Pharmacognosy Lecture # 7+8 (Lipids) [By, Sir Tanveer Khan]

LIPIDS: 

LIPIDS Muhammad Tanveer Khan

INTRODUCTION: 

INTRODUCTION Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which include waxes, fats, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids and others.

FIXED OILS: 

FIXED OILS Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol.

PROPERTIES: 

PROPERTIES Non-irritant Odorless Tasteless Non-volatile Insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents Produce greasy mark on paper Upon heating strongly, undergo decomposition Upon hydrolysis, yield glycerol and fatty acid

CHEMISTRY: 

CHEMISTRY Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol. These May be; Monoglycerides Diglycerides Triglycerides

CLASSIFICATION: 

CLASSIFICATION On the basis of their ability to absorb oxygen from air; Drying oil Non-drying oil Semi-drying oil

a) Drying oil: 

a) Drying oil When exposed to air, undergo oxidation and form tough and hard film. These are usually used in paints and varnishes. For example; Linseed oil b) Non-Drying oil These oils neither undergo oxidation nor form tough and hard film. For example; Olive oil

c) Semi-Drying oil: 

c) Semi-Drying oil When exposed to air, undergo little bit oxidation and form tough and thin film. For example; Cottonseed oil

METHODS OF OBTAINING FIXED OILS: 

METHODS OF OBTAINING FIXED OILS Direct expression Solvent extraction Steam treatment + extraction

COTTONSEED OIL: 

COTTONSEED OIL Botanical origin: Gossypium herbaceum Family: Malvaceae Part used: Seeds

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Collection:

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Linoleic acid Oleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Myristic acid Uses: Food Emollient Vehicle for injections Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable oils Soap manufacture

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Toxicity: Occur due to intravenous administration of cottonseed oil emulsion. Acute toxicity includes following symptoms; Fever Pain in back or chest Nausea Vomiting Headache Tachycardia Dizziness

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chronic toxicity includes following symptoms; GIT bleeding Mild anemia Defects in blood clotting Treatment of toxicity: IV hydrocortisone sodium succinate 50grams Promethazine 50mg Heparin (to aid clearance of fat from circulation)

CASTER OIL: 

CASTER OIL Botanical origin: Ricinus communis Family: Euphorbeaceae Part used: seeds

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Collection:

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Ricinoleic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Uses: Purgative Emollient Preparation of zinc and castor oil ointment Sterilized castor oil as soothing agent in eye Oily vehicle for eye drops

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Toxicity: Excessive oral administration in larger doses results in toxicity. Symptoms include; Nausea Colic Vomiting severe purgation Electrolyte imbalance

LINSEED OIL: 

LINSEED OIL Botanical origin: Linum usitatissimum Family: Linaceae Part used: Seeds

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Isolinoleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Uses: In veterinary medicine as Purgative

OLIVE OIL: 

OLIVE OIL Botanical origin: Olea europaea Family: Oleaceae Part used: Ripe fruit

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Palmitic acid Uses: Laxative Nutrient Emollient Demulcent

PEANUT OIL: 

PEANUT OIL Botanical origin: Arachis hypogaea Family: Leguminosae Part used: Seeds

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Palmitic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Uses: Vehicles in emulsions, liniments, plasters, soap Ink manufacture Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable oil

CORN OIL: 

CORN OIL Botanical origin: Zea mays Family: Gramineae Part used: Embryo

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Palmitic acid Myristic acid Lignoceric acid Uses: Vehicles in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparation Solvent for injections Nutrient

SWEET ALMOND OIL: 

SWEET ALMOND OIL Botanical origin: Prunus amygdalus Family: Rosaceae Part used: Seeds

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Oleic acid Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Myristic acid Uses: Nutrient Demulcent Emollient Preparation of cold creams, hair lotions and toilet articles

COCONUT OIL: 

COCONUT OIL Botanical origin: Cocos nucifera Family: Palmae Part used: Dried solid part of endosperm

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Lauric acid Myristic acid Capric acid Caprylied acid Caproic acid Oleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Uses: Nutrient Confectionaries Cosmetics Ointment base

MUSTARD OIL: 

MUSTARD OIL Botanical origin: Brassica juncea Family: Cruciferae Part used: Seeds

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Linoleic acid Oleic acid Erucic acid Uses: Nutrient Rubefacient In preparation of liniments In massages

SESAME OIL: 

SESAME OIL Botanical origin: Sesamum indicum Family: Pedaliaceae Part used: Seeds

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Linoleic acid Oleic acid Stearic acid Palmitic acid Arachidic acid And other components include; Sesamin sesamolin Uses: Solvent for intramuscular injection Nutritive Demulcent Emollient Laxative Oily vehicle

SAFFLOWER OIL: 

SAFFLOWER OIL Botanical origin: Carthamus tinctorius Family: Compositae Part used: Seeds

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Linolenic acid Uses: Nutritive

SUNFLOWER OIL: 

SUNFLOWER OIL Botanical origin: Helianthus annus Family: Compositae Part used: Seeds

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Constituents: Glycerides of; Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Behenic acid Uses: Nutritive Preparation of hydrogenated products Preparation of paints, varnishes and soap

VOLATILE OILS VS FIXED OILS: 

VOLATILE OILS VS FIXED OILS Fixed oils Volatile oils Don't get volatiles at room temperature Volatilize at room temperature Obtained by extraction Obtained by distillation After evaporation, do leave spot Leave no spot after evaporation Can be saponified Cannot be saponified Esters of fatty acid with glycerol Mixtures of oleoptenes and stereoptenes Low refractive index High refractive index

FATS VS FIXED OILS: 

FATS VS FIXED OILS Fixed oils Fats Liquid at room temperature Solid at room temperature Contain unsaturated glycerides e.g. glyceryl oleate Contain saturated glycerides e.g. glyceryl stearate