faulty parallelism

FAULTY PARALLELISM: 

FAULTY PARALLELISM

Parallel Structure: 

Parallel Structure

Non-Parallel Structure: 

Non-Parallel Structure

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Parallel structure involves putting together elements of similar structure to achieve balanced writing

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Items in a list, series and compounds must be in parallel form. Ali ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and burping with contentment. ate the pizza wiped his lips burping with contentment

Need for Parallelism: 

Need for Parallelism

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Parallel Structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at three levels: Word Phrase Clause

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE When linking two words or two word groups by and , each word or word group must have the same grammatical function. He enjoys reading plays and poetry . (two nouns) He blocks and tackles skillfully. (two verbs)

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE He looked in the drawers and under the bed. (two prepositional phrases.) He is a man who has worked hard , and whom we all respect . (two dependent clauses) He will return to England , and she will return to York. (two independent clauses.)

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Poor: Betty has intelligence, honesty, and she is funny Improved: Betty has intelligence, honesty, and she is funny humour Poor: Good writing requires you to plan outlines, write several drafts, and revision Improved: Good writing requires you to plan outlines, write several drafts, and revision revise your work

Words and Phrases: 

Words and Phrases Mary likes hik ing , swimm ing , and to ride a bicycle. Mary likes hik ing , swimm ing , and riding a bicycle.

Words and Phrases: 

Words and Phrases He is talented , intelligent and has charm . He is talented, intelligent and charming . The production manager was asked to write his report quick ly , accurate ly , and in a detailed manner . The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly .

Words and Phrases: 

Words and Phrases Angry ants munched the marshmallows, crumbl ing coffeecake, and sipp ing syrup headed off across the countertop. Angry ants munch ing marshmallows, crumb ling coffeecake, and sipp ing syrup headed off across the countertop.

Words and Phrases: 

Words and Phrases From an early age, I learned to appreciate life, to respect my parents, and valuing all the gifts that are given to me. We debated between two options immigration had given us: going back to Nicaragua or to stay in the US with no hope of ever going back.

Words and Phrases: 

Words and Phrases I left my job for several reasons: The pay was poor Long hours I found the work tedious Equipment was dangerous I left my job for several reasons: Poor pay Long hours Tedious work Dangerous equipment

Words and Phrases: 

Words and Phrases This proposal is profitable, timely, and it helps us . This proposal is profitable, timely, and helpful . I have nothing to offer but bleeding, toil, tears, and sweating. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat

Slide 18: 

My cousin picks the berries, boxes them, and he sells them to the markets. My cousin picks the berries, boxes them and sells them to the markets.

Clauses: 

Clauses This novel is not to be tossed lightly aside , but to be hurled with great force . In matters of principle , stand like a rock ; in matters of taste , swim with the current .

Clauses: 

Clauses The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game. The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Balance parallel ideas linked with coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet ) a and b a, b, and c a or b a, b, or c

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE My first-year philosophy professor was informative , lively , and a source of inspiration. My first-year philosophy professor was informative, lively, and inspiring.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE You come to understand what to expect when you tease a cat, or tossing a pebble in a pool, or touching a hot stove. You come to understand what to expect when you tease a cat, toss a pebble in a pool, or touch a hot stove. Or………….when you are teasing a cat, tossing a pebble in a pool, or touching a hot stove.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Hashim is responsible for stocking merchandise, writing orders for delivery, and sales of computers. The word selling (computers) should replace sales. The small girl was bewildered, confused, and she could not find her way home. The small girl was bewildered, confused, and lost.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE I was advised either to change my flight or take the train. ….. or to take the train . Changing over from a military to a peacetime economy means producing tractors rather than tanks, radios rather than rifles, and to produce running shoes rather than combat boots

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Balance parallel ideas linked with correlating conjunction (either – or, not only – but also…). Make sure that the grammatical structure following the first half of the pair is the same as that following the second half; not only a but also b either a or b neither a nor b

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE The shutters were not only too long but were also awful in width. ….. but also awfully wide . Theft, vandalism, and cheating can result in suspension or even to be expelled from school. suspension to be balanced with expulsion

Slide 28: 

I want either to win the contest or getting at least an honorable mention. Miranda’s flowers are neither red, nor are they orange.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Balance comparisons linked with ‘than’ or ‘as’. It is easier to speak in abstractions than grounding one’s thoughts in reality. (than to ground) Mother could not persuade him that giving is as much a joy as to receive. (as receiving)

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Students in Mr. Ahmed’s class are more fluent in English than Mr. Ali. Students in Mr. Ahmed’s class are more fluent in English than students in Mr. Ali’s. They prefer to see the sights rather than shopping all day. We judge people for what they do rather than for their words.

Slide 31: 

Caterpillars are strongly linked in literature and art to the theme of transformation because they go into their cocoons and emerge as butterfly. Caterpillars are strongly linked in literature and art to the theme of transformation because they go into their cocoons and emerge as butterflies .

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE Quaid-e-Azam was known for both his honesty and he was courageous as well. Quaid-e-Azam was known for both his honesty and courage .

Exercise: 

Exercise

Slide 37: 

Many gases are invisible, odorless, and they have no taste. Mr. Foster is not only an excellent barber but also sings well. Three of the steps in filing are to code, to sort, and storing. Without federal taxes, we would have neither an army or a navy. These plants need water and looking after.

Slide 38: 

Vitamin A is found not only in vegetables, but eggs and butter have it. Coach Espinoza was a brilliant strategist, a caring mentor, and friend. We found the film repulsive, offensive, and we thought it was embarrassing. Mr. Tran kept his store clean, neat, and he had it conveniently arranged.

Slide 39: 

Eric is handsome, intelligent, and a good athlete . Over-scheduling only leads to frustration, becoming exhausted, mounting stress, and low productivity.

Slide 40: 

The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.

The End: 

The End