Life SpanDevelopment :10/15/2008 Life SpanDevelopment Dept of EMS Professions Temple College


Objective :10/15/2008 Objective Discuss distinct physiologic and psychosocial characteristics of various age groups from infant to late-aged Compare to the typical early adulthood person


Age Groups :10/15/2008 Age Groups Neonate: birth to 1 month Infant: 1 month to 1 year Toddler: 1 year to 3 years Preschool: 3 to 5 years School age: 6-12 years Adolescence: 13-18 years Early Adulthood: 19-40 years Middle Adulthood: 41-60 years Late Adulthood: 61 years and older


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Vital Signs HR 100-160  120 after first 30 mins CO is HR dependent Vent Rate 40-60  30-40 after 1st mins of life 20-30 by one year Tidal Volume Doubles by first year


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Weight 3 to 3.5 kg at birth slight  after 1st week weight triple by 1 year (10 kg) head 25% TBW


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Cardiovascular System ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus and foramen ovale close soon after birth  SVR  PVR L ventricle strengthens during year


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Patent Ductus Arteriosus


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Pulmonary System Short, narrow, easily obstructed neonate: obligate nose breather immature accessory muscles flexible chest wall diaphragmatic breathing normal higher oxygen consumption rate  vent rate leads to rapid heat & fluid loss


Neonate & Infant: Anatomic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Anatomic Airway Considerations


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Renal System unable to concentrate urine Immune System passive immunity first 6 months immature immune system no acquired immunity after 6 months


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Nervous System reflexes: sucking, rooting, palmar grasp fontanelles: posterior closes @ 3 mos; anterior closes @ 9-18 mos sleep 16-18 hrs/day even wake throughout 24 hr day sleeps thru night at 2-4 mos infant easily arousable


Neonate & Infant: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Physiologic Developmental Changes 2 mos: tracks objects with eyes; recognizes familiar faces 4 mos: reaches out to people 6 mos: sits upright; one syllable sounds 7 mos: fears strangers 9 mos: pulls to standing position 10 mos: crawls 11 mos: attempt to or walks; knows name


Neonate & Infant: Social :10/15/2008 Neonate & Infant: Social How would you describe this infant?


Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic Vital Signs HR 80-120/130 bpm Vent Rate 20-30 breaths per min Systolic BP Toddler: 70-100 mm Hg Pre-School: 80-110 mm Hg Min systolic: 70 + (2 X age yrs)


Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic Weight Avg gain 2 kg/year (up to 8 yrs) Cardiovascular system capillary beds developed to aid in thermoregulation hemoglobin levels approach adult Renal system toddler urine findings similar to adults


Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic Immune system more susceptible to minor infections develops acquired immunity as exposures occur Nervous system myelination increases cognitive development fine motor skills developing


Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Toddler & Pre-School: Physiologic Musculoskeletal system muscle mass & bone density  Sensory development visual acuity: 20/30 during toddler yrs hearing: mature at 3-4 yrs


Toddler & Pre-School: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Toddler & Pre-School: Psychosocial Cognitive basics of language by 3 yrs separation anxiety at 18-24 mos. Modeling begin to recognize differences of sex begin to model themselves based on sex


Toddler & Pre-School: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Toddler & Pre-School: Psychosocial Play able to play simple games & follow simple rules begins competitiveness


School Age: Physiologic :10/15/2008 School Age: Physiologic Vital Signs HR: 70-110 bpm Vent rate: 20-30 breaths per min Sys BP: 80-120 mm Hg Avg weight gain of 3 kg/year


School Age: Physiologic :10/15/2008 School Age: Physiologic All Systems most at adult levels during this period brain function continues to increase


School Age: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 School Age: Psychosocial Develop self-concept compare to others self-esteem affected by peer popularity, rejection, neglect & emotional support


School Age: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 School Age: Psychosocial Does this 10-year-old look ill? Why?


Adolescence: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Physiologic Vital signs HR: 55-105 bpm Vent rate: 12-20 breaths per min Systolic BP: 100-120 mm Hg


Adolescence: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Physiologic Growth most have a rapid 2-3 year growth spurt begins with enlarged feet & hands followed by enlarged arms & legs then chest & trunk mostly done growing by girls: age 16 boys: age 18


Adolescence: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Physiologic Sexual development noticeable development of external sexual organs pubic and axillary hair develops vocal quality changes (mostly males) menstruation begins (menarche)


Adolescence: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Physiologic Endocrine female gonadotropin promotes estrogen & progesterone production male gonadotropin promotes testosterone production reproductive maturity


Adolescence: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Physiologic Other changes body fat  early and  later female requires 18-20% body fat for menarche to occur blood chemistry nearly equal adult


Adolescence: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Psychosocial Family Issues strive for autonomy puberty changes idealistic seeks independence & identity


Adolescence: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Psychosocial Identity issues Increase in: self-consciousness peer pressure interest in opposite sex anti-social behavior peaks 8th or 9th grade wants to be treated like an adult


Adolescence: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Psychosocial Identify issues body image of great concern comparison against peers eating disorders common self-destructive behaviors tobacco alcohol drugs


Adolescence: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Adolescence: Psychosocial Depression & suicide very common Trauma: leading cause of death Feeling of Invincibility It won’t happen to me But I’m healthy I know what I’m doing


Early Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Early Adulthood: Physiologic Vital signs HR: 60-100 bpm (avg 70) Vent rate: 12-20 breaths per min BP: avg 120/80 mm Hg Peak physical condition: 19-26 years Develop lifelong habits & routines Body systems at optimal performance


Early Adulthood: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Early Adulthood: Psychosocial High levels of stress in this age group Childbirth most common in this age group Fewer psychological problems related to health & development


Middle Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Middle Adulthood: Physiologic Vital signs similar to Early Adulthood Varying degrees of body system degradation Vision & Hearing changes Cancer common in this age group Weight control difficult


Middle Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Middle Adulthood: Physiologic Cardiovascular system cholesterol levels increase decreased cardiac output high risk of AMI menopause in late 40s or early 50s


Middle Adulthood: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Middle Adulthood: Psychosocial Concerned with “social clock” task oriented pressured for time to accomplish life goals Approach problems as challenges Empty nest syndrome Financial burdens: elderly parents & young adult children


Late Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Physiologic Vital signs all depend on patient’s physical & health status


Late Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Physiologic Cardiovascular system vascular  peripheral vascular resistance atherosclerosis  baroreceptor sensitivity blood cells  functional blood volume, RBCs & platelets poor iron levels


Late Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Physiologic Cardiovascular system Heart increased workload  myocardial elasticity mitral & aortic valve changes myocardium less responsive to stress pacemaker cells diminish resulting in dysrhythmias tachycardia not well tolerated previous injury


Late Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Physiologic Respiratory system diaphragm elasticity diminished chest wall weakens diffusion through alveoli decreased lung capacity diminished coughing less effective


Late Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Physiologic Endocrine system decreased glucose metabolism decreased insulin production cortisol diminished Renal system 50% nephrons lost decreased elimination


Late Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Physiologic GI system peristalsis decreased esophageal sphincter less effective GI secretions decreased Vitamin & mineral deficiencies common Nervous system neurotransmitters diminished neurons lost


Late Adulthood: Physiologic :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Physiologic Sensory changes loss of taste buds olfactory, visual acuity & reaction time decreased diminished pain perception loss of hearing


Late Adulthood: Psychosocial :10/15/2008 Late Adulthood: Psychosocial Wisdom attributed to age in some cultures Most live in communities Challenges self worth declining health financial burdens death or dying of companions/friends