Blood Products

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Presentation Transcript

Blood and Blood Products : 

Blood and Blood Products

Whole Blood : 

Whole Blood Contents RBC’s WBC’s Platelets Plasma Clotting factors

Whole Blood : 

Whole Blood Indications Acute loss of whole blood

Packed Cells : 

Packed Cells Contents RBC’s 20% Plasma Indications Replace O2 carrying capacity with less volume Severe anemia, slow blood loss, CHF

Granulocytes : 

Granulocytes Contents WBC’s 20% Plasma Indications Life-threatening decreases in WBC count

Platelets : 

Platelets Contents Platelets WBC’s Plasma Indications Low platelet counts

Plasma : 

Plasma Contents Clotting factors Fibrinogen Prothrombin Albumin Globulins

Plasma : 

Plasma Indications Clotting factor deficiency Volume expansion

Plasma Protein Fraction : 

Plasma Protein Fraction Contents 5% Albumin/Globin in saline Indications Expand volume in burns Hemorrhage Hypoproteinemia

Albumin : 

Albumin Contents 5% or 25% albumin Indications Replace volume in shock Burns Hypoproteinemia

Cryoprecipitate : 

Cryoprecipitate Contents Factors VIII and XIII, Fibrinogen Indications Hemophilia A Fibrinogen deficiency Factor XIII deficiency

Prothrombin : 

Prothrombin Contents Factors II, VII, IX, and X Indications Hemophilia B Liver disease

Blood Transfusion : 

Blood Transfusion

Blood Transfusion : 

Blood Transfusion Blood must be typed prior to administration

Blood Transfusion : 

Blood Transfusion ABO Antigens A Antigen Type A B Antigens Type B A and B Antigens Type AB No Antigens Type O

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions Plasma Antibodies Agglutinate (Clump) Cells of other Types

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions Type A = B Antibodies (Clumps B or AB) Type B = A Antibodies (Clumps A or AB)

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions Type AB = No Antibodies (Clumps Nothing) Type O = A and B Antibodies (Clumps everything except O)

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions O Negative = Universal Donor AB Positive = Universal Recipient

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions Rh Factor 85% of Population Rh Positive 15% of Population Rh Negative

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions Rh Negative patients produce Rh antibodies only if exposed to Rh Positive blood

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions Erythroblastosis Fetalis Rh Negative mother exposed to Rh Positive fetal blood during delivery Mother produces Rh Antibodies Antibodies cross placenta during subsequent pregnancy Fetal blood hemolyses

Blood Transfusions : 

Blood Transfusions Erythroblastosis Fetalis Prevented by administration of Rhogam to mother

Transfusion Complications : 

Transfusion Complications

Fever : 

Fever Most common reaction Donor WBC incompatabilities Antipyretics

Allergic Reactions : 

Allergic Reactions Signs/Symptoms Itching Uticaria Chills Fever Facial edema Wheezing Anaphylactic shock

Allergic Reactions : 

Allergic Reactions Management Oxygen IV fluids Epinephrine Antihistamines

Hemolytic Reaction : 

Hemolytic Reaction Signs/Symptoms Chills, fever Low back pain Headache Chest pain Dyspnea Cyanosis Restlessness, anxiety Hypotension Red urine

Hemolytic Reaction : 

Hemolytic Reaction Management Stop transfusion Treat shock Volume replacement Mannitol

Volume Overload : 

Volume Overload Signs/Symptoms Cough Chest pain Dyspnea Distended neck veins Rales Frothy sputum

Volume Overload : 

Volume Overload Management Slow infusion Diuretics Vasodilators

Transfusion Complications : 

Transfusion Complications Coagulation Disturbances Platelet/Clotting factor deterioration Citrate Intoxication Hypocalcemia Metabolic Alkalosis Hyperkalemia RBC’s Lyse/Release K+

Transfusion Complications : 

Transfusion Complications Acid/Base Imbalances Banked blood gradually acidifies Poor tissue Oxygenation Loss of 2,3 DPG

Transfusion Complications : 

Transfusion Complications Hypothermia Inadequate warming during transfusion Viral Hepatitis Risk rises with each unit

Blood Transfusion : 

Blood Transfusion IV catheter 18g or larger No fluid other than saline D5W lyses RBC’s LR contains calcium/triggers clotting Two persons confirm ABO/Rh Blood filter in administration set

Blood Transfusion : 

Blood Transfusion Infusion pumps Excessive pressure can cause hemolysis Rewarming above 380C can cause hemolysis Never add medications directly