Environment-Technology and Disaster Management Concepts, System Tools & Information Application :Environment-Technology and Disaster Management Concepts, System Tools & Information Application Dr. Anil K Gupta Associate Professor Environmental System Application (email: envirosafe2007@gmail.com) National Institute of Disaster Management New Delhi - 02


Reported catastrophe losses in India, 1965-2001 :Reported catastrophe losses in India, 1965-2001


Catastrophe events (1970-2001) :Catastrophe events (1970-2001)


All natural catastrophes worldwide 1980 – 2005, number of events :All natural catastrophes worldwide 1980 – 2005, number of events


Number of Disasters by Origin: Regional Distribution, 1995–2004 (Source (base map): UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe.November 2004. :Number of Disasters by Origin: Regional Distribution, 1995–2004 (Source (base map): UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe.November 2004.


Environment? - disasters :Environment? - disasters One earth….? What is environment? What is ecosystem? Components of human environment Land, Air, Water, Biology/ecology, Socio-economic, Industrial Ecosystem characteristics? Environmental Structure Environmental Function


Environmental factors :Environmental factors Physiographic Climatic - ….? Edaphic factors Biotic factors Natural Vs. Human-environment Natural Vs. Man-made disasters


Structure / relationship :Structure / relationship Biotic-abiotic relationship (abiotic ~ geo) Biotic-biotic relationship Trophic strcture – food chain, food web Community structure Aquatic systems Terrestrial Desert Oceanic Ecotones


DISASTER :DISASTER A catastrophe, mishap, calamity in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering, damage destruction of, property, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area


Disaster terminology :Disaster terminology Hazard Risk ~ P.o. * E.d. Vulnerability Exposure Disaster Impact Damage Loss


Disaster management terminology :Disaster management terminology Prevention Control Mitigation Resilience Avoidance Resistance Tolerance Response Relief Rehabilitation Recovery Reconstruction


Slide 17:Disaster??? Hazard or


RISK :RISK The probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interaction between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions Risk ~ P * D P = probability of occurrence D = extent of damageability


DISASTERS IDENTIFIED BY High Powered Committee (HPC) :Environment? DISASTERS IDENTIFIED BY High Powered Committee (HPC) 1. Floods 2. Cyclones 3. Tornadoes 4. Hailstorm 5. Cloud Burst 6. Heat Wave and Cold Wave 7. Snow Avalanches 8. Droughts 9. Sea Erosion 10. Thunder and Lightning 11. Tsunami (Added) I. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED DISASTERS


Slide 21:Environment? 1. Landslides and Mudflows 2. Earthquakes 3. Dam Failures/ Dam Bursts 4. Mine Fires II. GEOLOGICALLY RELATED DISASTERS III. CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND NUCLEAR Chemical and Industrial Disasters Nuclear Disasters


Slide 22:Environment? IV. ACCIDENT RELATED DISASTERS 1. Forest Fires 2. Urban Fires 3. Mine Flooding 4. Oil Spill 5. Major Building Collapse 6. Serial Bomb Blasts 7. Festival related disasters 8. Electrical Disasters and Fires 9. Air, Road and Rail Accidents 10. Boat Capsizing 11. Village Fire


Slide 23:Environment? 1. Biological Disasters and Epidemics 2. Pest Attacks 3. Cattle Epidemics 4. Food Poisoning V. BIOLOGICALLY RELATED DISASTERS


Disaster - types: Naturally-classified… :Disaster - types: Naturally-classified… Environmental (natural or man-made) Geo-hydrological Biological Chemical Fires (environmental) Epidemic…. Technological & civil / sectorial Rail, Industrial (Electrical, Mechanical, chemical..), Nuclear, Road… Security threats Terrorism, sabotage, bomb blast… War Festival related – Stempede etc. Originating in environment


Environment - functions :Environment - functions Climate – micro (local) / regional Climate - macro, global Vegetation – natural / crops / trees.. Animals – natural / livestock.. Natural protection Cyclic influences on geomorphology, e.g. weathering.. Disturbances lead to hazard processes - how? Man-made direct interventions


VULNERABILITY :VULNERABILITY The conditions of physical, social, environmental and economic factors or processes that determine the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.


Environmental resources :Environmental resources Air – composition, wind…weather Land/soil - bioproductivity system Water bodies Food supply - crops, aquaculture, fisheries, natural…. Raw materials for housing / industry / etc. Health resources - therapy environment, medicinal resources Mitigation? Shelter?


Hazard reduction: Disaster resilience :Hazard reduction: Disaster resilience Natural processes are necessary Natural processes are resources Natural processes are hazards Hazards – when and how? Residual Risk Living with the Risk? Or Risk to Resilience? Concept of mitigation? No rain or Umbrella?


Environmental Technologies - Application Areas :Environmental Technologies - Application Areas Environmental information / database Environmental system tools/application Environmental modeling & prediction Eco-remediation technologies Environmental mapping Environmental law and policies Environmental programmes


IMPACTS OF DISASTERS :IMPACTS OF DISASTERS Physical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.) Environmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers / estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, etc.) Social (life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.) Economic (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production, guarantee/insurance, etc.) Physical Environmental Disaster Event SOCIAL Economic RESOURCES


Impacts……..physical, environmental :Impacts……..physical, environmental Physical: Loss to Property and goods Loss of infrastructure Loss of amenities Environmental: Loss of Environmental Reserves Loss of Environmental Services Loss of Environmental Functions Loss of Resources for Livelihood Contamination of resources Loss of resources for development / infrastructure Loss of resources for industry


Impacts……social, economic :Impacts……social, economic Social: Loss of lives Loss of Health and wellbeing Damage to livelihood Psychological stress and trauma Loss of employment Law and order problems Economic: Loss of services Loss of Industry/production Loss of productivity and sustainability Loss of income Insurance losses and relief costs Economic costs of physical and environmental losses Recovery costs


Environment & disasters :Environment & disasters Environment and hazards Geo-hydrological Climatic changes Bio-threats Chemical/health Industrial/developmental Conflicts / terrorism Environment & vulnerability Physical / built environment Ecological environment Socio-economic environment Systemic environment Environment and governance Coping capacity Response Conflicts


Likely effects on disaster impacts on environmental components and assets :Likely effects on disaster impacts on environmental components and assets


Disaster-Environment Impact Matrix :Disaster-Environment Impact Matrix D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specific


Impacts of tropical cyclone land-fall and associated environmental losses :Impacts of tropical cyclone land-fall and associated environmental losses


Effects of a chemical disaster on life and environmental factors :Effects of a chemical disaster on life and environmental factors Geo-hydro-climatic regime Biological regime


ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASES & KNOWLEDGE :ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASES & KNOWLEDGE What is environmental databases? Environmental information vital to hazard, vulnerability & risk analysis Prediction & forecasting Hazard & risk reporting Mitigation & monitoring plan Response plan Disaster reporting Impact – Damage / Loss Assessment Relief / Rehab. & Recovery plan


Environmental Information :Environmental Information Statistical data Census / land / revenue records… Departmental records Maps – toposheets, not to scale maps / community maps Aerial photo, Space data/ images Projected / modeled output data Data conversion to information ENVIS resources Objective of Knowledge?


Environmental Mapping :Environmental Mapping Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI) Softwares / GIS applications Space technology / remote sensing application Hyperspectral analysis and object identification Overlay Technique Indicator systems Mapping and applications Multi-hazard risk assessment Land-use analysis and planning ENMAP


Environmental modeling :Environmental modeling System analysis / system tools System dynamics Model: physical, mathematical, computer models Models examples: Stream and river discharge models, Catchment drainage models, Atmospheric dispersion & transport models, Hydro-dynamic models, Climate models, Vegetation pattern models, Strom surge models, Water quality models, Lake models, Shelterbelts / greenbelt designing models, Slope stability models, WHAZAN, HAZUS, Effects, Symptox, Web-enabled models/system – CAIRS, ERIS, GIS based off-site emergency response……… Development of environmental models Calibration & validation of models


Mountain Environments :Mountain Environments Forest fires Land & water integrated management Erosion risks Land failures Landslide risks Landslide dams and failures Flash floods Landslide floods Chemical spillage Water bodies destruction / sabotage Man-animal conflict… Snow/rock avalanche..


Mountain…contd :Mountain…contd Livelihood resources Natural resources (minerals, energy, timber, MFPs, …) Fuel, fodder, food products Medicinal products Useful Water / water quality Global climate impacts Vs. local environmental modifications Community resources and practices Environmental alteration leading to structural vulnerability / relevant environmental retrofitting or ecoremediation needs


Landslide / Slope Instability Risk :Landslide / Slope Instability Risk Jurisdiction of forest land / road… Incubating rock liberalization… Slope stability assessment and risk Natural / man-made landslides – causes Landslide impacts on environmental resources and functions Environmental engineering measures Ecoremediation/ ecotechnolgy and vegetation design for slope stability Ecological risk assessment and impact analysis tree Landslide debris management and re-use


Coastal environments :Coastal environments Sand dune mining / landscape Salt water intrusion Aquaculture Salt pan Chemical / waste spillages Industrial/Solid waste disposals Coastal erosion Sea level rise Environmental and hydrological Drought Water logging and salinity Vegetation alteration and adaptation risks Wetlands Backwaters/Delta/Estuaries Mangroves, Coral reefs Shelterbelts / windbreaks…..


River basin…… :River basin…… Basin modifications and hazards Bank erosion Siltation / nutrient enrichment Invasive plants and flood hazards Wetlands - flood control / drought mitigation Watershed / catchment treatment Ground water recharge/ RWH Waterlogging Secondary impacts and impact chain…


Land-use / technology models :Land-use / technology models Multi-hazard risk mapping Forestry sector Alternative cropping models Agroforestry Alternative crops / forestry Urban land-use models Waste and drainage … Secure landfill sites…. Industrial estate design Scientific green-belt / buffers technology


Other environmental technologies :Other environmental technologies Flyash utilization/disposal technologies Environmental technologies for public health in disasters Environmental retrofitting/ remediation for structural/physical stability / strength against disasters Mining area reclamation/remediation Mine tailings & overburden management Gas poisoning / explosion in mining Modified flood risk – WRD / hydel projects Arsenic / fluoride contamination… Urban flood management….. Climate change (global) Vs. adaptation to local environment – remediation / adjustments?


Environmental Policy & Law :Environmental Policy & Law Value of natural components Natural resource accounts Land-use policy/rules Water policy and governance National Conservation Strategy National Statement of Abatement of Pollution Disaster Management Act: DM Plan for/by each Ministry/department Codes/standards


Environ-disaster interface :Environ-disaster interface Environmental Hazards Complex Population Growth Losses Poverty Low coping capacity High Exposure to Hazard Locations High Disaster Risk Hazard / Trigger event Major Disaster Losses Source: 2008(5) Publication


DISASTER MANAGEMENT :A- Assessment Pl- Planning RA – Risk Analysis Pr- Preparedness Rh-Rehabilitation P, Pv – Prevention Mo- Monitoring G- Governance Rc- Reconstruction M, Mt – Mitigation Ev- Evaluation Re- Response Rf-Relief ERA- Emergency Risk Assessment DISASTER MANAGEMENT Ref.: After Gupta, 2008 (December) RESIDUAL RISK


Environmental Programmes? :Environmental Programmes? Tools Decisions Convergence Mainstreaming into development Policy/programmes Programmes??? Projects? Water sector Land Sector Forest sector Livestock sector Agriculture sector Energy sector……


Environmental Policy Instruments :Environmental Policy Instruments Ecological risk assessments Environmental geo-sensitivity assessment matrices Carrying capacity assessments Environmental impact assessments hazards/disasters treatment… DMP and EPP integral in EMP Environmental decisions Environmental auditing Life cycle assessments Risk auditing/ Mapping procedures Environmental econometrics


NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT :NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT The National Policy on Disaster Management has been finalized and approved by Home Minister. Inter-Ministerial consultation process has been completed. The Policy is now under consideration of NDMA. Draft Policy lays down the roadmap/direction for all Government endeavors.


OBJECTIVES OF POLICY :OBJECTIVES OF POLICY A holistic and pro-active approach for mitigation and preparedness will be adopted. Each Ministry/Department of the Central/State Government to ensure that disaster reduction elements are integrated with development planning.


OBJECTIVES OF POLICY :Promoting a culture of Prevention and Preparedness Ensuring Mitigation measures based on State-of-the-Art technology and environmental sustainability Mainstreaming DM concerns into the Developing Planning Process Putting in place a streamlined Institutional Techno-Legal Framework in order to create and preserve the integrity of an Enabling Regulatory Environment and a Compliance Regime OBJECTIVES OF POLICY


OBJECTIVES OF POLICY :Promoting a productive partnership with the Media to create awareness and contributing towards Capacity Development Ensuring efficient Response and Relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the vulnerable sections of the Society Undertaking Reconstruction as an opportunity to build back better OBJECTIVES OF POLICY


POLICY : TECHNO LEGAL FRAMEWORK :POLICY : TECHNO LEGAL FRAMEWORK Development and vigorous enforcement of Indian Codes/Standards relevant to multi hazard resistant designs and updating it on regular basis. Review of development control regulations and zoning regulations. Revision of relief codes/manuals so as to convert them into disaster management codes/manuals to institutionalize planning process.


Thank You :Thank You Website: http://www.nidm.net Email (Dr. Anil K Gupta, environ_disaster@hotmail.com)