Chapter 11

ISSUES IN SPORTS : 

ISSUES IN SPORTS Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

THREATS TO THE INTEGRITY OF SPORT : 

THREATS TO THE INTEGRITY OF SPORT Specialization in one sport Circumvention of the rules to gain competitive advantages Pressures to win Over-commercialization

GIRLS AND WOMEN IN SPORTS : 

GIRLS AND WOMEN IN SPORTS Historically excluded from competitive sports because they were considered to be Harmful physically Harmful emotionally Too aggressive (non-feminine) Gradual changing societal opinion Persistence of sexual stereotypes Commercials Cheerleaders

TITLE IX—COMPLIANCE AREAS : 

TITLE IX—COMPLIANCE AREAS Financial assistance (scholarships) must be available on a substantially proportional basis Program areas so that males and females receive equivalent treatment, benefits, and opportunities, such as equipment and supplies and practice and competitive facilities Interests and abilities of male and female students are equally effectively accommodated

TITLE IX—THREE-PRONG TEST : 

TITLE IX—THREE-PRONG TEST Participation opportunities are substantially proportionate to the undergraduate enrollment. There must have been a continuing practice of program expansion in response to developing interests and abilities of the under represented sex. An institution must show that the interest and abilities of the members of the under represented sex have been fully and effectively accommodated.

EQUALITY FOR MINORITIES : 

EQUALITY FOR MINORITIES Blatant discrimination Excluded from professional leagues and most colleges and schools Quota system Stacking Academic exploitation Economic exploitation Limited opportunities for coaching and management positions

ISSUES FOR MINORITIES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

ISSUES FOR MINORITIES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Tracking in high school Sliding scale for high school grades and college entrance tests Non- and partial-qualifiers and grants-in-aid Tutorial support Grants-in-aid to only highly skilled Skills in certain sports vs. opportunities

EQUALITY FOR SENIOR CITIZENS : 

EQUALITY FOR SENIOR CITIZENS Biases limiting prior opportunities Living longer and quality of life issues Increased political and economic influence Masters competitions 1987—Senior Games

EQUALITY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES : 

EQUALITY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES 1975—Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act today) 1978—Amateur Sports Act 1990—Americans with Disabilities Act 1952—Paralympic Games 1968—Special Olympics

GOALS FOR YOUTH SPORTS : 

GOALS FOR YOUTH SPORTS Have fun Learn sport skills Provide opportunity to play games in an organized, supervised, and safe environment Teach values such as teamwork, cooperation, and sportsmanship Learn how to work with others Develop constructive use of leisure time Prevent adult interference

PROBLEMS IN YOUTH SPORTS : 

PROBLEMS IN YOUTH SPORTS Pressure to win (at all costs) Parental interference and pressure Poorly trained coaches Loss of values or ideals Injury risks ignored Only the skilled play—the others are eliminated Restricted to one position Recruitment of players Not allowed to be children Too young for highly organized, competitive games

PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS : 

PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS Reduce the emphasis on winning Eliminate competitive leagues before age eleven Play everyone at various positions Emphasize lifetime sports Emphasize teamwork, cooperation, sportsmanship, and other social values Use only qualified coaches Have coaches officiate Remove parents who misbehave

BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES : 

BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES Right to have fun through sport Right to participate in sports regardless of ability level Right to participate in developmentally appropriate sports and games Right to have qualified coaches and leaders Right to participate in safe and healthy environments

BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES : 

BILL OF RIGHTS FOR YOUNG ATHLETES Right to help form and enforce game rules Right to play as a child Right to proper preparation in skills and fitness for participation in a sport Right to an equal opportunity to strive for success Right to be treated with dignity and respect by all involved

INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS : 

INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS Viewed as an important part of the extracurricular activities of high school students Concerns about middle school teams becoming “farm clubs” for high schools Provide a rallying activity for Schools and their students Communities and cities

VALUES OF INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS : 

VALUES OF INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS Using leisure time more productively Developing physical fitness and sport skills Displaying sportsmanship and ethical behaviors Gaining greater self-discipline Learning how to work as a member of a team

ISSUES IN INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS : 

ISSUES IN INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS Too much emphasis on winning Year-round conditioning programs Specialization in one sport Athletes playing while hurt Coaches’ jobs depending on winning Drug use and abuse Unsportsmanlike conduct (violence) “No pass, no play” Hazing

ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Academics Preferential admissions Missed classes Freshman eligibility Unearned grades Failure to graduate

ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Recruiting violations Transcript tampering Inducements Contacts Pressures to win Sports as businesses (commercialization)

ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Loss of educational and ethical values Loss of institutional control Media exposure and influence Point shaving and gambling Drug abuse and drug testing

DRUGS IN SPORTS : 

DRUGS IN SPORTS Widespread use in society and in sport indicative of an overemphasis on winning Restorative or therapeutic Anti-inflammatory—to relieve pain Additive Amphetamines—delay fatigue and to increase the body's endurance capacity Barbiturates—to come down from highs Hallucinogens—like marijuana; to relax

DRUGS IN SPORTS : 

DRUGS IN SPORTS Anabolic steroids—to build up muscles and strength Sources for drugs—trainers, doctors, coaches, and teammates Drug testing 4th Amendment is a federal government guarantee of rights against unreasonable searches and seizures (urinalysis is a search) 14th Amendment adds protection from state searches

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS When coaches and athletes violate athletic regulations Sanction them for the first offense Give a two-year probation for the second offense Ban violators for life for the third offense Withhold from an institution for five years one grant-in-aid for every athlete who does not graduate within six years

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Require that coaches of non-revenue producing sports be employed full-time within the institution Base coaches’ job security and salaries not on their won-lost records but on the fulfillment of their other job responsibilities and the provision of positive experiences for their athletes Restrict schedules of all sports to no more than two days of competition per week while classes are in session

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Excuse athletes from classes no more than five days per academic year for travel and competition Admit only those athletes who meet the academic standards of admission to the colleges they attend Limit grants-in-aid to tuition, fees, and books, and award them only on the basis of need

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Guarantee grants-in-aid Make freshmen ineligible Eliminate trivial recruiting rules Make it illegal for a booster to offer money to a college athlete

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : 

PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS 1991—Knight Commission—Keeping Faith with the Student Athlete Presidential control Academic integrity Financial integrity Accountability through certification

MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES : 

MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES Founder—Pierre deCoubertin Purposes Spread physical education and sports around the world Raise the standard of physical achievement, especially in France Link all people of the world in friendship

ISSUES WITH THE OLYMPIC GAMES : 

ISSUES WITH THE OLYMPIC GAMES Politics Commercialization Professionalism Cheating Drug abuse

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE REFORM OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES : 

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE REFORM OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES Build a permanent Olympic Center that would be open year-round for championships Enlarge the Olympic Games to include more sports during more days Reduce excessive displays of nationalism during award ceremonies, such as anthems Enlarge and revamp the membership of the International Olympic Committee Remove team sports competition Make the Olympic Games annual events