logging in or signing up Maxillofacial Ophthalmic and Dental Trauma aSGuest1045 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2036 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 15, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: kata61 (40 month(s) ago) very amazing presentation I will be grateful if you email it to to me my email elbatrawy@hotmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Maxillofacial, Ophthalmic & Dental Trauma : Maxillofacial, Ophthalmic & Dental Trauma EMS Professions Temple College Morbidity & Mortality : Morbidity & Mortality Mortality Primarily associated with brain and spine injury Severe Facial fractures may interfere with airway and breathing Morbidity Disability concerns Cosmetic concerns Maxillofacial Trauma : Maxillofacial Trauma Causes MVC, home accidents, athletic injuries, animal bites, violence, industrial accidents Soft tissue lacerations, abrasions, avulsions vascular area supplied by internal and external carotids Management - Seldom life-threatening unless in the airway consider spinal precautions have suction available and in control of conscious patients control bleeding Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Arteries temporal artery mandibular artery maxillary artery Nerves trigeminal (cranial nerve V) facial (cranial nerve VII) Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Bones nasal zygoma / zygomatic arch maxilla mandible Facial Fractures : Facial Fractures Fx to the mandible, maxilla, nasal bones, zygoma & rarely the frontal bone S/S - pain, swelling, deep lacerations, limited ocular movement, facial asymmetry, crepitus, deviated nasal septum, bleeding, depression on palpation, malocclusion, blurred vision, diplopia, broken or missing teeth Facial Fractures : Facial Fractures Mandibular Fx - numbness, inability to open or close the mouth, excessive salivation, malocclusion Anterior dislocation may be caused by extensive dental work, yawning Condylar heads move forward and muscles spasm LeFort Fractures : LeFort Fractures Specially named facial fractures Usually requires significant forces especially for LeFort II and III LeFort I - Maxillary fracture with “free-floating” maxilla LeFort II - Maxilla, zygoma, floor of orbit and nose LeFort III - Lower 2/3 of the face LeFort Fractures : LeFort Fractures I II III Signs and Symptoms : Signs and Symptoms Often associated with orbital fractures risk of serious airway compromise (bleeding & edema) contraindication to NG tube or nasotracheal intubation Present with: Edema, Epistaxis, Numb upper teeth Unstable maxilla, CSF rhinorrhea Unusual facial appearance “donkey face” (lengthening) “pumpkin face” (edema) nasal flattening Management : Management Spinal motion restriction Airway is the most difficult and most critical priority Consider Early Intubation Surgical Airway may be the only alternative but NEVER the first consideration Suction & Control Bleeding Critical trauma patient - Transport accordingly Facial Fractures : Facial Fractures Caution NG tube or Endotracheal tube placement may be HAZARDOUS!!! Ear Trauma : Ear Trauma External injuries lacerations, avulsions, amputations, frostbite Control bleeding with direct pressure Internal injuries Spontaneous rupture of eardrum will usually heal spontaneously penetrating objects should be stabilized, not removed! Removal may cause deafness or facial paralysis Hearing loss may be result of otic nerve damage in basilar skull fracture Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Ear Outer Ear (Pinna) Cartilage little blood supply External Ear canal mucous membrane that secretes wax for protection Middle Ear separated from external canal by ear drum delicate structure needed for hearing Ear Injuries : Ear Injuries Separation of ear cartilage treat as an avulsion dress and bandage consider disability and cosmetic concerns Bleeding from ear canal cover with loose dressing only Barotitis : Barotitis Changes in pressure cause pressure buildup and/or rupture of tympanic membrane Boyle’s Law, at constant temperature, the volume of gas is inversely proportionate to the pressure s/s - pain, blocked feeling in ears, severe pain equalize pressure by yawning, chewing, moving mandible, swallowing (open Eustachian tubes allowing gas to release) Eye Anatomy : Eye Anatomy Bony orbit Eyelid Lacrimal apparatus Sclera Cornea Conjunctiva Iris Pupil Lens Retina Optic nerve Eye Injuries : Eye Injuries Penetrating Abrasions Foreign bodies (deep, superficial, impaled) Lacerations (deep or superficial, eyelid) Burns flash acid/alkali Blunt Swelling Conjunctival hemorrhage Hyphema Ruptured globe Blow-out fracture of orbit Retinal detachment Blow-out Orbital Fracture : Blow-out Orbital Fracture Usually result of a direct blow to the eye S/S - flatness, numbness epistaxis, altered vision periorbital swelling diplopia inophthalmos impaired ocularmovement Foreign Bodies : Foreign Bodies S/S - sensation of something in eye, excessive tearing, burning Inspect inner surface of upper lid as well as sclera Flush with copious normal saline away from opposite eye Corneal Abrasion : Corneal Abrasion Caused by foreign body objects, eye rubbing, contact lenses S/S - pain, feeling of something in eye, photophobia, tearing, decreased visual acuity irrigate, patch both eyes Usually heals in 24 to 48 hours if not infected or toxic from antibiotics Other Globe Injuries : Other Globe Injuries Contusion, laceration, hyphema, globe or scleral rupture S/S - Loss of visual acuity, blood in anterior chamber, dilation or constriction of pupil, pain, soft eye, pupil irregularity Management Consider C-spine precautions due to forces required for injury No pressure to globe for dressing, cover both eyes Avoid activities that increase intra-ocular pressure Mouth Injuries : Mouth Injuries Usually result from MVCs Blunt injury to the mouth or chin Penetrating injury due to GSW, lacerations, or punctures Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Muscles Tongue Masseter muscles Nerves Hypoglossal Glossopharyngeal Trigeminal Facial Bones Mandible Maxilla Hyoid Palate Teeth Mouth Injuries : Mouth Injuries Primary concerns Airway compromise secondary to bleeding FBAO secondary to broken or avulsed teeth Impaled object Management ABCs Suction prn Stabilize impaled object Collect tissue: tongue or tooth Dental Trauma : Dental Trauma 32 teeth in normal adult Associated with facial fractures May aspirate broken tooth Avulsed teeth can be replaced so find them! Early hospital notification to find dentist < 15 minutes, may be asked to replace the tooth in socket do not rinse or scrub (removes periodontal membrane and ligament) preserve in fresh whole milk Saline OK for less than 1 hour Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Variety of mechanisms including blunt or penetrating trauma Most common injury Adults - Epistaxis Children - Foreign bodies Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Nasal bone between the eyes Nasal cartilage provides shape to nose Internal septum turbinates sinuses Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Epistaxis anterior bleeding from septum usually venous posterior bleeding often drains to airway may be associated with sphenoid and/or ethmoid fractures basilar skull fracture Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Often looks worse than it is! A little patience and direct pressure work wonders! Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Foreign Bodies Variety of objects food toys Often can be left alone and removed later Nasal Injury Management : Nasal Injury Management Epistaxis Direct pressure over septum Upright position, leaning forward or in lateral recumbent position If CSF present, do not apply direct pressure allow to drain Neck Trauma : Neck Trauma Neck - 3 zones 1 = sternal notch to top of clavicles (highest mortality) 2 = clavicles or cricoid cartilage to angle of the mandible (contains major vasculature and airway) 3 = above angle of mandible (distal carotid, salivary, pharynx) Neck Trauma : Neck Trauma Transected Trachea Larynx separated from trachea or fractured vocal cord swelling altered airway landmarks soft tissue edema Vessel lacerated or torn severe bleeding (large vessels) airway compromise risk of air emboli, hypoxia, or ischemia Neck Trauma : Neck Trauma Signs & Symptoms pale or cyanotic face obvious external injury frothy blood or sputum from wound SQ air voice change feeling of fullness in throat Signs of stroke with air emboli Esophageal Injury : Esophageal Injury Especially common in penetrating trauma S/S may include subcutaneous emphysema neck hematoma, blood in the NG tube or posterior nasopharynx high mortality rate from mediastinal infection secondary to gastric reflux through the perforation Consider Semi-fowler’s vs. supine position unless contraindicated by MOI. Neck Trauma Management : Neck Trauma Management ABCs Suction Intubate EARLY!!! May require cricothyrotomy stop bleeding as best as possible Occlude large blood vessel quickly Left lateral position with occlusive dressing to wound Consider spinal motion restriction Stabilize impaled objects Transport to trauma center Cranial Nerve Hints : Cranial Nerve Hints May not be helpful in unconscious patients, but if they happen to wake up: Cranial nerve I - loss of smell, taste (basilar skull fracture hallmark) Cranial nerve II - blindness, visual defects Cranial nerve III - Ipsilateral, dilated fixed pupil Cranial nerve VII - immediate or delayed facial paralysis (basilar skull or LeFort) Cranial nerve VIII - deafness (basilar skull fx) You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Maxillofacial Ophthalmic and Dental Trauma aSGuest1045 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2036 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 15, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: kata61 (40 month(s) ago) very amazing presentation I will be grateful if you email it to to me my email elbatrawy@hotmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Maxillofacial, Ophthalmic & Dental Trauma : Maxillofacial, Ophthalmic & Dental Trauma EMS Professions Temple College Morbidity & Mortality : Morbidity & Mortality Mortality Primarily associated with brain and spine injury Severe Facial fractures may interfere with airway and breathing Morbidity Disability concerns Cosmetic concerns Maxillofacial Trauma : Maxillofacial Trauma Causes MVC, home accidents, athletic injuries, animal bites, violence, industrial accidents Soft tissue lacerations, abrasions, avulsions vascular area supplied by internal and external carotids Management - Seldom life-threatening unless in the airway consider spinal precautions have suction available and in control of conscious patients control bleeding Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Arteries temporal artery mandibular artery maxillary artery Nerves trigeminal (cranial nerve V) facial (cranial nerve VII) Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Bones nasal zygoma / zygomatic arch maxilla mandible Facial Fractures : Facial Fractures Fx to the mandible, maxilla, nasal bones, zygoma & rarely the frontal bone S/S - pain, swelling, deep lacerations, limited ocular movement, facial asymmetry, crepitus, deviated nasal septum, bleeding, depression on palpation, malocclusion, blurred vision, diplopia, broken or missing teeth Facial Fractures : Facial Fractures Mandibular Fx - numbness, inability to open or close the mouth, excessive salivation, malocclusion Anterior dislocation may be caused by extensive dental work, yawning Condylar heads move forward and muscles spasm LeFort Fractures : LeFort Fractures Specially named facial fractures Usually requires significant forces especially for LeFort II and III LeFort I - Maxillary fracture with “free-floating” maxilla LeFort II - Maxilla, zygoma, floor of orbit and nose LeFort III - Lower 2/3 of the face LeFort Fractures : LeFort Fractures I II III Signs and Symptoms : Signs and Symptoms Often associated with orbital fractures risk of serious airway compromise (bleeding & edema) contraindication to NG tube or nasotracheal intubation Present with: Edema, Epistaxis, Numb upper teeth Unstable maxilla, CSF rhinorrhea Unusual facial appearance “donkey face” (lengthening) “pumpkin face” (edema) nasal flattening Management : Management Spinal motion restriction Airway is the most difficult and most critical priority Consider Early Intubation Surgical Airway may be the only alternative but NEVER the first consideration Suction & Control Bleeding Critical trauma patient - Transport accordingly Facial Fractures : Facial Fractures Caution NG tube or Endotracheal tube placement may be HAZARDOUS!!! Ear Trauma : Ear Trauma External injuries lacerations, avulsions, amputations, frostbite Control bleeding with direct pressure Internal injuries Spontaneous rupture of eardrum will usually heal spontaneously penetrating objects should be stabilized, not removed! Removal may cause deafness or facial paralysis Hearing loss may be result of otic nerve damage in basilar skull fracture Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Ear Outer Ear (Pinna) Cartilage little blood supply External Ear canal mucous membrane that secretes wax for protection Middle Ear separated from external canal by ear drum delicate structure needed for hearing Ear Injuries : Ear Injuries Separation of ear cartilage treat as an avulsion dress and bandage consider disability and cosmetic concerns Bleeding from ear canal cover with loose dressing only Barotitis : Barotitis Changes in pressure cause pressure buildup and/or rupture of tympanic membrane Boyle’s Law, at constant temperature, the volume of gas is inversely proportionate to the pressure s/s - pain, blocked feeling in ears, severe pain equalize pressure by yawning, chewing, moving mandible, swallowing (open Eustachian tubes allowing gas to release) Eye Anatomy : Eye Anatomy Bony orbit Eyelid Lacrimal apparatus Sclera Cornea Conjunctiva Iris Pupil Lens Retina Optic nerve Eye Injuries : Eye Injuries Penetrating Abrasions Foreign bodies (deep, superficial, impaled) Lacerations (deep or superficial, eyelid) Burns flash acid/alkali Blunt Swelling Conjunctival hemorrhage Hyphema Ruptured globe Blow-out fracture of orbit Retinal detachment Blow-out Orbital Fracture : Blow-out Orbital Fracture Usually result of a direct blow to the eye S/S - flatness, numbness epistaxis, altered vision periorbital swelling diplopia inophthalmos impaired ocularmovement Foreign Bodies : Foreign Bodies S/S - sensation of something in eye, excessive tearing, burning Inspect inner surface of upper lid as well as sclera Flush with copious normal saline away from opposite eye Corneal Abrasion : Corneal Abrasion Caused by foreign body objects, eye rubbing, contact lenses S/S - pain, feeling of something in eye, photophobia, tearing, decreased visual acuity irrigate, patch both eyes Usually heals in 24 to 48 hours if not infected or toxic from antibiotics Other Globe Injuries : Other Globe Injuries Contusion, laceration, hyphema, globe or scleral rupture S/S - Loss of visual acuity, blood in anterior chamber, dilation or constriction of pupil, pain, soft eye, pupil irregularity Management Consider C-spine precautions due to forces required for injury No pressure to globe for dressing, cover both eyes Avoid activities that increase intra-ocular pressure Mouth Injuries : Mouth Injuries Usually result from MVCs Blunt injury to the mouth or chin Penetrating injury due to GSW, lacerations, or punctures Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Muscles Tongue Masseter muscles Nerves Hypoglossal Glossopharyngeal Trigeminal Facial Bones Mandible Maxilla Hyoid Palate Teeth Mouth Injuries : Mouth Injuries Primary concerns Airway compromise secondary to bleeding FBAO secondary to broken or avulsed teeth Impaled object Management ABCs Suction prn Stabilize impaled object Collect tissue: tongue or tooth Dental Trauma : Dental Trauma 32 teeth in normal adult Associated with facial fractures May aspirate broken tooth Avulsed teeth can be replaced so find them! Early hospital notification to find dentist < 15 minutes, may be asked to replace the tooth in socket do not rinse or scrub (removes periodontal membrane and ligament) preserve in fresh whole milk Saline OK for less than 1 hour Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Variety of mechanisms including blunt or penetrating trauma Most common injury Adults - Epistaxis Children - Foreign bodies Anatomy & Physiology Review : Anatomy & Physiology Review Nasal bone between the eyes Nasal cartilage provides shape to nose Internal septum turbinates sinuses Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Epistaxis anterior bleeding from septum usually venous posterior bleeding often drains to airway may be associated with sphenoid and/or ethmoid fractures basilar skull fracture Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Often looks worse than it is! A little patience and direct pressure work wonders! Nasal Injuries : Nasal Injuries Foreign Bodies Variety of objects food toys Often can be left alone and removed later Nasal Injury Management : Nasal Injury Management Epistaxis Direct pressure over septum Upright position, leaning forward or in lateral recumbent position If CSF present, do not apply direct pressure allow to drain Neck Trauma : Neck Trauma Neck - 3 zones 1 = sternal notch to top of clavicles (highest mortality) 2 = clavicles or cricoid cartilage to angle of the mandible (contains major vasculature and airway) 3 = above angle of mandible (distal carotid, salivary, pharynx) Neck Trauma : Neck Trauma Transected Trachea Larynx separated from trachea or fractured vocal cord swelling altered airway landmarks soft tissue edema Vessel lacerated or torn severe bleeding (large vessels) airway compromise risk of air emboli, hypoxia, or ischemia Neck Trauma : Neck Trauma Signs & Symptoms pale or cyanotic face obvious external injury frothy blood or sputum from wound SQ air voice change feeling of fullness in throat Signs of stroke with air emboli Esophageal Injury : Esophageal Injury Especially common in penetrating trauma S/S may include subcutaneous emphysema neck hematoma, blood in the NG tube or posterior nasopharynx high mortality rate from mediastinal infection secondary to gastric reflux through the perforation Consider Semi-fowler’s vs. supine position unless contraindicated by MOI. Neck Trauma Management : Neck Trauma Management ABCs Suction Intubate EARLY!!! May require cricothyrotomy stop bleeding as best as possible Occlude large blood vessel quickly Left lateral position with occlusive dressing to wound Consider spinal motion restriction Stabilize impaled objects Transport to trauma center Cranial Nerve Hints : Cranial Nerve Hints May not be helpful in unconscious patients, but if they happen to wake up: Cranial nerve I - loss of smell, taste (basilar skull fracture hallmark) Cranial nerve II - blindness, visual defects Cranial nerve III - Ipsilateral, dilated fixed pupil Cranial nerve VII - immediate or delayed facial paralysis (basilar skull or LeFort) Cranial nerve VIII - deafness (basilar skull fx)