French and Indian War

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The French & Indian War (1756 – 1763) “The Great War for Empire”

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Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

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The war was the product of a clash between the French and English over colonial territory and wealth. In North America, the war can also be seen as a product of the local rivalry between British and French colonists.

Trouble with France: 

Trouble with France In the 17 th and 18 th centuries, England and France fought several major wars. Sometimes these wars started in Europe and spread to North America. Sometimes they started in North America. After Queen Anne’s War, Great Britain (England) received the Hudson Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland in the peace agreement. France was losing ground.

French and Indian War: 

French and Indian War In the mid 1700s, France and Britain began to squabble over the Ohio Valley region and the Great Lakes. France decided to strengthen its claim by building new forts in the area. Virginia also claimed the area where France built its forts and demanded that France withdraw. The French refused.

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North America in 1750

War!: 

War! The conflict in the Ohio Valley sparked a war between France and Britain. The French enlisted the help of the Huron Indians, who hated the British because they were allied with the Iroquois. This war is known as the French and Indian War. In Europe, they call it the Seven Years War because fighting in Europe lasted, you guessed it, seven years.

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British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians The Ohio Valley 1754  The First Clash

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Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) - Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. - Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success  expelled France from Louisiana. CAJUNS 1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in North America

Fort Duquesne: 

Fort Duquesne The French built a fort near the confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers. Fort Duquesne Virginia sent a young militia officer to build a fort. When he realized that France had already built a fort, he quickly built a simple fort called Fort Necessity. When the French discovered the tiny fort, they attacked and forced the officer and his men to surrender. The officer’s name was George Washington .

Fort Necessity: 

Fort Necessity Nice, huh?

Would you feel safe?: 

Would you feel safe?

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A combined force of French soldiers and their native allies overwhelmed Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, marking the start of the “French and Indian War” in North America. The French permitted Washington and his men to return to Virginia safely, but made them promise they would not build another fort west of the Appalachian Mountains for at least a year. England did not officially declare war until 1756, although the conflict had actually begun two years earlier at Fort Necessity.

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Washington Braddock Braddock and his army moved very slowly, building roads & bridges as they headed through the wilderness. Braddock believed that fighting like the Indians was cowardly. * This led to his death! Washington learned that the British were not unbeatable in battle as many people thought. Washington believed that the key to winning the war was to fight like the Indians. * This led him to success during the Revolutionary War !

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Braddock “halted to level every mole hill and to erect bridges over every brook by which means we were four days getting twelve miles” (Washington) Braddock’s Dilemma: Tried to fight a European style war in the wilderness of Pennsylvania.

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After a year and a half of undeclared war, the French and the English formally declared war in May 1756. For the first three years of the war, the outnumbered French dominated the battlefield, soundly defeating the English in battles at Fort Oswego and Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most notorious battle of the war was the French victory at Fort William Henry , which ended in a massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the French.

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British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

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Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA Albany Congress  failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French. 1754  Albany Plan of Union

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What is the message of this famous cartoon, created by Benjamin Franklin?

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He understood colonial concerns. He offered them a compromise: - col. loyalty & mil. cooperation -->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister He began adapting war strategies to fit the territory & landscape of the American frontier.

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1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister

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* By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr . 1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England

War!: 

War! In 1759, Britain captured the city of Quebec. Quebec was the key to controlling supplies into New France. When Quebec fell, New France was cut off from all supplies.

Quebec: 

Quebec

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General Wolf Mortally Wounded

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France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India. 1763  Treaty of Paris

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North America in 1763

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1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas . 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain?

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1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

After the War: 

After the War Britain now had control of much more land. Colonists wanted to settle on this land, even past the Appalachian Mountains. When early settlers, called pioneers , entered these areas, they encountered great resistance from Native Americans. As more settlers moved into the Ohio River Valley, Native Americans became more upset. An Ottawa Chief named Pontiac organized many different Indian nations into a coalition to fight the English. This resistance was known as Pontiac’s Rebellion. After three years of fighting, the other Indian groups grew weary of the war and left. Pontiac surrendered in 1766.

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1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier

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Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

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British  Proclamation Line of 1763. BACKLASH!

Proclamation of 1763: 

Proclamation of 1763 Fighting wars was expensive and protecting colonists who were so spread out was difficult. To prevent England from wasting money on defense in the backcountry, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists resented the limitation. Many ignored the Proclamation and moved west anyway. Britain found that it was very difficult to enforce. Colonists are becoming increasingly unhappy with the control of the British government. Stay tuned – more to come!

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French & Indian War