logging in or signing up Electrolyte Emergencies aSGuest1031 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 3277 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: October 15, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: osamaalshehaib (9 month(s) ago) thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: honarmand (30 month(s) ago) HI.tanx a lot.it is very interested. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: ntqphuong (30 month(s) ago) thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... 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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Electrolyte Emergencies : Electrolyte Emergencies Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Decreased serum sodium Na+ <135 mEq/L Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Causes Loss of salt and water Diuretics Addison’s disease Osmotic diuresis (DKA) Vomiting Diarrhea Diaphoresis Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Causes Increase in body water (dilutional hyponatremia) Excess water intake (water intoxication) CHF Renal failure Cirrhosis Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Signs/Symptoms Lethargy, apathy secondary to cerebral edema Headache Muscle twitching, cramps Seizures Na+ < 110 mEq/L Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Treatment NS infused at a rate to restore normal sodium over 48 hours Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Elevated serum sodium Na+ >150 mEq/L Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Causes Pure water loss Diabetes insipidus Pure solute gain NaHCO3 administration Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Causes Water loss > Solute loss Diarrhea Vomiting Sweating Osmotic diuresis Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Signs/Symptoms Irritability, restlessness Coma Intracranial hemorrhage Blood sludging - thrombosis Seizures Thirst, dry mucus membranes, poor skin turgor Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Treatment Infusion of D5W (free water) to correct water deficit over 48 hours Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Decreased serum potassium K+ < 3.5 mEq/L Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Causes Gastrointestinal losses Diarrhea Vomiting NG suction Urinary losses Diuretics Osmotic diuresis Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Causes Intracellular shifts Alkalosis agents Theophylline Inadequate intake Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Signs/Symptoms Weakness, hyporeflexia, paresthesias Decreased GI motility Nausea, vomiting Increased sensitivity to digitalis Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Signs/Symptoms EKG changes Flat to inverted T waves U waves ST segment depression Cardiac arrhythmias Ventricular ectopy V-Fib Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Treatment Correct underlying cause 10 mEq KCL IV over 1 hour, repeated until serum K+ > 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Elevated serum potassium K+ > 5.5 mEq/L K+ > 6 mEq/L - Emergency K+ > 7 mEq/L - Life Threat Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Causes Decreased excretion Renal failure Addison’s disease - blockers Hyperglycemia Acidosis Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Causes Increased intake Crush injury, burns, sepsis Massive hemolysis Blood transfusion High-dose penicillin Increased oral intake Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Signs/Symptoms Muscle weakness Numbness, tingling EKG changes Tall, peaked T waves Broadening of QRS; decreased P wave size “Sine wave” leading to V-Fib then asystole Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Treatment Calcium - 0.5 - 1.0g Antagonizes cardiac toxicity NaHCO3 - 50 mEq Drives K+ into cells D50W (25g)/insulin (10 units regular) Drives K+ into cells Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Decreased serum calcium Ca2+ < 8.5 mg/100ml Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Causes Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Decreased dietary intake Alkalosis Massive blood transfusion Citrate toxicity Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Signs/Symptoms Paresthesias Hyperreflexia, carpopedal spasm, tetany Seizures Trousseau’s sign: Carpopedal spasm following BP cuff compression of arm Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Signs/Symptoms Chvostek’s sign Contraction of facial muscles when face is tapped at angle of jaw Laryngospasms Prolonged QT interval Increased ventricular irritability Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Management Calcium chloride 1g over 10 - 20 minutes Overly rapid administration of calcium can cause bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Increased serum calcium Ca2+ > 10.5 mg/100ml Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Causes Malignancies Skeletal, breast, lungs Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D toxicity Addison’s disease Milk/alkali syndrome Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Signs/Symptoms Apathy, fatigue, depression, coma Muscle weakness Hypertension Anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Signs/Symptoms Kidney stones Short QT interval, heart block, cardiac arrest “Bones, Stones, Hypertones, Abdominal moans” Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Treatment 1 - 2 liters NS over 1 hour Decrease Ca2+ reabsorption Furosemide 40 mg IV Inhibits Ca2+ reabsorption Calcitonin Directly lowers Ca2+ You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Electrolyte Emergencies aSGuest1031 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 3277 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: October 15, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: osamaalshehaib (9 month(s) ago) thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: honarmand (30 month(s) ago) HI.tanx a lot.it is very interested. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: ntqphuong (30 month(s) ago) thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: ntqphuong (31 month(s) ago) Very good! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Electrolyte Emergencies : Electrolyte Emergencies Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Decreased serum sodium Na+ <135 mEq/L Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Causes Loss of salt and water Diuretics Addison’s disease Osmotic diuresis (DKA) Vomiting Diarrhea Diaphoresis Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Causes Increase in body water (dilutional hyponatremia) Excess water intake (water intoxication) CHF Renal failure Cirrhosis Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Signs/Symptoms Lethargy, apathy secondary to cerebral edema Headache Muscle twitching, cramps Seizures Na+ < 110 mEq/L Hyponatremia : Hyponatremia Treatment NS infused at a rate to restore normal sodium over 48 hours Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Elevated serum sodium Na+ >150 mEq/L Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Causes Pure water loss Diabetes insipidus Pure solute gain NaHCO3 administration Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Causes Water loss > Solute loss Diarrhea Vomiting Sweating Osmotic diuresis Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Signs/Symptoms Irritability, restlessness Coma Intracranial hemorrhage Blood sludging - thrombosis Seizures Thirst, dry mucus membranes, poor skin turgor Hypernatremia : Hypernatremia Treatment Infusion of D5W (free water) to correct water deficit over 48 hours Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Decreased serum potassium K+ < 3.5 mEq/L Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Causes Gastrointestinal losses Diarrhea Vomiting NG suction Urinary losses Diuretics Osmotic diuresis Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Causes Intracellular shifts Alkalosis agents Theophylline Inadequate intake Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Signs/Symptoms Weakness, hyporeflexia, paresthesias Decreased GI motility Nausea, vomiting Increased sensitivity to digitalis Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Signs/Symptoms EKG changes Flat to inverted T waves U waves ST segment depression Cardiac arrhythmias Ventricular ectopy V-Fib Hypokalemia : Hypokalemia Treatment Correct underlying cause 10 mEq KCL IV over 1 hour, repeated until serum K+ > 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Elevated serum potassium K+ > 5.5 mEq/L K+ > 6 mEq/L - Emergency K+ > 7 mEq/L - Life Threat Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Causes Decreased excretion Renal failure Addison’s disease - blockers Hyperglycemia Acidosis Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Causes Increased intake Crush injury, burns, sepsis Massive hemolysis Blood transfusion High-dose penicillin Increased oral intake Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Signs/Symptoms Muscle weakness Numbness, tingling EKG changes Tall, peaked T waves Broadening of QRS; decreased P wave size “Sine wave” leading to V-Fib then asystole Hyperkalemia : Hyperkalemia Treatment Calcium - 0.5 - 1.0g Antagonizes cardiac toxicity NaHCO3 - 50 mEq Drives K+ into cells D50W (25g)/insulin (10 units regular) Drives K+ into cells Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Decreased serum calcium Ca2+ < 8.5 mg/100ml Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Causes Hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Decreased dietary intake Alkalosis Massive blood transfusion Citrate toxicity Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Signs/Symptoms Paresthesias Hyperreflexia, carpopedal spasm, tetany Seizures Trousseau’s sign: Carpopedal spasm following BP cuff compression of arm Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Signs/Symptoms Chvostek’s sign Contraction of facial muscles when face is tapped at angle of jaw Laryngospasms Prolonged QT interval Increased ventricular irritability Hypocalcemia : Hypocalcemia Management Calcium chloride 1g over 10 - 20 minutes Overly rapid administration of calcium can cause bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Increased serum calcium Ca2+ > 10.5 mg/100ml Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Causes Malignancies Skeletal, breast, lungs Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D toxicity Addison’s disease Milk/alkali syndrome Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Signs/Symptoms Apathy, fatigue, depression, coma Muscle weakness Hypertension Anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Signs/Symptoms Kidney stones Short QT interval, heart block, cardiac arrest “Bones, Stones, Hypertones, Abdominal moans” Hypercalcemia : Hypercalcemia Treatment 1 - 2 liters NS over 1 hour Decrease Ca2+ reabsorption Furosemide 40 mg IV Inhibits Ca2+ reabsorption Calcitonin Directly lowers Ca2+