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Aquatic Systems Design: 

Aquatic Systems Design MARI-5432 Dr. Joe M. Fox

Course Objectives: 

Course Objectives Aquatic system “engineering” and design Caveat: not a pure engineering course Topics covered include: site selection criteria/evaluation farm design and construction hatchery design and construction fluid dynamics recirculating systems

Other Descriptors of Course: 

Other Descriptors of Course Concepts, not details Site qualification/quantification Economy of scale, appropriate utilization of space Interpretation of drawings Preparation of drawings Introduction to AutoCad Conceptual designs

Readings: 

Readings No single comprehensive text available Readings/references: de la Cruz: farm/pond design Lawson: fundamentals of aqua-engineering Timmons: fundamentals Wheaton: fundamentals Colt and Huguenin: hatchery design Treece and Fox: hatchery design

Daily/Weekly Schedule: 

Daily/Weekly Schedule Basic lectures are on the course web site: www.sci.tamucc.edu/pals/maric/Index/WEBPAGE/eng.htm go over lectures before each class, from 4:30-7:00 M, T, W, Th Class/lab meetings: CI-214 for lectures/labs: practical, usually daily during meeting times Field trips” relegated to Th or whenever more practical (attendance mandatory) More on field trips: typically all day Texas Parks and Wildlife Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Port Aransas Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Flour Bluff

Proficiency: 

Proficiency Lecture exams (20 pts each x 3) = 60% Term design (approved in advance) = 20% Homework (3 assignments x 5 pts) = 15% Student participation = 5%

Term Design: 

Term Design Conceptual, consisting of an appropriate set of drawings I will provide you with several options You pick what is best for your own interests: Fish/Shrimp Hatchery Semi-intensive, Intensive Farm Indoor/raceway production Others: hydroponics, large-scale aquarium systems, broodstock production, quarantine facilities, etc.

Lecture 1: Farm Site Selection: 

Lecture 1: Farm Site Selection Objectives: Proper approach to site selection: conceptualization “Good” vs. “bad” information Water: quality criteria, source capacity, tidal issues Soil (part 2): texture, chemical properties Vegetation, climatic, other determinants Evaluation process (part 3)

Conceptualizing the Site: 

Conceptualizing the Site WHAT WENT WRONG? IMPROPER SITE SELECTION INAPPROPRIATE ENGINEERING INADEQUATE FINANCING INEFFECTIVE HUSBANDRY

WHY "BAD" SITES ARE SELECTEDALL THE WRONG REASONS!: 

WHY "BAD" SITES ARE SELECTED ALL THE WRONG REASONS! "THE LAND PRICE WAS A BARGAIN" "THE GOVERNMENT WAS JUST GIVING IT AWAY" "HEY, IT WAS NEAR THE WATER!" "BUT THERE WERE OTHER FARMERS NEARBY.." "NOBODY ELSE WANTED IT"

CONCEPTUALIZE THE SITE:WHAT CONSTITUTES A SITE?: 

CONCEPTUALIZE THE SITE: WHAT CONSTITUTES A SITE? A PIECE OF LAND? COAST? COUNTRY? A SPECIFIC PROFIT CENTER? A SPECIFIC PRODUCT? SOCIAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION?

DISCLAIMERS: 

DISCLAIMERS NO SITE IS TYPICAL NO PROJECT IS ENTIRELY PREDICTABLE NO GOVERNMENT IS ENTIRELY ACCOMODATING MONEY DOES NOT GROW ON TREES THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES

STEP 1: START AT HOME: 

STEP 1: START AT HOME EDUCATE YOURSELF ASSIMILATE DATA, PERSPECTIVES READ AVAILABLE DOCUMENTATION ATTEND CONFERENCES, SEMINARS

STEP 2: MAKE TRIP TO AREA: 

STEP 2: MAKE TRIP TO AREA PLAN ITINERY IN ADVANCE LINE-UP MEETINGS BRING SAMPLE GEAR LINE-UP TRANSPORTATION TO SITES SECURE REPUTABLE LOCAL COUNTERPARTS TRAVEL TO ALL SITES, COLLECT DATA

Types of Data Collected: 

PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL/DEVELOPMENTAL ECONOMIC/FINANCIAL GOVERNMENTAL/BUREAUCRATIC Types of Data Collected

What to take with You: 

What to take with You ROAD, GEOLOGICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS, GPS SALINOMETER, WATER COLLECTION VIALS TIDAL CHARTS HAND AUGER, SOIL pH METER, SOIL BAGS GPS, VIDEO CAMERA, DIGITAL CAMERA, SCANNER, BINOCULARS NOTEBOOKS, QUESTIONNAIRE

Environmental Factors: water quality: 

Environmental Factors: water quality SALINITY depends on organism (fresh water, brackishwater, seawater Salinity must be stable (i.e., less stress), predictable TEMPERATURE Acceptable for species cultured (examples) POLLUTION Heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu, Fe, etc.) Pesticides (organic and other) Dissolved organics (e.g., BOD) LOW SUSPENDED SOLIDS (<200 mg/L) CHECK NUTRIENT RATIOS (N:PO4 , Ca:P, Na:K) LOOK FOR SIMPLE INDICATORS

SIMPLE INDICATORS OF POOR WQ: 

SIMPLE INDICATORS OF POOR WQ Bilayer sheens, films on surface of waterways Dead organisms (e.g., fish, birds) Extremely clear water (low productivity) Bad odor (stagnation, gases) Poor flow or recharge Abnormal color

Water Quality: Pollution Classifications: 

Water Quality: Pollution Classifications disease-causing agents (pathogens) oxygen-demanding wastes water-soluble inorganic chemicals inorganic plant nutrients organic chemicals sediment water-soluble radioactive isotopes heat genetic pollution

Environmental Factors: tidal issues: 

Environmental Factors: tidal issues Many aquaculture operations utilize brackish water Obtain water from tidally influenced rivers flowing into estuaries Critical issues: abstracting water on a continuous basis, minimizing salinity flux, drainage, environmental sustainability

Slide22: 

POTENTIAL FARM SITE POTENTIAL FARM SITE MANGROVE MANGROVE SAND BARRIER BEACH BEACH OCEAN SEAWATER BRACKISHWATER PUMP STATION FRESHWATER

Estuarine Salinity Wedge: 

Estuarine Salinity Wedge Well-mixed water column Poorly-mixed water column

TIDAL CHARACTERISTICSAMPLITUDE: 

TIDAL CHARACTERISTICS AMPLITUDE SHOULD BE LOW TO ALLOW FOR CONTINUOUS PUMPING DETERMINES POND BOTTOM, DIKE ELEVATIONS HIGH AMPLITUDE = MORE INVESTMENT, HIGH PUMPING COSTS ALLOWS FOR MIXING, MAINTENANCE OF SALINITY RANGE ALSO ESTABLISHES FARM DRAINAGE CRITERIA

TIDAL CHARACTERISTICSFREQUENCY: 

TIDAL CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY CAN EITHER BE DIURNAL OR SEMI-DIURNAL SOMETIMES DETERMINES PUMPING SCHEDULE HIGH TIDE = INCREASED SALINITY LOW TIDE = DECREASED SALINITY CAN DETERMINE DRAINAGE SCHEDULE

Three Common Types of Tides: 

Three Common Types of Tides

Farm Site and the Tide: 

Farm Site and the Tide We’ll discuss this more when we get to the engineering portion of the course Simple explanation: if your land is low elevation, you can’t drain your pond

Are your water sources adequate?: 

Are your water sources adequate? CONTINUOUS PUMPING POTENTIAL HIGH ESTUARINE RECHARGE REASONABLY ACCESSIBLE GOOD FRESHWATER SOURCE

Estimating Site Water Potential: 

Estimating Site Water Potential Is there enough water to supply a pond operation? Wells (both deep and shallow) have little potential (600 gpm, 2 gpm, respectively) Must take into consideration volume and replenishment of water source, variations throughout the year (dry/wet seasons)

Estimating Site Water Potential: 

Estimating Site Water Potential Step 1: dimensions of body of water (width, depth; very large bodies of water are usually stable) Step 2: what is the flow velocity? (only applies to rivers/estuaries, m2/sec) Step 3: tidal flux (changes flow velocity, slack tide = low flow) The Guadalupe River has an average flow rate of around 400 cfs (ft3/sec), what is this in gpm? Ans. 400 x 7.5 gal/ft3 = 3,000 gal/sec = 180,000 gpm This is roughly the same demand as a large aquaculture farm

Other Seawater/Water Considerations: 

Other Seawater/Water Considerations Just because the canal or channel to the farm site is narrow and shallow does not mean the water supply is inadequate If connected to a large body of water, the recharge is quite high Pumping of shallow, silted canals is not recommended Also consider other farming operations accessing the same water source

Freshwater Considerations: 

QUALITY SHOULD BE SUITABLE FOR DRINKING OR AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE USUALLY OBTAINED VIA DEEP WELLS PRIMARILY USED FOR HABITATIONS OR PROCESSING PLANTS SELDOM USED FOR REDUCTION OF SALINITY TAKE SAMPLE WHEN VISITING SITE Freshwater Considerations

Next Time: Other Site Criteria: 

Next Time: Other Site Criteria Land topography Soil conditions Vegetation Climate Developmental plans Construction support Multiple use conflicts Site accessibility Labor force/profile Marketings potential Operational inputs Availability of credit Permitting, licenses, laws Political stability Technical assistance Disease potential

Lab today: Site Selection: 

Lab today: Site Selection Go over Chapters 1, 2 of de La Cruz, 1983 http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/E7171E/E7171E04.htm Homework: Develop an ExcelTM-type spreadsheet similar to that in de la Cruz, 1983 prepare it in terms of a 50 ha farm on Ward Island

Site Selection Surveys: 

Site Selection Surveys UNDERTAKEN DURING VARIOUS SEASONS USE ONLY REPUTABLE DATA CONDUCTED BY AN EXPERT COMPARE SITES BY SOME QUANTIFIABLE MEANS

Processing Information: 

Processing Information DATA ARE BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE MOST EVALUATIONS USE POINT AND RANKING SYSTEM ALL DATA/INFORMATION IS ASSIGNED A NUMERICAL VALUE MUST RECOGNIZE VARYING DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE OF EACH CRITERION BY ASSIGNING WEIGHT SEE de la CRUZ (FAO, 1983)

Slide37: 

What Happens After Site Selection? FEASIBILITY STUDY BUSINESS PLAN ENGINEERING CONTRACTOR/CONSTRUCTION PERSONNEL ORDERING OF EQUIPMENT EXPENDIBLE SUPPLIES START-UP OPERATION PILOT STUDY?