is not yet understood. But we do know what the Greeks knew: that intelligence and skill can only function at the peak of their capacity when the body is healthy and strong” -President John F. Kennedy


Individual State Standards in America :Individual State Standards in America


Adaptive Physical Education Opportunities :Adaptive Physical Education Opportunities Corrective Physical Education 1934 Polio Epidemic of 1915-1917 1920 2 branches of PE general and corrective orthopedics and medical Sports for the Handicap 1939 1968 Special Olympics 1970’s move from special classes to integrated 1990 I.D.E.A.


References :References Department for Education and Employment, Physical Education The National Curriculum for England. London: 1999. Kittermaster, Ronald. Sport and Education. London: Bowes & Bowes, 1958. Mangan, J.A.. Physical Education and Sport: Sociological and Cultural Perspectives. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973. McIntosh, Peter C.. Physical Education In England Since 1800. 2. London: G. Bell & Sons ltd, 1968. National Congress Legislature, "State physical education requirements." National Congress. 2005. 2 Feb 2009 . Sather, Brian. "Sports and Physical Education Timeline." PEH270: History & Philosophy of Sport, Eastern Oregon University (2003): http:/www2.eou.edu/~bsather. Sherrill, Claudine. "A Celebration of the History of." PALAESTRA 20:1(2004):