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Slide3: Tsunami Relief Effort PREVENTIVE MEDICINE BRIEFING Presenter’s Name Presenter’s Command Local Contact Information Prepared by: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (800) 222-9698/ DSN 584-4375/(410) 436-4375 http://usachppm.apgea.army.mil


Purpose: Purpose To inform personnel deploying in support of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Relief Effort of: potential health hazards individual countermeasures In wars, battles, and military training, the greatest loss of forces is not caused by combat wounds. Most losses are the result of disease and non-battle injury.


Indian Ocean Tsunami Relief Effort Medical Threat Briefing: Indian Ocean Tsunami Relief Effort Medical Threat Briefing A devastating megathrust earthquake occurred off the west coast of Northern Sumatra on Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 7:58:53 local time at epicenter.


Countries Affected: Countries Affected Bangladesh Burma India Indonesia Kenya Malaysia Maldives Seychelles Somalia Sri Lanka Tanzania Thailand December 26, 2004 at 10:20 am local time at epicenter, approximately 1 hour after the first set of waves hit. Kalutara, Sri Lanka


Tsunami Victims*: Tsunami Victims* *From USA Today, The Tsunami's Aftermath, 7 January 2005; and USA Today.com, Relief Efforts, Aid Totals, Photo; a sidebar to Tsunami Death Toll Exceeds 150,000 posted 7 January 2005


Hardest Hit Areas: Hardest Hit Areas Indonesia India Sri Lanka Thailand


Medical Capabilities : Medical Capabilities Indonesia - no emergency management system. In urban areas, a limited emergency response capability, supported by 24-hour emergency rooms, ambulances, and helipads at major hospitals. Sri Lanka - has a disaster response plan but limited capability to execute it. Ground evacuation capability is limited. Ambulance service is available in Colombo, but it is not reliable. Thailand - good medical infrastructure, but its disaster response capabilities do not meet US standards.


Medical Capabilities (cont): Medical Capabilities (cont) India - medical infrastructure inadequate for a widespread disaster. Medical personnel are poorly trained, shortages of medical materiel occur, and casualty evacuation assets are woefully insufficient for the current mass-casualty situation. Malaysia – Substandard emergency medical personnel and services. Most emergency medical personnel are not trained, and many ambulances are only equipped with oxygen. Maldives - The number of islands and atolls prevents prompt emergency transport - usually via air to the Male Airport. The qualifications and training of physicians varies widely because approximately 75 percent are expatriates. Native health care workers are not qualified or trained to US standards.


Vaccine Coverage Estimates (%): Vaccine Coverage Estimates (%) Hep-B DPT3 Measles Polio3 Tetanus Indonesia 75 90 90 90 84 Sri Lanka UNK 99 99 98 UNK Thailand 95 96 94 97 UNK Source: WHO-UNICEF


Infectious Disease Risk: Infectious Disease Risk Increases in transmission of: Food- and waterborne diseases due to the lack of potable water Respiratory diseases due to crowding in camps Vector-borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya likely will start increasing over the next 2 to 3 weeks Diseases from contact with soil


Bodies of Victims Pose Minimal Disease Risk : Bodies of Victims Pose Minimal Disease Risk Unburied human remains not a disease threat Cadavers in the water supply rarely transmit diseases. Increased number of filth flies can increase shigellosis. Mortuary staff, and body retrieval teams risk exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV For personnel exposed to blood and body fluids: Use gloves when handling bodies or body fluids Use eye protection, gowns, and masks when large quantities or splashes of blood are anticipated Wash hands frequently Use body bags to reduce the risk of contamination


Infectious Disease Priorities : Infectious Disease Priorities


Issues for Deploying Personnel: Issues for Deploying Personnel


Summary of Health Risks: Summary of Health Risks Infectious Diseases Food and water-borne Insect-borne Sexually transmitted Contact with fresh water, soil Animal contact Respiratory Injuries Psychological Stress Heat and Sun Environmental Pollutants


Overview of Preventive Measures: Overview of Preventive Measures Receive vaccinations and take malaria pills as directed Use DEET, permethrin, and bed nets to prevent insect bites Consume only approved food and beverages Maintain good personal hygiene Maintain hydration and use sunscreen Avoid domestic and wild animals, fresh water, and soil Avoid sexual activity - protect yourself from blood, body fluids Sleep head-to-toe if billeted in common areas Seek medical care immediately if you become ill Follow stress-prevention techniques Follow personal security and safety guidelines


Diseases From Ingestion of Contaminated Food and Water: Diseases From Ingestion of Contaminated Food and Water


Food and Water-borne Diseases: Food and Water-borne Diseases Diarrhea Cholera Hepatitis A and E COUNTERMEASURES Do not consume any food, ice, water, or beverage (to include bottled water) that have not been approved by the U.S. military Assume all non-approved food, ice, and water is contaminated Typhoid Fever Chemicals/Pesticides Heavy Metal Poisoning Even a one-time consumption of these foods or water may cause severe illness


Diarrhea: Diarrhea Cause: drinking water or eating food that contains bacteria, virus, or protozoa Symptoms: frequent, runny stools Can be a symptom of campylobacter, e. coli, shigella, salmonella, hepatitis A, cholera, hepatitis E, giardia, or malaria If you consume local food or water, you will almost always get diarrhea.


Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A Cause - Putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A Symptoms - jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, fever Countermeasures Hepatitis A Vaccine Short-term protection from immune globulin Wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, and before preparing and eating food.


Insect-Borne Diseases: Insect-Borne Diseases


Malaria: Caused by parasite obtained from mosquito bite Symptoms Severe symptoms and death possible Fever and flu-like illness, chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness Countermeasures Take anti-malarial medications and prevent mosquito bites Use the DOD Insect Repellent System Sleep under a permethrin treated bed net Malaria Malaria that is resistant to anti-malarial drugs can occur, it is critical that you prevent mosquitoes from biting you.


Dengue Fever: Dengue Fever Caused by virus obtained from day-bighting mosquitoes Increased risk of infection in urban areas Increased risk May-October Symptoms Sudden onset, high fever, severe headaches, joint and muscle pain, nausea/vomiting, and rash. Illness may last up to 10 days, complete recovery may take 2-4 weeks Countermeasures Prevent mosquito bites Use the DOD Insect Repellent System


Japanese Encephalitis: Japanese Encephalitis Caused by virus obtained from mosquito bites Increased risk in rural areas Symptoms Fever, headache, disorientation, and stupor More severe symptoms possible Fatality rate 5-10% or higher Countermeasures Vaccination Prevent mosquito bites Use the DOD Insect Repellent System Sleep under a permethrin treated bed net


 Chikungunya Virus : Chikungunya Virus Caused by virus obtained from mosquito bites Increased risk May-October (rainy season) Increased risk in urban and village areas Symptoms Sudden onset of fever, rash on trunk and limbs, back pain, and severe joint pain / arthritis in multiple joints Countermeasures Prevent mosquito bites Use the DOD Insect Repellent System Sleep under a permethrin-treated bed net


DOD Insect Repellent System: DOD Insect Repellent System YOU NEED TO KNOW… Dry cleaning removes permethrin from the uniform + + = MAXIMUM PROTECTION Permethrin On Uniform DEET On Exposed Skin Properly Worn Uniform


Countermeasures (continued): Countermeasures (continued) Wash and inspect your body for insects/ticks and bites daily Use buddy system to check clothing routinely Launder uniform routinely to remove insects and eggs Order a permethrin-impregnated bed net for use while sleeping NSN 3740-01-516-4415 Otherwise, treat a bed net before use by spraying the outside of the net with permethrin Tuck edges under cot or sleeping bag Don’t let net touch your skin while you sleep


Diseases Transmitted By Body Fluids And Sexual Activity: Diseases Transmitted By Body Fluids And Sexual Activity Examples: HIV, Hepatitis-B, herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia


Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B Cause – Hepatitis B virus that attacks the liver Transmitted by direct contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person Symptoms - jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain Countermeasures Hepatitis B vaccine Use latex condoms correctly every time you have sex Don’t share personal items that might have blood on them Follow routine barrier precautions and safely handle needles and other sharps


Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Animals: Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Animals


Rabies: Major public health problem in the entire region Caused by virus obtained from contact with saliva of infected animal Infected animal can be any warm-blooded animal Symptoms Rabies is 100% fatal once symptoms develop Fever, headache, tingling and discomfort at bite site Late symptoms include anxiety, confusion, agitation, delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, and insomnia Countermeasures Avoid contact with domestic and wild animals If bitten or scratched, wash wound vigorously for 5 full minutes with soap and water, then seek medical care immediately for vaccine and other treatment. Rabies


Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Soil and Water: Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Soil and Water


Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis Transmission likely occurs and goes unrecognized or underreported throughout Asia. Risk is 1-10 percent per month of personnel in close contact with contaminated bodies of fresh water could develop leptospirosis Caused by bacteria obtained from animal urine Highest threat is skin contact with contaminated lakes, rivers, streams, or other water sources Can acquire from food contaminated with rodent urine Symptoms Severe symptoms and death possible Fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice, anemia, and sometimes rash Countermeasures Avoid swimming and wading in lakes, rivers, and streams If high risk area, can pre-treat with doxycycline


Tetanus: Tetanus Cause: Wounds contaminated with bacteria Symptoms: lockjaw, stiffness in the neck and abdomen, and difficulty swallowing then fever, elevated blood pressure, and severe muscle spasms Countermeasure: Vaccination


Melioidosis: Melioidosis Bacterial disease endemic in many parts of Asia. Found in agriculture fields, mostly during the rainy season. Cause: direct contact with contaminated soil or water. Symptoms: Variable depending on location of infection and whether it is acute or chronic Countermeasures Wear boots and proper clothing during field work In health care settings, use common blood and body fluid precautions to prevent transmission.


Acute Respiratory Diseases: Acute Respiratory Diseases


Pneumonia: Pneumonia Most commonly caused by bacteria or viruses contracted from an infected person Infected people release bacteria during, coughing, sneezing, speaking, or spitting Symptoms Cough, possibly with blood or sputum, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats, fever, and weakness Severe symptoms and death possible Countermeasures Avoid unnecessary exposure to high-risk populations and buildings Use N95 respiratory protection when directed


Avian Influenza: Avian Influenza Cause: Virus that usually does not make wild birds sick, but can make domesticated birds very sick and kill them Also infects pigs, horses, seals, tigers, and whales In rare cases it has infected humans. Symptoms: fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, eye infections, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia Countermeasure: Avoid sick birds and their droppings Projected impact on scheduled operations is minimal. Rare cases of H5N1 influenza could occur in forces exposed to infected poultry flocks. In the unlikely event that H5N1 influenza gains the ability to efficiently spread directly from person-to-person a significant number of forces worldwide could be affected.


Psychological Stress: Psychological Stress


How to Face the Injured and Dead: How to Face the Injured and Dead Remember the larger purpose of what you must do. You are showing care, giving hope, and preventing disease for the living. You are recovering the bodies for registrations and respectful burial. Limit exposure to the stimuli. Wear gloves and disposable uniforms if available. Mask odors with disinfectants, deodorants, air-fresheners. AVOID FOCUSING on any individual victims. Have people who did NOT search the body examine any materials collected for identification of the body or intelligence. Remind yourself the body is not “the person,” just the remains.


How to Face the Injured and Dead (cont): How to Face the Injured and Dead (cont) Keep humor alive. Don’t desecrate or steal from the victims. Say silent prayers. Schedule frequent breaks; maintain hygiene, drink plenty of fluids, and eat good food. Have your team get together for mutual support and encouragement. Help buddies or subordinates in distress by being a good listener. Prepare yourself for what you will see and do. Don’t feel guilty about distancing yourself mentally from the suffering of individuals. Don’t be disheartened by horrible dreams, feeling tense, or intrusive memories. Participate in a critical event debriefing with trained people from your supporting unit ministry and/or behavioral health/combat stress control team.


Environmental Issues: Environmental Issues


Heat and Sun Exposure: Heat and Sun Exposure Wear proper clothing and head gear Use sunscreen Maintain adequate hydration Employ work-rest cycles Seek medical attention for symptoms of heat-related illness in yourself and your colleagues: dizziness, cramps, confusion, loss of consciousness


Environmental Concerns: Environmental Concerns Chemical Hazards Contaminated soil and surface water Petroleum products: short term health risk for respiratory and nervous system depression Chlorine: short term exposure to high levels could cause burning of the eyes, nose, throat, coughing, nausea, headaches and dizziness Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): short term low risk. Long term exposure could cause skin and mucous irritation, hyperpigmentation of the nails and skin, dizziness and nervousness Organophosphorus insecticides: short term exposure to high levels could cause abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, coma and death Organochlorine insecticides: short term exposure to high levels could cause seizures, respiratory depression, gastrointestinal upset and death


Environmental Concerns (continued): Environmental Concerns (continued) Physical Hazards Compressed cylinder tanks (gasoline, propane, oxygen) Flammable gases heavier than air may collect in low lying areas and present a fire or explosion hazard Downed power lines


Country Profiles: Country Profiles


Indonesia: Indonesia Approximately 3 times the size of Texas Consists of 13,667 Islands Five islands account for 90% of the land Sumatra Java The Kalimantan portion of Boreno Sulawesi The Irian Jaya portion of New Guinea Terrain Rugged volcanic mountains covered by dense tropical forests Climate Extensive Cloudiness with lowland temperatures of 70-90 degrees with a relative humidity of 80-90 percent


Indonesia: Indonesia Indonesia is HIGH RISK for these infectious diseases: Food and Waterborne Diseases: Diarrhea - bacterial, Hepatitis A, Typhoid / paratyphoid fever, Diarrhea - protozoal, Hepatitis E Vector-borne Diseases: Dengue fever, Malaria, Chikungunya Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Hepatitis B Alerts: 31 December - Diarrhea outbreaks are occurring in multiple camps in the vicinity of Meulaboh in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The "majority" of the 11,000 people in seven camps in the area are affected. Food supplies are reported to be sufficient for the next week, fresh water and medical supplies are in short supply.


India: India Slightly larger than one-third the size of the US The Himalayas in the north with several peaks exceeding 25,000 feet Desert region in the northwest, essentially void of water Upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in the south 1500 miles long by 140 to 200 miles wide Climate: Varies from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north


India: India India is HIGH RISK for these infectious diseases Foodborne And Waterborne Diseases: Diarrhea - bacterial, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Typhoid / paratyphoid fever Vector-borne Diseases: Dengue fever, Malaria, Japanese encephalitis Animal-contact Diseases: Rabies


Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Approximately the size of West Virginia The Northern one-half and portions of the southern coastal region consist of a gently rolling plain The south-central area is mountainous with elevations between 3,000 and 8,200 feet Climate Tropical Average temperature is usually between 75-88 degrees Humidity is typically 70 percent of greater Annual rainfall 100-200 inches in the southwestern plain and uplands 50-75 inches in the southeastern plains


Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is HIGH RISK for these infectious diseases Foodborne And Waterborne Diseases: Diarrhea - bacterial, Hepatitis A, Typhoid / paratyphoid fever Vector-borne Diseases: Dengue fever, Malaria Alert: 21 December – In Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Western Provinces, at least 50 people have been hospitalized (8 deaths) with influenza-like symptoms and respiratory distress. Officials state the outbreak is not due to avian influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), although no details were given about whether patients had been tested for these agents. No cases of H5N1 avian influenza have been reported in Sri Lanka in either birds or humans.


Thailand: Thailand Slightly larger than California Southeast coast consists of a low fertile plain Northeast consists of the Korat Plateau occupying one-third of the nation The Central Basin encompassing 25% of the land area Northern and western mountains with peak elevations of 8,500 feet Climate Tropical monsoonal climate Temperatures range from 55 to 95 degrees Rainfall varies from 40 inches in the Korat Plateau to 120 inches in the western mountains and southern peninsula


Thailand: Thailand Thailand is HIGH RISK for these infectious diseases: Foodborne And Waterborne Diseases: Diarrhea - bacterial, Hepatitis A Vector-borne Diseases: Dengue fever, Malaria, Japanese encephalitis Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Hepatitis B Animal-contact Diseases: Rabies Water-contact Diseases: Leptospirosis


Thailand (continued): Thailand (continued) Alerts: 3 January - Sattahip Port and U Taphao Disease Potential rates per month in US personnel Food- and waterborne diseases Bacterial diarrhea Potentially over 50% Hepatitis A 1 to 10% in unvaccinated personnel Protozoal diarrhea Up to 1% Typhoid fever Rare cases in unvaccinated personnel Brucellosis Rare cases Vector-borne Diseases Chikungunya Unknown Rickettsioses, tickborne (spotted fever group) A small number (less than 1%) Typhus - miteborne (scrub typhus) A small number (less than 1%) Typhus - murine (fleaborne) Rare cases


Thailand (continued): Thailand (continued) Alerts: 3 January - Sattahip Port and U Taphao Disease Potential rates per month in US personnel Other diseases in the region Leptospirosis 1 to 10 percent Schistosomiasis Unknown (unlikely to exceed 1-10 percent) Gonorrhea and chlamydia Up to 50% among those having sexual contact with the local population HIV/AIDS Rare cases could occur Hepatitis B A small number (less than 1%) Rabies (risk is among the highest in the world) Rare cases Q fever Rare cases Tuberculosis PPD conversion rates may be elevated above baseline