logging in or signing up Antifungal Drugs aSGuest11474 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 4360 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (1) Added: January 27, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 4 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: afzaye (17 month(s) ago) very good good morning ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,very nice slide Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Antifungal Drugs : Antifungal Drugs Group 7 Sison, Josef F. Songco, Marjorie Ann R. Tagupa, Gerald Bong G. Tamayo, Rose May Taotao, Krisha Anne C. Tulagan, Precious Antifungal Drugs : Antifungal Drugs Also called antimycotic drugs Used to treat two types of fungal infection: Superficial fungal infections (skin or mucous membrane) Systemic fungal infectons (lungs or central nervous system) Antifungal Drugs : Antifungal Drugs Groups: Polyenes,including amphotericin B and nystatin Imidazoles, which include ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole and others The antimetabolic antifungal flucytosine Antiprotozoal agents Polyenes : Polyenes Amphotericin B Nystatin (Mycostatin) Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Available Forms: Lozenges: 10mg Oral Suspension: 100mg/mL Powder for injection: 50mg Tablets: 100mg Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Route and Test dose: A: IV: 0.25-1.0 mg in 20ml of D5W infused over 20-30 min A: IV: 0.25-1.0 mg/kg/d in D5W or 1.5 mg/kg q.o.d .; max: 1.5 mg/kg/d C: IV: Same as adults, expect dilution and infuse time differ Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Uses: For treatment of a variety of systemic fungal (mycotic) infections, such as aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis. Nephrotoxicity may occur when given in high doses. Hypokalemia might occur. Consideration: Pregnancy category: B; PB: 95%; t 1/2 : 24 h Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Indications: Systemic fungal inferctions (hystoplasmosis,coccidioidomycosis,blastomycosis,cryptococcosis,disseminated candidiasis,aspergillosis,phycomycosis,zygomycosis), meningitis Infection of the G.I tract caused by Candida albicans Oral and perioral candidal infections Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: CNS: headache, peripheral neuropathy, transcient vertigo, malaise, seizures CV: hypotension, arrhytmias, asystole, hypertension, tachycardia, flushing, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: EENT: hearing loss, innitus, blurred vision, diplopia GI: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhea, epigastric pain, crumping, melena, steatorrhea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: GU: abnormal renal function with hypokalemia, azotemia hypostenuria, renal tubular acidosis, nephrocalcinosis, permanent renal impairment; anuria; oliguria HEMATOLOGIC: normochronic anemia, normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agrunulocytes, eosinophilia, leukocytosis Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: HEPATIC: hepatitis, undice, acute liver failure METABOLIC: weight loss, hypokalemia, hypoglycaemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypomagnesemia Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: MUSCULOSKELETAL:arthalgia,myalgia RESPIRATORY:dyspnea,tachypnea,bronchospasm,wheezing SKIN: maculopopular rash,pruritus Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Nursing Resposibilities: Use cautiously in patients with impaired renal function Because of drug dangerous drug effect,it’s used primarily for treatment of patients with progressive and potentially fatal fungal infections Infusion-related reactions,including fever,shaking chills,hyporension,anorexia,nausea,vomiting,headache,dyspnea and tachypnea,may occur 1-3 hoursafter starting infusion Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor fluid intake and output; report change in urine appearance or volume. Hydration before infusion may reduce risk of neprotoxicity Monitor potassium levels closely and report signs of hypokalemia Drug is potentially ototoxic. Report evidenced of hearing loss,tinnitus, vertigo or unsteady gait Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Drug class: Antifungal Trade name: Mycostatin, Nadostine, Nyaderm Pregnancy Category: C Drug-lab-food Interaction: No significant interactions known Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Available Forms: Lozenges:200,000 units Oral suspension:100,000 units/mL Powder: 50,150, or 500 million units; 1,2 0r 5 billions units Tablets: 500,000 units Vaginal Suppositories: 100,000 units Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Dosage: A: Topical use as directed Intestinal infection: A: PO: 500,000 – 1,000,000 U t.i.d or q8h Oral candidiasis: A:PO: 400,000 – 600,000 U q6-q8h Neonate (<7 d): PO: 100,000 U q.i.d. C: PO:250,000 – 500,000 U q.i.d. Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Indications: Intestinal Candidiasis Oral Candidiasis (thush) vaginal Candidiasis Contraindication: Hypersensitivity Vag: Pregnancy Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: PO: poorly absorbed Distribution: PB: UK Metabolism t ½ : UK Excretion: in feces unchanged Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Pharmacodynamics: Vag: Peak: UK Duration: 6-12 h PO: Onset: Rapid Peak: UK Duration: 6 – 12h Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Therapeutic Effects/Uses: To treat Candida infections Mode of Action: Increase Permeability of the fungal cell membrane Side Effects: PO: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (large doses), stomach cramps, rash Vag: Rash, burning sensation GI: transcient nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Adverse Reaction: None known Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Nursing Interventions: Nystatin isn’t effective against systemic infections Vaginal tablets can be used by pregnant patients up to 6 weeks before term to treat maternal infection that may caused oral candidiasis in neonates Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Nursing Interventions: For treatment of oral candidiasis: After the mouth is clean of food debris, have patient hold suspension in mouth for several minutes,before swallowing. When treating infanmts,swab medications on oral mucosa. Prescriber may instruct immunosuppresed patients to suck on vaginal tablets (100,000 units) because this provides prolonged contact with oral mucosa Immidazoles : Immidazoles Fluconazole (Diflucan) Itraconazale (Sporanox) Ketoconazole ( Sporanox) Miconazole nitrate ( Monistat, Micatin) Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Available Forms: Injection: 200mg/mL,400 mg/200 mL Powder for oral suspension: 10mg/mL, 40mg/mL Tablets: 50mg,100mg150mg,200 mg Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Route and Dose: A: PO/IV: 200mg x 1 d; maint: 100mg/d for 2 wk C: PO/IV: 3-6 mg/kg/d Uses and Considerations: For a variety of fungal infections. Highly selective inhibitor of fungal cytochrome P- 450. Used to treat cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS clients and oropharyngeal and systemic candidiasis. Pregnancy category: C; PB: 12%; t ½: 20-50h Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Indications: Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Esophageal Candidiasis Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Systemic Candidiasis Cryptoccal meningitis Prevention of candidiasis in bone marrow transplant Suppression of relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Contraindication: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug. Don’t use in breast-feeding patients Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Side Effects: CNS; headache,dizziness GI: nausea,vomiting,abdominal pain,diarrhea,dyspepsia,taste perversion HEMATOLOGIC: leukopnea, thrombocytopenia SKIN: Rash Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Nursing Interventions: Use cautiously in patients hypersensitive to other antifungal azole compounds; no data exist regarding cross-sensitivity Serious hepatoxicity has occurred in patients with underlying medical conditions Periodically monitor liver function during prolonged therapy Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Nursing Interventions: If patients develop mild rash, monitor him closely. Discontinue drug if lesions progress,and notify prescriber. Risk of adverse reactions appears to be greater in HIV-infected patients Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Available Forms: Capsules: 100mg Injection:10mg/mL Oral Solution: 10mg/mL Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Route and Dose: A: PO: Loading dose: 200mg q8h x 3 d; maint: 200mg/d; max: 400 mg/d in two divided doses. Uses and Considerations: Effective against various systemic fungal infections, particularly blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. Pregnancy category: C; PB: 99%- t1/2:21-42h. Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Indications: Pulmonary and extrapulmonary blastomycosis,nonmeningeal histoplasmosis Aspergillosis Onychomycosis of the toenail Onychomycosis of the fingernail Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in patients unresponsive to fluconazole tablets Esophageal Candidiasis Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drugs or receiving oral triazolam or midazolam, in those with ventricular dysfunction or a history of heart failure and in those who are breast-feeding. Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Side Effects: CNS: headache,dizziness,somnolence,fatigue,malaise CV: hypertension,edema GI:nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia GU: albuminuria, impotence HEPATIC: impaired hepatic function METABOLIC: hypokalemia SKIN: rash,pruritus Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Nursing Intervention: Use cautiously in patients with hypochlorhydria; they may not absorb drud readily Because hypochlorhydria can accopmpany HIV infection, use cautiously in HIV-infected patients Use cautiously in patients receiving other highly bound drugs because drug and its metabolites are bound to plasma proteins Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Nursing Interventions: Confirm the diagnosis of onychomycosis before starting therapy by having nail specimens undergo appropriate laboratory testing Perform baseline liver function tests and monitor results periodically Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Available Form: Oral Suspension: 100mg/ml Tablets: 200mg Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Route and Dose: A:PO:200-400mg/d as a single dose C: > 20 y: PO: 3.3-6.6 mg/kg/d as single dose C: < 20kg: PO: 50mg/d Uses and Considerations: For infections by Candida spp. , histoplasmosis, blacstomycosis, and others Treatment could last 1-6 months for systemic infections. Take with food to avoid GI discomfort. Pregnancy category: C; PB: 95%; t 1/2 : 2-8h Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Indications: Systemic Candidiasis, Chronic mucocandidiasis, oral candidiasis, candiduri, coccidiodomycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis; severe cutaneous dermatophyte infections resistant to therapy with topical or oral griseofulvin Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Side Effects: CNS: headache, nervousness, dizziness, somnolence, suicidal tendencies, severe depression EENT: photophobia GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Side Effects: GU: Impotence HEMATOLOGIC: thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anemia, leukopenia HEPATIC: fatal hepatoxicity METABOLIC: hyperlipidemia SKIN: pruritus Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Nursing Interventions: Use cautiously in patients with hepatic disease and in those who are taking other hepetotoxic drugs Because potential for serious hepatoxicity, don’t use ketoconazole for less serious conditions, such as fungal infections of skin or nails Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Nursing Interventions: Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hepatoxicity including elevated liver enzyme levels, nausea that doesn’t subside and unusual fatigue,jaundice,dark urine,or pale stool Doses up to 800 mg/day can be used to treat fungal meningitis and intracerebral fungal lesions. Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Available Forms: Cream: 2% Powder: 2% Spray: 2% Topical Ointment: 2% Topical Solution: 2% Vaginal Cream: 2% Vaginal Suppositories: 100mg,200mg Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Route and Dose: A: IV: 200-3600 mg/d in D5W in three divided doses; infuse IV over 30-60 min C: IV: 20-40mg/kg/d in divided doses; max: 15mgkg per inf A: Supp: 100mg vag h.s. for 7 d Available: Vaginal cream 2% lotion Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Uses and Considerations: For fungal meningitis and fungal bladder infections. Also for vaginal fungal infections. Pregnancy category: B; PB: 92%; t1/2 2-24h Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Indications: tinea corporis,tinea crusis,tinea pedis; cutaneous candidiasis; common dermatophyte infections tinea versicolor Vulvovaginal candidiasis Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug or its components Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Side Effects: CNS: headache GU: pelvic cramps, vulvovaginal burning, pruritus, and irritation with vaginal cream SKIN: irritationb, burning, maceration, allergic contact dermatitis Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Nursing Intervntions: Use together (within 72 hours) of intravaginal forms and certain latex products, such as condoms or vaginal contraceptive diaphragms,isn’t recommended because of possible interaction Don’t use occlusive dressings Lotion should be used in intertriginous areas Antimetabolites : Antimetabolites Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Available Forms: Capsules: 250mg, 500mg Indications Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Route and Dose: A: PO: 50-150mg/kg/d in four divided doses. C:>50kg:PO: 50-150mg/kg/d in 4 divided doses. C: < 50kg :PO: 1.5-4.5 g/m2 /d in four divided doses. C: < 50: PO:1.5-4.5 g/m2 /d in four divided doses. Neonate: PO: 50-100mg/kg/d in 1-2 divided doses. Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Uses and Contraindication: Use with amphotericin B may increase therapeutic action as well as toxicity. Fungal resistance occurs if the drug is given alone. Pregnancy category: C: PB: UK; t 1/2 : 3-6h Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Indications: Severe fungal infections caused by susceptible strains of Candida species, including septicaemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, and pulmonary infections, and of Cryptococcus species,including meningitis,pulmonary infections, and urinary tract infections Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Side Effects: CNS: headache, vertigo, sedation, fatigue, weakness, confusion, hallucinations, psychosis, ataxia, hearing loss, paresthesia, parkinsonism, peripheral neuropathy CV: cardiac arrest, chest pain Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Side Effects: GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dry mouth, duodenal ulcer,hemorrhage,ulcerative colitis, anorexia GU: azotemia, crystalluria, renal failure HEMATOLOGIC HEMATOLOGIC: anemia, leukopenia, bone marrow suppression, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Side Effects: HEPATIC: jaundice METABOLIC: hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia RESPIRATORY: respiratory arrest, dyspnea SKIN: occasional rash, pruritus, urticaria, photosensitivity Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Nursing Interventions: Use with extreme caution in patients with hepatic or renal function or bone marrow suppression Administer capsules over 15 minutes to reduce reduce adverse GI reactions Monitor blood, liver, and renal function studies frequently during therapy; obtain susceptibility test weekly to monitor drug resistance Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Nursing Interventions: If possible, regularly perform blood level assays of drug, to maintain flucytosine at therapeutic level of 40 to 60 mcg/mL. Blood levels above 100 mcg/mL may be toxic. Monitor fluid intake and output; report marked changes Antiprotozoal : Antiprotozoal Atovaquone (Mepron) Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Available Forms: Suspension: 750 mg/5 mL Route and Dose: A: PO: 750mg b.i.d. with food x 21d Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Uses And Contraindication: For treatment of mid to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Pregnancy category: C; PB: t ½: 2-3d Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Indications: Acute, mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients who can’t tolerate co-trimoxazole Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Side Effects: CNS: headache, insomia, asthenia, anxiety, dizziness CV: hypotension EENT: sinusitis, rhinitis GI: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, anorexia, dyspepsia, oral candidiasis, taste perversion Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Side Effects: HEMATOLOGIC: anemia, neutropenia METABOLIC: hypoglycaemia, hyponatremia RESPIRATORY: cough SKIN: fever, pain Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Nursing Interventions: Drug has appeared in breast milk. Use cautiously in breast-feeding patients. Because drug is bound to plasma protein, use cautiously with other highly protein-bound drugs, and assess patient for toxicity when used together Alert: Because of risk of concurrent pulmonary infections, monitor patient closely during therapy. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING- GROUP 7 : THANK YOU FOR LISTENING- GROUP 7 The End You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Antifungal Drugs aSGuest11474 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 4360 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (1) Added: January 27, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 4 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: afzaye (17 month(s) ago) very good good morning ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,very nice slide Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Antifungal Drugs : Antifungal Drugs Group 7 Sison, Josef F. Songco, Marjorie Ann R. Tagupa, Gerald Bong G. Tamayo, Rose May Taotao, Krisha Anne C. Tulagan, Precious Antifungal Drugs : Antifungal Drugs Also called antimycotic drugs Used to treat two types of fungal infection: Superficial fungal infections (skin or mucous membrane) Systemic fungal infectons (lungs or central nervous system) Antifungal Drugs : Antifungal Drugs Groups: Polyenes,including amphotericin B and nystatin Imidazoles, which include ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole and others The antimetabolic antifungal flucytosine Antiprotozoal agents Polyenes : Polyenes Amphotericin B Nystatin (Mycostatin) Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Available Forms: Lozenges: 10mg Oral Suspension: 100mg/mL Powder for injection: 50mg Tablets: 100mg Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Route and Test dose: A: IV: 0.25-1.0 mg in 20ml of D5W infused over 20-30 min A: IV: 0.25-1.0 mg/kg/d in D5W or 1.5 mg/kg q.o.d .; max: 1.5 mg/kg/d C: IV: Same as adults, expect dilution and infuse time differ Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Uses: For treatment of a variety of systemic fungal (mycotic) infections, such as aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis. Nephrotoxicity may occur when given in high doses. Hypokalemia might occur. Consideration: Pregnancy category: B; PB: 95%; t 1/2 : 24 h Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Indications: Systemic fungal inferctions (hystoplasmosis,coccidioidomycosis,blastomycosis,cryptococcosis,disseminated candidiasis,aspergillosis,phycomycosis,zygomycosis), meningitis Infection of the G.I tract caused by Candida albicans Oral and perioral candidal infections Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: CNS: headache, peripheral neuropathy, transcient vertigo, malaise, seizures CV: hypotension, arrhytmias, asystole, hypertension, tachycardia, flushing, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: EENT: hearing loss, innitus, blurred vision, diplopia GI: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhea, epigastric pain, crumping, melena, steatorrhea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: GU: abnormal renal function with hypokalemia, azotemia hypostenuria, renal tubular acidosis, nephrocalcinosis, permanent renal impairment; anuria; oliguria HEMATOLOGIC: normochronic anemia, normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agrunulocytes, eosinophilia, leukocytosis Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: HEPATIC: hepatitis, undice, acute liver failure METABOLIC: weight loss, hypokalemia, hypoglycaemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypomagnesemia Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Side Effects: MUSCULOSKELETAL:arthalgia,myalgia RESPIRATORY:dyspnea,tachypnea,bronchospasm,wheezing SKIN: maculopopular rash,pruritus Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Nursing Resposibilities: Use cautiously in patients with impaired renal function Because of drug dangerous drug effect,it’s used primarily for treatment of patients with progressive and potentially fatal fungal infections Infusion-related reactions,including fever,shaking chills,hyporension,anorexia,nausea,vomiting,headache,dyspnea and tachypnea,may occur 1-3 hoursafter starting infusion Amphotericin B : Amphotericin B Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor fluid intake and output; report change in urine appearance or volume. Hydration before infusion may reduce risk of neprotoxicity Monitor potassium levels closely and report signs of hypokalemia Drug is potentially ototoxic. Report evidenced of hearing loss,tinnitus, vertigo or unsteady gait Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Drug class: Antifungal Trade name: Mycostatin, Nadostine, Nyaderm Pregnancy Category: C Drug-lab-food Interaction: No significant interactions known Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Available Forms: Lozenges:200,000 units Oral suspension:100,000 units/mL Powder: 50,150, or 500 million units; 1,2 0r 5 billions units Tablets: 500,000 units Vaginal Suppositories: 100,000 units Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Dosage: A: Topical use as directed Intestinal infection: A: PO: 500,000 – 1,000,000 U t.i.d or q8h Oral candidiasis: A:PO: 400,000 – 600,000 U q6-q8h Neonate (<7 d): PO: 100,000 U q.i.d. C: PO:250,000 – 500,000 U q.i.d. Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Indications: Intestinal Candidiasis Oral Candidiasis (thush) vaginal Candidiasis Contraindication: Hypersensitivity Vag: Pregnancy Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: PO: poorly absorbed Distribution: PB: UK Metabolism t ½ : UK Excretion: in feces unchanged Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Pharmacodynamics: Vag: Peak: UK Duration: 6-12 h PO: Onset: Rapid Peak: UK Duration: 6 – 12h Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Therapeutic Effects/Uses: To treat Candida infections Mode of Action: Increase Permeability of the fungal cell membrane Side Effects: PO: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (large doses), stomach cramps, rash Vag: Rash, burning sensation GI: transcient nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Adverse Reaction: None known Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Nursing Interventions: Nystatin isn’t effective against systemic infections Vaginal tablets can be used by pregnant patients up to 6 weeks before term to treat maternal infection that may caused oral candidiasis in neonates Nystatin (Mycostatin) : Nystatin (Mycostatin) Nursing Interventions: For treatment of oral candidiasis: After the mouth is clean of food debris, have patient hold suspension in mouth for several minutes,before swallowing. When treating infanmts,swab medications on oral mucosa. Prescriber may instruct immunosuppresed patients to suck on vaginal tablets (100,000 units) because this provides prolonged contact with oral mucosa Immidazoles : Immidazoles Fluconazole (Diflucan) Itraconazale (Sporanox) Ketoconazole ( Sporanox) Miconazole nitrate ( Monistat, Micatin) Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Available Forms: Injection: 200mg/mL,400 mg/200 mL Powder for oral suspension: 10mg/mL, 40mg/mL Tablets: 50mg,100mg150mg,200 mg Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Route and Dose: A: PO/IV: 200mg x 1 d; maint: 100mg/d for 2 wk C: PO/IV: 3-6 mg/kg/d Uses and Considerations: For a variety of fungal infections. Highly selective inhibitor of fungal cytochrome P- 450. Used to treat cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS clients and oropharyngeal and systemic candidiasis. Pregnancy category: C; PB: 12%; t ½: 20-50h Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Indications: Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Esophageal Candidiasis Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Systemic Candidiasis Cryptoccal meningitis Prevention of candidiasis in bone marrow transplant Suppression of relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Contraindication: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug. Don’t use in breast-feeding patients Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Side Effects: CNS; headache,dizziness GI: nausea,vomiting,abdominal pain,diarrhea,dyspepsia,taste perversion HEMATOLOGIC: leukopnea, thrombocytopenia SKIN: Rash Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Nursing Interventions: Use cautiously in patients hypersensitive to other antifungal azole compounds; no data exist regarding cross-sensitivity Serious hepatoxicity has occurred in patients with underlying medical conditions Periodically monitor liver function during prolonged therapy Fluconazole (Diflucan) : Fluconazole (Diflucan) Nursing Interventions: If patients develop mild rash, monitor him closely. Discontinue drug if lesions progress,and notify prescriber. Risk of adverse reactions appears to be greater in HIV-infected patients Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Available Forms: Capsules: 100mg Injection:10mg/mL Oral Solution: 10mg/mL Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Route and Dose: A: PO: Loading dose: 200mg q8h x 3 d; maint: 200mg/d; max: 400 mg/d in two divided doses. Uses and Considerations: Effective against various systemic fungal infections, particularly blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. Pregnancy category: C; PB: 99%- t1/2:21-42h. Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Indications: Pulmonary and extrapulmonary blastomycosis,nonmeningeal histoplasmosis Aspergillosis Onychomycosis of the toenail Onychomycosis of the fingernail Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in patients unresponsive to fluconazole tablets Esophageal Candidiasis Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drugs or receiving oral triazolam or midazolam, in those with ventricular dysfunction or a history of heart failure and in those who are breast-feeding. Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Side Effects: CNS: headache,dizziness,somnolence,fatigue,malaise CV: hypertension,edema GI:nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia GU: albuminuria, impotence HEPATIC: impaired hepatic function METABOLIC: hypokalemia SKIN: rash,pruritus Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Nursing Intervention: Use cautiously in patients with hypochlorhydria; they may not absorb drud readily Because hypochlorhydria can accopmpany HIV infection, use cautiously in HIV-infected patients Use cautiously in patients receiving other highly bound drugs because drug and its metabolites are bound to plasma proteins Itraconazale (Sporanox) : Itraconazale (Sporanox) Nursing Interventions: Confirm the diagnosis of onychomycosis before starting therapy by having nail specimens undergo appropriate laboratory testing Perform baseline liver function tests and monitor results periodically Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Available Form: Oral Suspension: 100mg/ml Tablets: 200mg Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Route and Dose: A:PO:200-400mg/d as a single dose C: > 20 y: PO: 3.3-6.6 mg/kg/d as single dose C: < 20kg: PO: 50mg/d Uses and Considerations: For infections by Candida spp. , histoplasmosis, blacstomycosis, and others Treatment could last 1-6 months for systemic infections. Take with food to avoid GI discomfort. Pregnancy category: C; PB: 95%; t 1/2 : 2-8h Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Indications: Systemic Candidiasis, Chronic mucocandidiasis, oral candidiasis, candiduri, coccidiodomycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis; severe cutaneous dermatophyte infections resistant to therapy with topical or oral griseofulvin Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Side Effects: CNS: headache, nervousness, dizziness, somnolence, suicidal tendencies, severe depression EENT: photophobia GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Side Effects: GU: Impotence HEMATOLOGIC: thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anemia, leukopenia HEPATIC: fatal hepatoxicity METABOLIC: hyperlipidemia SKIN: pruritus Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Nursing Interventions: Use cautiously in patients with hepatic disease and in those who are taking other hepetotoxic drugs Because potential for serious hepatoxicity, don’t use ketoconazole for less serious conditions, such as fungal infections of skin or nails Ketoconazole (Sporanox) : Ketoconazole (Sporanox) Nursing Interventions: Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hepatoxicity including elevated liver enzyme levels, nausea that doesn’t subside and unusual fatigue,jaundice,dark urine,or pale stool Doses up to 800 mg/day can be used to treat fungal meningitis and intracerebral fungal lesions. Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Available Forms: Cream: 2% Powder: 2% Spray: 2% Topical Ointment: 2% Topical Solution: 2% Vaginal Cream: 2% Vaginal Suppositories: 100mg,200mg Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Route and Dose: A: IV: 200-3600 mg/d in D5W in three divided doses; infuse IV over 30-60 min C: IV: 20-40mg/kg/d in divided doses; max: 15mgkg per inf A: Supp: 100mg vag h.s. for 7 d Available: Vaginal cream 2% lotion Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Uses and Considerations: For fungal meningitis and fungal bladder infections. Also for vaginal fungal infections. Pregnancy category: B; PB: 92%; t1/2 2-24h Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Indications: tinea corporis,tinea crusis,tinea pedis; cutaneous candidiasis; common dermatophyte infections tinea versicolor Vulvovaginal candidiasis Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug or its components Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Side Effects: CNS: headache GU: pelvic cramps, vulvovaginal burning, pruritus, and irritation with vaginal cream SKIN: irritationb, burning, maceration, allergic contact dermatitis Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) : Miconazole nitrate (Monistat, Micatin) Nursing Intervntions: Use together (within 72 hours) of intravaginal forms and certain latex products, such as condoms or vaginal contraceptive diaphragms,isn’t recommended because of possible interaction Don’t use occlusive dressings Lotion should be used in intertriginous areas Antimetabolites : Antimetabolites Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Available Forms: Capsules: 250mg, 500mg Indications Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Route and Dose: A: PO: 50-150mg/kg/d in four divided doses. C:>50kg:PO: 50-150mg/kg/d in 4 divided doses. C: < 50kg :PO: 1.5-4.5 g/m2 /d in four divided doses. C: < 50: PO:1.5-4.5 g/m2 /d in four divided doses. Neonate: PO: 50-100mg/kg/d in 1-2 divided doses. Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Uses and Contraindication: Use with amphotericin B may increase therapeutic action as well as toxicity. Fungal resistance occurs if the drug is given alone. Pregnancy category: C: PB: UK; t 1/2 : 3-6h Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Indications: Severe fungal infections caused by susceptible strains of Candida species, including septicaemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, and pulmonary infections, and of Cryptococcus species,including meningitis,pulmonary infections, and urinary tract infections Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Side Effects: CNS: headache, vertigo, sedation, fatigue, weakness, confusion, hallucinations, psychosis, ataxia, hearing loss, paresthesia, parkinsonism, peripheral neuropathy CV: cardiac arrest, chest pain Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Side Effects: GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dry mouth, duodenal ulcer,hemorrhage,ulcerative colitis, anorexia GU: azotemia, crystalluria, renal failure HEMATOLOGIC HEMATOLOGIC: anemia, leukopenia, bone marrow suppression, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Side Effects: HEPATIC: jaundice METABOLIC: hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia RESPIRATORY: respiratory arrest, dyspnea SKIN: occasional rash, pruritus, urticaria, photosensitivity Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Nursing Interventions: Use with extreme caution in patients with hepatic or renal function or bone marrow suppression Administer capsules over 15 minutes to reduce reduce adverse GI reactions Monitor blood, liver, and renal function studies frequently during therapy; obtain susceptibility test weekly to monitor drug resistance Flucytonsine (Ancobon) : Flucytonsine (Ancobon) Nursing Interventions: If possible, regularly perform blood level assays of drug, to maintain flucytosine at therapeutic level of 40 to 60 mcg/mL. Blood levels above 100 mcg/mL may be toxic. Monitor fluid intake and output; report marked changes Antiprotozoal : Antiprotozoal Atovaquone (Mepron) Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Available Forms: Suspension: 750 mg/5 mL Route and Dose: A: PO: 750mg b.i.d. with food x 21d Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Uses And Contraindication: For treatment of mid to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Pregnancy category: C; PB: t ½: 2-3d Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Indications: Acute, mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients who can’t tolerate co-trimoxazole Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Side Effects: CNS: headache, insomia, asthenia, anxiety, dizziness CV: hypotension EENT: sinusitis, rhinitis GI: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, anorexia, dyspepsia, oral candidiasis, taste perversion Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Side Effects: HEMATOLOGIC: anemia, neutropenia METABOLIC: hypoglycaemia, hyponatremia RESPIRATORY: cough SKIN: fever, pain Atovaquone (Mepron) : Atovaquone (Mepron) Nursing Interventions: Drug has appeared in breast milk. Use cautiously in breast-feeding patients. Because drug is bound to plasma protein, use cautiously with other highly protein-bound drugs, and assess patient for toxicity when used together Alert: Because of risk of concurrent pulmonary infections, monitor patient closely during therapy. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING- GROUP 7 : THANK YOU FOR LISTENING- GROUP 7 The End