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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript “EXTRAPYRAMIDAL” MOVEMENT DISORDERS : “EXTRAPYRAMIDAL” MOVEMENT DISORDERS Prof. AR AlTahan Division of Neurology EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM ANATOMY: Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra These structures are functionally connected with the Thalamus and Pre-motor Cortex EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY Influence the details of a movement plan Modifies the order-plan “Pyramidal plan” Affects motor function by either: FACILITATION SUPPRESSION EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY: Failure to facilitate Failure to suppress EXTRAPYRAMYDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION : EXTRAPYRAMYDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION Failure to facilitate - brady-hypokinesia - diminished postural responses - bradyphrenia - no weakness EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION Failure to suppress ? Dyskinesia “Involuntary movements” - tremor - chorea - athetosis - dystonia TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement : TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement Postural / Action Physiologic: - fine, exacerbated by: Thyrotoxicosis Beta agonists Essential: - head and hands (Titubation) spares legs Rubral: - Batwing tremor TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement : Intention: Intention tremor = Cerebellar ( brainstem ) TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement : TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement Rest : -Rest or ‘Parkinsonian’ tremor -Coarse & slow 4-5/s. -Mainly distal. -Associated with rigidity & bradykinesia Slide 10: TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement Differential Diagnosis: - Myoclonus - Asterixes - Tics (Guilles de la Tourette syndrome) CHOREA : CHOREA “dance” in Greek Rapid, forceful and semi-purposeful movement. Interferes with, and deforms voluntary movements . Differential Diagnosis: Tremor Myoclonus CHOREA Causes : CHOREA Causes Drugs : - phenothiazines (Tardive dyskinesia) - methoclopramide & levodopa Sydenham chorea: Rheumatic fever Chorea gravidarum / contraceptives CHOREA Causes : CHOREA Causes Huntington chorea Inherited AD, adulthood chorea & dementia. Focal or diffuse cerebral lesions: Cerebral palsy, Stroke Slide 14: Hemiballismus: lesion to subthalamic nucleos of lewis Commonly ischemic ATHETOSIS : ATHETOSIS Means “Changeable in Greek” Slow, writhing involuntary movement, Mainly distally. Causes Cerebral palsy, kernicterus Drugs (choreo-athetosis) Tardive dyskinesia DYSTONIA : DYSTONIA Involuntary, intermittent -.- persistent abnormal posturing: Focal : spasmodic torticollis, blepharospasm. Generalized : primary torsion dystonia Secondary : drugs, vascular. PARKINSON’s DISEASE : PARKINSON’s DISEASE A common idiopathic neurological disease of the elderly characterized by : Brady-hypokinesia, Rigidity Rest tremor PARKINSON’s DISEASE Etiology??? Multifactorial : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Etiology??? Multifactorial Environmental: - Neurotoxins MPTP ? -Parkinsonism epidemic in young addicts. -Toxic to substantia nigra - Viral infections: Enceph. Lethargica PARKINSON DISEASE Etiology : PARKINSON DISEASE Etiology Genetic: Mutations in essential proteins ? Accumulation of protein aggregate inside the cell “Lewy bodies” ? cell death - Alpha synuclein ? Synucleinopathy Parkinson’s DiseasePathology : Parkinson’s DiseasePathology Substantia Nigra, Locus ceruleus, cingulat gyrus, etc… Proteinacious inclusion bodies: Lewy bodies (a synuclein) PARKINSON DISEASE Prevalence1.5 : 1000 1% in over 50 years old. : PARKINSON DISEASE Prevalence1.5 : 1000 1% in over 50 years old. Natural history: Invariably progressive 25% dead or severely disabled ? 5 yrs 80% dead or severely disabled ? 15 yrs Increase Morbidity and Mortality “tripled” PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features Often unilateral ( early ). Exacerbated by anxiety. Ameliorated by relaxation. Disappear during sleep. PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features Rest Tremor: presention in 65%. Distal parts: hands, feet, jaw, tongue Head tremor unusual PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features Rigidity: Increased tone throughout movement. Lead pipe (plastic) or cogwheel. More in flexors (flexed posture). Parkinson’s DiseaseClinical features : Parkinson’s DiseaseClinical features Hypo-bradykinesia: Main disabling feature Poverty of movements Slowness in initiation and execution FACE EYES SPEECH WALKING POSTURAL REFLEX. PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features GI features: Drooling of saliva. Dysphagia. Heart burn. Constipation, Megacolon. Weight loss. PARKINSON’s DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Clinical Features Mental Function : Depression. Dementia. Bradyphrenia. Drugs side-effects. PARKINSON’s DISEASE Diagnosis : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Diagnosis Typical Clinical features Elderly L-dopa. Good response When to investigate ? Atypical clinical picture, age. Atypical response to treatment. Differential Diagnosis : Differential Diagnosis Drug-induced parkinsonism Wilson’s disease Essential tremor Multiple system atrophy Progressive supranuclear palsy Multiple lacunar strokes Normal pressure hydrocephalus Pugilistic (post-traumatic) parkinsonism Depression Differential Diagnosis (Parkinsonism or P. Syndrome) : Differential Diagnosis (Parkinsonism or P. Syndrome) Drug induced : Phenothiazines Butyrphenones Reserpine Tetrabenazine Structural lesion: Commonest ? multiple-infarcts Vascular Parkinsonisms : Vascular Parkinsonisms A manifestation of strokes, affecting basal ganglia Features include: pyramidal, cerebellar and mental changes WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” : WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” Autosomal recessive Abnormality of copper metabolism Deposit in all organs: Brain: Cortex & Basal Ganglia Cornea Kidneys Liver WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” : WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” Clinical Features : Adolescence. Kayser-Fleischer ring. Parkinsonism. Psychiatric – mental changes. Liver cirrhosis. Renal tubular acidosis. WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” : WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” INVESTIGATIONS : Liver-Renal functions Copper studies Slit-lamp test Liver biopsy TREATMENT : Penicillamine Trientin Zinc compounds PARKINSON’s DISEASE Management : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Management General measures Pharmaceutical Surgical treatment Restorative «experimental» Transplantation Neurotrophic factors General measures : General measures Education of patient and family Support psychological and emotional needs Regular exercise Proper nutrition Symptomatic Therapy : Symptomatic Therapy L-dopa Dopamine agonists Anticholinergic agents Amantadine Restors neurotransmitter balance or deficiency L-dopa : L-dopa Most effective drug for symptomatic treatment Initiate when akinetic symptoms disabling Use lowest dose that produces response 300 to 600 mg daily Dopamine Agonists : Dopamine Agonists Ergot dopamine agonists Bromocriptine (Parlodel) Pergolide (Permax) Non-ergot dopamine agonists Piribedil (Trivastal) Pramipexole (Mirapex) Ropinirole (Requip) Apomorphine and lisuride IV for rescue therapy in sudden akinetic episodes Anticholinergic Drugs : Anticholinergic Drugs Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) Benztropine (Cogentin) Adverse effects common: Memory impairment, confusion, hallucinations Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, nausea, urinary retention, impaired sweating, tachycardia Surgery, Implantations and Infusions : Surgery, Implantations and Infusions Thalamotomy Pallidotomy Deep brain stimulation (DBS) Intra-striatal human retinal cells implant (Spheramine) Growth factor infusion Fetal tissue implant ! 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Extrapyramidal disorders aSGuest10195 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2015 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: January 12, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: drnitinchaudhari (34 month(s) ago) good one Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: drnitinchaudhari (34 month(s) ago) nice ppt Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: AJAYKUKS (35 month(s) ago) PLS SHARE IT. it'll be of great help. thanks. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: alixus_21 (36 month(s) ago) I need it for my neurology project presentation, i'm such a lazy med student.....thx Dr dear~! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: alixus_21 (36 month(s) ago) share pls, i need it by tonight pls :), oh pls pls pls, i'll do anything u want!!! Just f*ckin share it! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript “EXTRAPYRAMIDAL” MOVEMENT DISORDERS : “EXTRAPYRAMIDAL” MOVEMENT DISORDERS Prof. AR AlTahan Division of Neurology EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM ANATOMY: Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra These structures are functionally connected with the Thalamus and Pre-motor Cortex EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY Influence the details of a movement plan Modifies the order-plan “Pyramidal plan” Affects motor function by either: FACILITATION SUPPRESSION EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY: Failure to facilitate Failure to suppress EXTRAPYRAMYDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION : EXTRAPYRAMYDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION Failure to facilitate - brady-hypokinesia - diminished postural responses - bradyphrenia - no weakness EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION : EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION Failure to suppress ? Dyskinesia “Involuntary movements” - tremor - chorea - athetosis - dystonia TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement : TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement Postural / Action Physiologic: - fine, exacerbated by: Thyrotoxicosis Beta agonists Essential: - head and hands (Titubation) spares legs Rubral: - Batwing tremor TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement : Intention: Intention tremor = Cerebellar ( brainstem ) TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement : TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement Rest : -Rest or ‘Parkinsonian’ tremor -Coarse & slow 4-5/s. -Mainly distal. -Associated with rigidity & bradykinesia Slide 10: TREMORRhythmic, sinusoidal movement Differential Diagnosis: - Myoclonus - Asterixes - Tics (Guilles de la Tourette syndrome) CHOREA : CHOREA “dance” in Greek Rapid, forceful and semi-purposeful movement. Interferes with, and deforms voluntary movements . Differential Diagnosis: Tremor Myoclonus CHOREA Causes : CHOREA Causes Drugs : - phenothiazines (Tardive dyskinesia) - methoclopramide & levodopa Sydenham chorea: Rheumatic fever Chorea gravidarum / contraceptives CHOREA Causes : CHOREA Causes Huntington chorea Inherited AD, adulthood chorea & dementia. Focal or diffuse cerebral lesions: Cerebral palsy, Stroke Slide 14: Hemiballismus: lesion to subthalamic nucleos of lewis Commonly ischemic ATHETOSIS : ATHETOSIS Means “Changeable in Greek” Slow, writhing involuntary movement, Mainly distally. Causes Cerebral palsy, kernicterus Drugs (choreo-athetosis) Tardive dyskinesia DYSTONIA : DYSTONIA Involuntary, intermittent -.- persistent abnormal posturing: Focal : spasmodic torticollis, blepharospasm. Generalized : primary torsion dystonia Secondary : drugs, vascular. PARKINSON’s DISEASE : PARKINSON’s DISEASE A common idiopathic neurological disease of the elderly characterized by : Brady-hypokinesia, Rigidity Rest tremor PARKINSON’s DISEASE Etiology??? Multifactorial : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Etiology??? Multifactorial Environmental: - Neurotoxins MPTP ? -Parkinsonism epidemic in young addicts. -Toxic to substantia nigra - Viral infections: Enceph. Lethargica PARKINSON DISEASE Etiology : PARKINSON DISEASE Etiology Genetic: Mutations in essential proteins ? Accumulation of protein aggregate inside the cell “Lewy bodies” ? cell death - Alpha synuclein ? Synucleinopathy Parkinson’s DiseasePathology : Parkinson’s DiseasePathology Substantia Nigra, Locus ceruleus, cingulat gyrus, etc… Proteinacious inclusion bodies: Lewy bodies (a synuclein) PARKINSON DISEASE Prevalence1.5 : 1000 1% in over 50 years old. : PARKINSON DISEASE Prevalence1.5 : 1000 1% in over 50 years old. Natural history: Invariably progressive 25% dead or severely disabled ? 5 yrs 80% dead or severely disabled ? 15 yrs Increase Morbidity and Mortality “tripled” PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features Often unilateral ( early ). Exacerbated by anxiety. Ameliorated by relaxation. Disappear during sleep. PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features Rest Tremor: presention in 65%. Distal parts: hands, feet, jaw, tongue Head tremor unusual PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features Rigidity: Increased tone throughout movement. Lead pipe (plastic) or cogwheel. More in flexors (flexed posture). Parkinson’s DiseaseClinical features : Parkinson’s DiseaseClinical features Hypo-bradykinesia: Main disabling feature Poverty of movements Slowness in initiation and execution FACE EYES SPEECH WALKING POSTURAL REFLEX. PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON DISEASE Clinical Features GI features: Drooling of saliva. Dysphagia. Heart burn. Constipation, Megacolon. Weight loss. PARKINSON’s DISEASE Clinical Features : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Clinical Features Mental Function : Depression. Dementia. Bradyphrenia. Drugs side-effects. PARKINSON’s DISEASE Diagnosis : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Diagnosis Typical Clinical features Elderly L-dopa. Good response When to investigate ? Atypical clinical picture, age. Atypical response to treatment. Differential Diagnosis : Differential Diagnosis Drug-induced parkinsonism Wilson’s disease Essential tremor Multiple system atrophy Progressive supranuclear palsy Multiple lacunar strokes Normal pressure hydrocephalus Pugilistic (post-traumatic) parkinsonism Depression Differential Diagnosis (Parkinsonism or P. Syndrome) : Differential Diagnosis (Parkinsonism or P. Syndrome) Drug induced : Phenothiazines Butyrphenones Reserpine Tetrabenazine Structural lesion: Commonest ? multiple-infarcts Vascular Parkinsonisms : Vascular Parkinsonisms A manifestation of strokes, affecting basal ganglia Features include: pyramidal, cerebellar and mental changes WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” : WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” Autosomal recessive Abnormality of copper metabolism Deposit in all organs: Brain: Cortex & Basal Ganglia Cornea Kidneys Liver WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” : WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” Clinical Features : Adolescence. Kayser-Fleischer ring. Parkinsonism. Psychiatric – mental changes. Liver cirrhosis. Renal tubular acidosis. WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” : WILSON’S DISEASE“Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration” INVESTIGATIONS : Liver-Renal functions Copper studies Slit-lamp test Liver biopsy TREATMENT : Penicillamine Trientin Zinc compounds PARKINSON’s DISEASE Management : PARKINSON’s DISEASE Management General measures Pharmaceutical Surgical treatment Restorative «experimental» Transplantation Neurotrophic factors General measures : General measures Education of patient and family Support psychological and emotional needs Regular exercise Proper nutrition Symptomatic Therapy : Symptomatic Therapy L-dopa Dopamine agonists Anticholinergic agents Amantadine Restors neurotransmitter balance or deficiency L-dopa : L-dopa Most effective drug for symptomatic treatment Initiate when akinetic symptoms disabling Use lowest dose that produces response 300 to 600 mg daily Dopamine Agonists : Dopamine Agonists Ergot dopamine agonists Bromocriptine (Parlodel) Pergolide (Permax) Non-ergot dopamine agonists Piribedil (Trivastal) Pramipexole (Mirapex) Ropinirole (Requip) Apomorphine and lisuride IV for rescue therapy in sudden akinetic episodes Anticholinergic Drugs : Anticholinergic Drugs Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) Benztropine (Cogentin) Adverse effects common: Memory impairment, confusion, hallucinations Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, nausea, urinary retention, impaired sweating, tachycardia Surgery, Implantations and Infusions : Surgery, Implantations and Infusions Thalamotomy Pallidotomy Deep brain stimulation (DBS) Intra-striatal human retinal cells implant (Spheramine) Growth factor infusion Fetal tissue implant !