logging in or signing up Hypertension and Peripheral Vascular Disease aSGuest1011 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2936 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 15, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: MR: Merck Serono (38 month(s) ago) what a very valiable data in this presentation!!! if u plz ,let me download it??////? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Hypertension and Peripheral Vascular Disease : Hypertension and Peripheral Vascular Disease EMS Professions Temple College Hypertension : Hypertension Resting BP consistently >140 systolic or >90 diastolic Epidemiology : Epidemiology 20% of adult population ~35,000,000 people 25% do not know they are hypertensive Twice as frequent in blacks than in whites 25% of whites and 50% of blacks > 65 y/o Types : Types Primary (essential) hypertension Secondary hypertension Primary Hypertension : Primary Hypertension 85 - 90% of hypertensives Idiopathic More common in blacks or with positive family history Worsened by increased sodium intake, stress, obesity, oral contraceptive use, or tobacco use Cannot be cured Secondary Hypertension : Secondary Hypertension 10 - 15% of hypertensives Increased BP secondary to another disease process Secondary Hypertension : Secondary Hypertension Causes: Renal vascular or parenchymal disease Adrenal gland disease Thyroid gland disease Aortic coarctation Neurological disorders Small number curable with surgery Hypertension Pathology : Hypertension Pathology Increased BP inflammation, sclerosis of arteriolar walls narrowing of vessels decreased blood flow to major organs Left ventricular overwork hypertrophy, CHF Nephrosclerosis renal insufficiency, failure Hypertension Pathology : Hypertension Pathology Coronary atherosclerosis AMI Cerebral atherosclerosis CVA Aortic atherosclerosis Aortic aneurysm Retinal hemorrhage Blindness Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Primary hypertension is asymptomatic until complications develop Signs/Symptoms are non-specific Result from target organ involvement Dizziness, flushed face, headache, fatigue, epistaxis, nervousness are not caused by uncomplicated hypertension. HTN Medical Management : HTN Medical Management Life style modification Weight loss Increased aerobic activity Reduced sodium intake Stop smoking Limit alcohol intake HTN Medical Management : HTN Medical Management Medications Diuretics Beta blockers Calcium antagonists Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Alpha blockers HTN Medical Management : HTN Medical Management Medical management prevents or forestalls all complications Patients must remain on drug therapy to control BP Categories of Hypertension : Categories of Hypertension Hypertensive Emergency (Crisis) acute BP with sx/sx of end-organ injury Hypertensive Urgency sustained DBP > 115 mm Hg w/o evidence of end-organ injury Mild Hypertension DBP > 90 but < 115 mm Hg w/o symptoms Transient Hypertension elevated due to an unrelated underlying condition Hypertensive Crisis : Hypertensive Crisis Acute life-threatening increase in BP Usually exceeds 200/130 Hypertensive Crisis : Hypertensive Crisis Few Hypertensive Conditions are “Emergencies” Emergent Hypertensive Conditions include: encephalopathy (CNS sx/sx) eclampsia when associated with AMI or Unstable angina Acute renal failure Intracranial injury Acute LVF Aortic dissection Causes : Causes Sudden withdrawal of anti-hypertensives Increased salt intake Abnormal renal function Increase in sympathetic tone Stress Drugs Drug interactions Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Toxemia of pregnancy Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Restlessness, confusion, AMS Vision disturbances Severe headache Nausea, vomiting Seizures Focal neurologic deficits Chest pain Dyspnea Pulmonary edema Hypertensive Crisis Can Cause : Hypertensive Crisis Can Cause CVA CHF Pulmonary edema Angina pectoris AMI Aortic dissection Hypertensive Crisis Management : Hypertensive Crisis Management Immediate goal: lower BP in controlled fashion No more than 30% in first 30-60 mins Not appropriate in all settings Oxygen via NRB Monitor ECG IV NS TKO Drug Therapy Targeted at simply lowering BP, OR Targeted at underlying cause Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Sodium Nitroprusside (Nipride®) Potent arterial and venous vasodilator Vasodilation begins in 1 to 2 minutes 0.5 g/kg/min by continuous infusion, titrate to effect increase in increments of 0.5 g/kg/min 50 mg in 250 cc D5W Effects easily reversible by stopping drip Continuous hemodynamic monitoring required Cover IV bag/tubing to avoid exposure to light Used primarily when targeting lower BP only Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Nitroglycerin Vasodilator Nitropaste simplest method 1 to 2 inches of ointment q 8 hrs easy to control effect but slow onset Sublingual NTG is faster route 0.4 mg SL tab or spray q 5 mins easy to control but short acting NTG infusion, 10 - 20 mcg/min seldom used for hypertensive crisis Commonly used prehospital when targeting BP lowering only especially in AMI Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Nifedipine (Procardia®) Calcium channel blocker Peripheral vasodilator 10 mg Sublingual Split capsule longitudinally and place contents under tongue or puncture capsule with needle and have patient chew Used less frequently today! Frequently in past! Concern for rapid reduction of BP resulting in organ ischemia Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Furosemide (Lasix®) Loop Diuretic initially acts as peripheral vasodilator later actions associated with diuresis 40 mg slow IV or 2X daily dose most useful in acute episode with CHF or LVF Often used with other agents such as NTG Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Hydrazaline (Apresoline®) Direct smooth muscle relaxant relax arterial smooth muscle > venous 10-20 mg slow IV q 4-6 hrs; initial dose 5 mg for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia Usually combined with other agents such as beta blockers concern for reflex sympathetic tone increase Most useful in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Metoprolol (Lopressor®), orLabetalol (Normodyne®) decrease in heart rate and contractility Dose Metoprolol: 5 mg slow IV q 5 mins to total ~15 mg Labetalol: 10-20 mg slow IV q 10 mins Metoprolol is selective beta-1 minimal concern for use in asthma and obstructive airway disease Labetalol: both alpha & beta blockade Most useful in AMI and Unstable angina Hypertensive Crisis Management : Hypertensive Crisis Management Avoid crashing BP to hypotensive or normotensive levels! Ischemia of vital organs may result! Hypertensive Crisis Management : Hypertensive Crisis Management Must assure underlying cause of BP is understood HTN may be helpful to the patient Aggressive treatment of HTN may be harmful What patients may have HTN as a compensatory mechanism? Syncope : Syncope Sudden, temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate cerebral perfusion Vasovagal Syncope : Vasovagal Syncope Simple fainting occurring when upright Increased vagal tone leads to peripheral vasodilation, bradycardia which lead to: Decreased cardiac output Decreased cerebral perfusion Causes Fright, trauma, pain Pressure on carotid sinus (tight collar, shaving) Cardiogenic Syncope : Cardiogenic Syncope Paroxysmal Tachyarrhythmias (atrial or ventricular) Bradyarrhythmias Stokes-Adams attack Valvular disease especially aortic stenosis Can occur in any position Postural Syncope : Postural Syncope Due to decreased BP on standing or sitting up Orthostatic hypotension Postural Syncope : Postural Syncope Drugs - usually antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta-blockers Volume depletion Acute hemorrhage Vomiting or diarrhea Excessive diuretic use Protracted sweating Neuropathic diseases - diabetes Tussitive Syncope : Tussitive Syncope Coughing Increased intrathoracic pressure Decreased venous return Vagal stimulation Decreased heart rate Micturation Syncope : Micturation Syncope Urination Increased vagal tone Decreased cardiac output Frequently associated with Volume depletion due to EtOH Vasodilation due to EtOH Syncope History : Syncope History What were you doing when you fainted? Did you have any warning symptoms? Have you fainted before? Under what circumstances? Any history of cardiac disease? Any medications? Any other past medical history? Syncope Management : Syncope Management Supine position - possibly elevate lower extremities Do not sit up or move to semi-sitting position quickly Airway - oxygen via NRB Loosen tight clothing Syncope Management : Syncope Management Vital signs, Focused Hx & Physical exam Assess for injuries sustained in fall Attempt to identify cause Based on history/physical, Consider: ECG Monitor Blood glucose check Vascular access Transport for further evaluation Peripheral Vascular Disease : Peripheral Vascular Disease Peripheral Atherosclerotic Disease Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Varicose Veins Peripheral Atherosclerosis : Peripheral Atherosclerosis Gradual, progressive disease Common in diabetics Thin, shiny skin Loss of hair on extremities Ulcers, gangrene may develop Peripheral Atherosclerosis : Peripheral Atherosclerosis Intermittent Claudication Deficient blood supply in exercising muscle Pain, aching, cramps, weakness Occurs in calf, thigh, hip, buttocks on walking Relieved by rest (2 - 5 minutes) Peripheral Atherosclerosis : Peripheral Atherosclerosis Acute Arterial Occlusion Sudden blockage by embolism, plaque, thrombus Can result from vessel trauma The 5 Ps of acute occlusion Pain, worsening over several hours Pallor, cool to touch Pulselessness Paresthesias, loss of sensation Paralysis Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis : Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of lower extremities, pelvic veins with clot formation Usually begins with calf veins Precipitating factors Injury to venous endothelium Hypercoagulability Reduced blood flow (venous stasis) Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis : Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Signs/Symptoms May be asymptomatic Pain, tenderness Fever, chills, malaise Edema, warmth, bluish-red color Pain on ankle dorsiflexion during straight leg lifting (Homan’s sign) Palpable “cord” in calf clotted veins Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis : Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis May progress to pulmonary embolism!!! Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Dilated, elongated, tortuous superficial veins usually in lower extremities Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Causes Congenital weakness/absence of venous valves Congenital weakness of venous walls Diseases of venous system (Deep thrombophlebitis) Prolonged venostasis (pregnancy, standing) Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Signs/Symptoms May be asymptomatic Feeling of fatigue, heaviness Cramps at night Orthostatic edema Ulcer formation Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Rupture may cause severe bleeding Control with elevation and direct pressure Aortic Aneurysm : Aortic Aneurysm Localized abnormal dilation of blood vessel, usually an artery Thoracic Dissecting Abdominal Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm : Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Usually results from atherosclerosis Weakened aortic wall bows out - lumen distends Most common in males age 50 - 70 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm : Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Sign/Symptoms Dyspnea, Cough Hoarseness/Loss of voice Substernal/back pain or ache Lower extremity weakness/ paresthesias Variation in pulses, BP between extremities Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Intima tears Column of blood forms false passage, splits tunica media lengthwise Most common in thoracic aorta Most common in blacks, chronic hypertension, Marfan’s syndrome Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms Sudden “ripping” or “tearing” pain anterior chest or between shoulders May extend to shoulders, neck, lower back, and abdomen Rarely radiates to jaw or arms Pallor, diaphoresis, tachycardia, dyspnea Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms Normal or elevated upper extremity BP in “shocky” patient CHF if aortic valve is involved Acute MI if coronary ostia involved Rupture into pericardial space or chest cavity with circulatory collapse Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms CNS symptoms from involvement of head/neck vessel origins Chest pain + neurological deficit = aortic aneurysm Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm : Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Also referred to as “AAA” or “Triple A” Usually results from atherosclerosis White males age 50 - 80 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm : Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms Usually asymptomatic until large enough to be palpable as pulsing mass Usually tender to palpation Excruciating lower back pain from pressure on lumbar vertebrae May mimic lumbar disk disease or kidney stone Leaking/rupture may produce vascular collapse and shock Often presents with syncopal episode Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm : Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms May result in unequal lower extremity pulses or unilateral paresthesia Urge to defecate caused by retroperitoneal leaking of blood Erosion into duodenum with massive GI bleed Aortic Aneurysm Management : Aortic Aneurysm Management ABCs High concentration O2 NRB Assist ventilations if needed Package patient for transport in MAST, inflate if patient becomes hypotensive IVs x 2 with LR enroute Draw labs 12 Lead ECG enroute if time permits Aortic Aneurysm Management : Aortic Aneurysm Management If patient hypertensive consider reducing BP Nitropaste Beta blocker Consider analgesia Tolerated best if hypertensive Consider transport to facility with vascular surgery capability Pulmonary Embolism : Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology Pulmonary artery blocked Blood: Does not pass alveoli Does not exchange gases Causes : Causes Blood clots = most common cause Virchow’s Triad Venous stasis – bed rest, immobility, casts, CHF Thrombophlebitis – vessel wall damage Hypercoagulability – Birth control pills, especially with smoking Causes : Causes Air Amniotic fluid Fat particles Long bone fracture – more quickly splinted, less chance of fat emboli Particulates from substance abuse Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Small Emboli Dyspnea Tachycardia Tachypnea Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Larger Emboli Respiratory difficulty Pleuritic pain Pleural rub Coughing Hemoptysis Localized Wheezing Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Very Large Emboli Respiratory distress Central chest pain Distended neck veins Acute right heart failure Shock Cardiac arrest Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms There are NO findings specific to pulmonary embolism Management : Management Airway Consider intubation early (if does not cause delay) Breathing 100% O2 NRB mask Consider assisting ventilations (if not intubated) Circulation IV x 2, lg bore, NS, TKO May attempt fluid bolus if hypotensive or shock ECG monitor Rapid transport thrombolysis or pulmonectomy may be useful Pulmonary Embolism : Pulmonary Embolism If the patient is alive when you get to them, that embolus isn’t going to kill them, BUT THE NEXT ONE THEY THROW MIGHT!!! You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Hypertension and Peripheral Vascular Disease aSGuest1011 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2936 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 15, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: MR: Merck Serono (38 month(s) ago) what a very valiable data in this presentation!!! if u plz ,let me download it??////? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Hypertension and Peripheral Vascular Disease : Hypertension and Peripheral Vascular Disease EMS Professions Temple College Hypertension : Hypertension Resting BP consistently >140 systolic or >90 diastolic Epidemiology : Epidemiology 20% of adult population ~35,000,000 people 25% do not know they are hypertensive Twice as frequent in blacks than in whites 25% of whites and 50% of blacks > 65 y/o Types : Types Primary (essential) hypertension Secondary hypertension Primary Hypertension : Primary Hypertension 85 - 90% of hypertensives Idiopathic More common in blacks or with positive family history Worsened by increased sodium intake, stress, obesity, oral contraceptive use, or tobacco use Cannot be cured Secondary Hypertension : Secondary Hypertension 10 - 15% of hypertensives Increased BP secondary to another disease process Secondary Hypertension : Secondary Hypertension Causes: Renal vascular or parenchymal disease Adrenal gland disease Thyroid gland disease Aortic coarctation Neurological disorders Small number curable with surgery Hypertension Pathology : Hypertension Pathology Increased BP inflammation, sclerosis of arteriolar walls narrowing of vessels decreased blood flow to major organs Left ventricular overwork hypertrophy, CHF Nephrosclerosis renal insufficiency, failure Hypertension Pathology : Hypertension Pathology Coronary atherosclerosis AMI Cerebral atherosclerosis CVA Aortic atherosclerosis Aortic aneurysm Retinal hemorrhage Blindness Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Primary hypertension is asymptomatic until complications develop Signs/Symptoms are non-specific Result from target organ involvement Dizziness, flushed face, headache, fatigue, epistaxis, nervousness are not caused by uncomplicated hypertension. HTN Medical Management : HTN Medical Management Life style modification Weight loss Increased aerobic activity Reduced sodium intake Stop smoking Limit alcohol intake HTN Medical Management : HTN Medical Management Medications Diuretics Beta blockers Calcium antagonists Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Alpha blockers HTN Medical Management : HTN Medical Management Medical management prevents or forestalls all complications Patients must remain on drug therapy to control BP Categories of Hypertension : Categories of Hypertension Hypertensive Emergency (Crisis) acute BP with sx/sx of end-organ injury Hypertensive Urgency sustained DBP > 115 mm Hg w/o evidence of end-organ injury Mild Hypertension DBP > 90 but < 115 mm Hg w/o symptoms Transient Hypertension elevated due to an unrelated underlying condition Hypertensive Crisis : Hypertensive Crisis Acute life-threatening increase in BP Usually exceeds 200/130 Hypertensive Crisis : Hypertensive Crisis Few Hypertensive Conditions are “Emergencies” Emergent Hypertensive Conditions include: encephalopathy (CNS sx/sx) eclampsia when associated with AMI or Unstable angina Acute renal failure Intracranial injury Acute LVF Aortic dissection Causes : Causes Sudden withdrawal of anti-hypertensives Increased salt intake Abnormal renal function Increase in sympathetic tone Stress Drugs Drug interactions Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Toxemia of pregnancy Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Restlessness, confusion, AMS Vision disturbances Severe headache Nausea, vomiting Seizures Focal neurologic deficits Chest pain Dyspnea Pulmonary edema Hypertensive Crisis Can Cause : Hypertensive Crisis Can Cause CVA CHF Pulmonary edema Angina pectoris AMI Aortic dissection Hypertensive Crisis Management : Hypertensive Crisis Management Immediate goal: lower BP in controlled fashion No more than 30% in first 30-60 mins Not appropriate in all settings Oxygen via NRB Monitor ECG IV NS TKO Drug Therapy Targeted at simply lowering BP, OR Targeted at underlying cause Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Sodium Nitroprusside (Nipride®) Potent arterial and venous vasodilator Vasodilation begins in 1 to 2 minutes 0.5 g/kg/min by continuous infusion, titrate to effect increase in increments of 0.5 g/kg/min 50 mg in 250 cc D5W Effects easily reversible by stopping drip Continuous hemodynamic monitoring required Cover IV bag/tubing to avoid exposure to light Used primarily when targeting lower BP only Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Nitroglycerin Vasodilator Nitropaste simplest method 1 to 2 inches of ointment q 8 hrs easy to control effect but slow onset Sublingual NTG is faster route 0.4 mg SL tab or spray q 5 mins easy to control but short acting NTG infusion, 10 - 20 mcg/min seldom used for hypertensive crisis Commonly used prehospital when targeting BP lowering only especially in AMI Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Nifedipine (Procardia®) Calcium channel blocker Peripheral vasodilator 10 mg Sublingual Split capsule longitudinally and place contents under tongue or puncture capsule with needle and have patient chew Used less frequently today! Frequently in past! Concern for rapid reduction of BP resulting in organ ischemia Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Furosemide (Lasix®) Loop Diuretic initially acts as peripheral vasodilator later actions associated with diuresis 40 mg slow IV or 2X daily dose most useful in acute episode with CHF or LVF Often used with other agents such as NTG Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Hydrazaline (Apresoline®) Direct smooth muscle relaxant relax arterial smooth muscle > venous 10-20 mg slow IV q 4-6 hrs; initial dose 5 mg for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia Usually combined with other agents such as beta blockers concern for reflex sympathetic tone increase Most useful in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Drug Therapy Possibilities : Drug Therapy Possibilities Metoprolol (Lopressor®), orLabetalol (Normodyne®) decrease in heart rate and contractility Dose Metoprolol: 5 mg slow IV q 5 mins to total ~15 mg Labetalol: 10-20 mg slow IV q 10 mins Metoprolol is selective beta-1 minimal concern for use in asthma and obstructive airway disease Labetalol: both alpha & beta blockade Most useful in AMI and Unstable angina Hypertensive Crisis Management : Hypertensive Crisis Management Avoid crashing BP to hypotensive or normotensive levels! Ischemia of vital organs may result! Hypertensive Crisis Management : Hypertensive Crisis Management Must assure underlying cause of BP is understood HTN may be helpful to the patient Aggressive treatment of HTN may be harmful What patients may have HTN as a compensatory mechanism? Syncope : Syncope Sudden, temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate cerebral perfusion Vasovagal Syncope : Vasovagal Syncope Simple fainting occurring when upright Increased vagal tone leads to peripheral vasodilation, bradycardia which lead to: Decreased cardiac output Decreased cerebral perfusion Causes Fright, trauma, pain Pressure on carotid sinus (tight collar, shaving) Cardiogenic Syncope : Cardiogenic Syncope Paroxysmal Tachyarrhythmias (atrial or ventricular) Bradyarrhythmias Stokes-Adams attack Valvular disease especially aortic stenosis Can occur in any position Postural Syncope : Postural Syncope Due to decreased BP on standing or sitting up Orthostatic hypotension Postural Syncope : Postural Syncope Drugs - usually antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta-blockers Volume depletion Acute hemorrhage Vomiting or diarrhea Excessive diuretic use Protracted sweating Neuropathic diseases - diabetes Tussitive Syncope : Tussitive Syncope Coughing Increased intrathoracic pressure Decreased venous return Vagal stimulation Decreased heart rate Micturation Syncope : Micturation Syncope Urination Increased vagal tone Decreased cardiac output Frequently associated with Volume depletion due to EtOH Vasodilation due to EtOH Syncope History : Syncope History What were you doing when you fainted? Did you have any warning symptoms? Have you fainted before? Under what circumstances? Any history of cardiac disease? Any medications? Any other past medical history? Syncope Management : Syncope Management Supine position - possibly elevate lower extremities Do not sit up or move to semi-sitting position quickly Airway - oxygen via NRB Loosen tight clothing Syncope Management : Syncope Management Vital signs, Focused Hx & Physical exam Assess for injuries sustained in fall Attempt to identify cause Based on history/physical, Consider: ECG Monitor Blood glucose check Vascular access Transport for further evaluation Peripheral Vascular Disease : Peripheral Vascular Disease Peripheral Atherosclerotic Disease Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Varicose Veins Peripheral Atherosclerosis : Peripheral Atherosclerosis Gradual, progressive disease Common in diabetics Thin, shiny skin Loss of hair on extremities Ulcers, gangrene may develop Peripheral Atherosclerosis : Peripheral Atherosclerosis Intermittent Claudication Deficient blood supply in exercising muscle Pain, aching, cramps, weakness Occurs in calf, thigh, hip, buttocks on walking Relieved by rest (2 - 5 minutes) Peripheral Atherosclerosis : Peripheral Atherosclerosis Acute Arterial Occlusion Sudden blockage by embolism, plaque, thrombus Can result from vessel trauma The 5 Ps of acute occlusion Pain, worsening over several hours Pallor, cool to touch Pulselessness Paresthesias, loss of sensation Paralysis Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis : Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of lower extremities, pelvic veins with clot formation Usually begins with calf veins Precipitating factors Injury to venous endothelium Hypercoagulability Reduced blood flow (venous stasis) Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis : Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis Signs/Symptoms May be asymptomatic Pain, tenderness Fever, chills, malaise Edema, warmth, bluish-red color Pain on ankle dorsiflexion during straight leg lifting (Homan’s sign) Palpable “cord” in calf clotted veins Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis : Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis May progress to pulmonary embolism!!! Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Dilated, elongated, tortuous superficial veins usually in lower extremities Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Causes Congenital weakness/absence of venous valves Congenital weakness of venous walls Diseases of venous system (Deep thrombophlebitis) Prolonged venostasis (pregnancy, standing) Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Signs/Symptoms May be asymptomatic Feeling of fatigue, heaviness Cramps at night Orthostatic edema Ulcer formation Varicose Veins : Varicose Veins Rupture may cause severe bleeding Control with elevation and direct pressure Aortic Aneurysm : Aortic Aneurysm Localized abnormal dilation of blood vessel, usually an artery Thoracic Dissecting Abdominal Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm : Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Usually results from atherosclerosis Weakened aortic wall bows out - lumen distends Most common in males age 50 - 70 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm : Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Sign/Symptoms Dyspnea, Cough Hoarseness/Loss of voice Substernal/back pain or ache Lower extremity weakness/ paresthesias Variation in pulses, BP between extremities Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Intima tears Column of blood forms false passage, splits tunica media lengthwise Most common in thoracic aorta Most common in blacks, chronic hypertension, Marfan’s syndrome Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms Sudden “ripping” or “tearing” pain anterior chest or between shoulders May extend to shoulders, neck, lower back, and abdomen Rarely radiates to jaw or arms Pallor, diaphoresis, tachycardia, dyspnea Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms Normal or elevated upper extremity BP in “shocky” patient CHF if aortic valve is involved Acute MI if coronary ostia involved Rupture into pericardial space or chest cavity with circulatory collapse Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm : Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms CNS symptoms from involvement of head/neck vessel origins Chest pain + neurological deficit = aortic aneurysm Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm : Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Also referred to as “AAA” or “Triple A” Usually results from atherosclerosis White males age 50 - 80 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm : Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms Usually asymptomatic until large enough to be palpable as pulsing mass Usually tender to palpation Excruciating lower back pain from pressure on lumbar vertebrae May mimic lumbar disk disease or kidney stone Leaking/rupture may produce vascular collapse and shock Often presents with syncopal episode Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm : Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Signs/Symptoms May result in unequal lower extremity pulses or unilateral paresthesia Urge to defecate caused by retroperitoneal leaking of blood Erosion into duodenum with massive GI bleed Aortic Aneurysm Management : Aortic Aneurysm Management ABCs High concentration O2 NRB Assist ventilations if needed Package patient for transport in MAST, inflate if patient becomes hypotensive IVs x 2 with LR enroute Draw labs 12 Lead ECG enroute if time permits Aortic Aneurysm Management : Aortic Aneurysm Management If patient hypertensive consider reducing BP Nitropaste Beta blocker Consider analgesia Tolerated best if hypertensive Consider transport to facility with vascular surgery capability Pulmonary Embolism : Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology Pulmonary artery blocked Blood: Does not pass alveoli Does not exchange gases Causes : Causes Blood clots = most common cause Virchow’s Triad Venous stasis – bed rest, immobility, casts, CHF Thrombophlebitis – vessel wall damage Hypercoagulability – Birth control pills, especially with smoking Causes : Causes Air Amniotic fluid Fat particles Long bone fracture – more quickly splinted, less chance of fat emboli Particulates from substance abuse Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Small Emboli Dyspnea Tachycardia Tachypnea Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Larger Emboli Respiratory difficulty Pleuritic pain Pleural rub Coughing Hemoptysis Localized Wheezing Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms Very Large Emboli Respiratory distress Central chest pain Distended neck veins Acute right heart failure Shock Cardiac arrest Signs/Symptoms : Signs/Symptoms There are NO findings specific to pulmonary embolism Management : Management Airway Consider intubation early (if does not cause delay) Breathing 100% O2 NRB mask Consider assisting ventilations (if not intubated) Circulation IV x 2, lg bore, NS, TKO May attempt fluid bolus if hypotensive or shock ECG monitor Rapid transport thrombolysis or pulmonectomy may be useful Pulmonary Embolism : Pulmonary Embolism If the patient is alive when you get to them, that embolus isn’t going to kill them, BUT THE NEXT ONE THEY THROW MIGHT!!!