ToniYancey

Physical Activity Promotion: Prevention of Chronic Disease Morbidity & Mortality: 

Physical Activity Promotion: Prevention of Chronic Disease Morbidity andamp; Mortality Antronette (Toni) Yancey, MD, MPH, FACPM Associate Professor, Dept. of Health Services, Co-Director, Ctr. to Eliminate Health Disparities UCLA School of Public Health www.ph.ucla.edu/cehd www.toniyancey.com

Unhealthy eating and inactivity are leading causes of death in the U.S.: 

Unhealthy eating and inactivity are leading causes of death in the U.S. HHS estimates that unhealthy eating and inactivity contribute to 310,000 to 580,000 deaths each year. That’s 5 times more than are killed by guns, HIV, and drug use combined.1 The typical American diet is too high in saturated fat, cholesterol, salt, and refined sugar and too low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, calcium, and fiber. Such a diet contributes to four of the seven leading causes of death and increases the risk of numerous diseases, including: heart disease diabetes cancer high blood pressure obesity osteoporosis stroke 60% of Americans are at risk for health problems related to lack of physical activity (ie: get less than 30 minutes of moderate activity 5 or more times per week). 2 Leading Contributors to Premature Death1 Leading Causes of Death3 (Diet is a leading risk factor for causes of death shown in bold or green.)

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The goal was to study the reduction in incidence of Type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin All patients had impaired fasting blood sugars, but were not diabetic Their were randomized to placebo, metformin or a lifestyle modification with goal of at least 7 % weight loss, at least 150 minutes of exercise per week They were followed over 2.8 years DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM

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DPP Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403. Lifestyle intervention was much more effective than either placebo or metformin DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM

Fitness & Mortality: 

Fitness andamp; Mortality Low fitness is bad for health

Walking & CVD : 

Walking andamp; CVD Walking as little as 5 mins. daily is beneficial for fitness 30 mins. daily provides best health benefit (heart disease prevention) 60 mins daily can cause reversal of heart disease

Physical Activity& Risk of Common Cancers: 

Physical Activity andamp; Risk of Common Cancers Colon: 30-40% decreased risk among active men andamp; women (Rectal—no association) Breast: substantial evidence for dec risk; strength of assn--time period may be critical Prostate: findings inconclusive Possible mechanisms: 1. decreased GI transit time (dec carc expos) 2. enhanced immune function (moderate PA) 3. lowered levels of reproductive hormones

Population Attributable Fraction Cancer Mortality – Male Never Smokers: 

Population Attributable Fraction Cancer Mortality – Male Never Smokers Population BMI Exposure* RR† PAR (%) 25.0-29.9 42% 1.1 4.0% 30.0-34.9 21% 1.4 6.8% andgt;35.0 13% 1.3 3.4% 14.2% *NHANES 2000, men age 50-69

Population Attributable Fraction Cancer Mortality – Women Never Smokers: 

Population Attributable Fraction Cancer Mortality – Women Never Smokers Population BMI Exposure* RR† PAR (%) *NHANES 2000, women age 50-69 25.0-29.9 29% 1.1 3.3% 30.0-34.9 23% 1.3 6.1% 35.0-39.9 11% 1.4 3.5% andgt;40.0 8% 1.9 7.0% 19.8%

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YEAR % Obese % No LTPA 1991 10% 23.3% 1995 14.4% 22.7% 1998 16.8% 25.5% 1999 19.6% no data 2000 19.2% 26.5% 20 15 10 5 30 25 20 15 1991 1995 1998 2000 BRFSS DATA http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/Trends/trendchart_c.asp?state_c=CAandamp;state=USandamp;qkey=10020andamp;SUBMIT1=Go % obese % No LTPA

Lesser Effectiveness of Key Environmental Interventions in Underserved Groups: Example: 

Lesser Effectiveness of Key Environmental Interventions in Underserved Groups: Example Posting of Signs Promoting Stair Usage (suburban Baltimore mall) Overall, stair use increased from 4.8% to 6.9%, 7.2%, depending upon which of 2 signs used Among whites, increased from 5.1% to 7.5%, 7.8% Among blacks, changed from 4.1% to 3.4%, 5.0% Among n’l wt, inc from 5.4% to 7.2%, 6.9% Among overwt, inc from 3.8% to 6.3%, 7.8% Andersen, Franckowiak, Snyder et al., Ann Int Med, 1998;129:363-369.

Excess physical environmental risk in underserved communities:: 

Excess physical environmental risk in underserved communities: Pervasive targeted commercial marketing Distance to private fitness facilities Few worksite fitness opportunities Few/poor neighborhood recreation facilities Lesser neighborhood safety Poorer public/less reliable private transportation Poorly equipped facilities Poorly maintained sidewalks, e.g., cracks, litter, overgr. foliage Fewer traffic calming devices, e.g., speed bumps Ample car 'accommodation,' e.g., parking, high- speed/multi-lane roads ='Move insecurity'1, 2 1Jahns andamp; Jones, AJPM 2004;26:186 2Yancey, AJPM 2003;25(3Si) Adapted from Kumanyika S. Obesity in Minority Populations. In Fairburn G andamp; Brownell K, Eating Disorders and Obesity. A Comprehensive Handbook, 2002.

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Which billboard(s) is (are) about physical activity?: 

Which billboard(s) is (are) about physical activity?

Media Project: five-city outdoor advertising content analysis: 

Media Project: five-city outdoor advertising content analysis Funded by CA DHS, UT, Penn andamp; RWJF Cities: LA, Philadelphia, Austin, Sacramento, Fresno Comparing high andamp; low SES predominantly black, Latino, andamp; white neighborhoods (all 6 categories not available in all cities, e.g., high SES black in Sacramento and Fresno) Utilizing secondary data from CHIS, LACHS, grocery store scanner (MOU with major supermarket chain) purchase data for correlational analyses

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Preliminary findings: 

Preliminary findings Absence of billboards and near-absence of other outdoor advertising in affluent white neighborhoods—existing ads unrel. to weight Essentially no outdoor advertising of PA-promoting goods andamp; services in any community, but large amount sedentary entertainment andamp; transportation ads in low-inc. communities Pervasiveness of advertising in low-inc. white andamp; Latino communities, but more fast food, sugar-sweetened and alcoholic beverages in latter City of LA has moratorium on new billboards, but in low-inc. Latino comm., large # of new side of building ads similarly framed Findings must be interpreted in light of historical covenants, fewer ads trad. In unincorp. areas

Excess sociocultural environmental risk in underserved communities:: 

Excess sociocultural environmental risk in underserved communities: Cultural attitudes about work, activity, rest Fears about safety Prevalent obesity/norms Female roles Cultural reverence for cars Hairstyle-related concerns about sweating Increased screen time, e.g., TV viewing, movie-going

LA’s ESPN Radio 710 AM Ad : 

LA’s ESPN Radio 710 AM Ad 'We’re the prime rib on a dial full of tofu' --March 2006

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Cultural reverence for SUVs?

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Hunter-gatherers 5000 cal Agriculture 6000 cal Laborers 3000 cal Office Workers 1800 cal 1 million yrs ago 10,000 yrs ago 1915 NOW AVERAGE ENERGY EXPENDITURE ESTIMATES

Physical Activity Levels, %L.A. County Adults, 1999: 

Physical Activity Levels, % L.A. County Adults, 1999

Physical Inactivity Levels: TV viewing/computer use, %L.A. County Adults, 1999: 

Physical Inactivity Levels: TV viewing/computer use, % L.A. County Adults, 1999

Self-Perceived Overweight by Ethnicity & Gender, % LA County Adults: 

Self-Perceived Overweight by Ethnicity andamp; Gender, % LA County Adults

Influence of Self-Perceived Weight Status on PA,% LA County Adults: 

Influence of Self-Perceived Weight Status on PA, % LA County Adults Overall, regardless of BMI, those perceiving themselves as overweight more sedentary than those with average wt. self-perception (45% vs. 30%) Influence most pronounced for males and normal weight individuals Overwt. self-perception not assoc. with sedentariness among white women, the only one of the 6 ethnic-gender groups included in which BMIandlt;25 normative In multivariate analysis, self-perceived overweight, not BMI, predicts sedentary behavior (OR=1.40, CI 1.19, 1.64) Yancey, Simon et al., Obes (Res) 2006;14:980-8. Yancey, Wold et al., Am J Prev Med, 2004;27:146-52.

Current Population Status: 

Current Population Status Little change in leisure time physical activity (PA) during past several decades of obesity increases (1 in 5), but marked increases in sedentary entertainment, transportation, and other ADLs (Sturm, 2004) PA levels within increasingly sedentary, deconditioned, overweight population are unlikely to increase primarily through individual motivation and volition—relatively little demand for goods andamp; services or political will to push for aggressive legislative policy change, e.g., radical alteration in the built environment favoring bicycle, pedestrian, and mass transit over private automobile transportation

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Daily “Dose” (Rx) of Physical Activity : 

Daily 'Dose' (Rx) of Physical Activity 30-60 minutes/day on most (at least 5) days of the week At least moderate intensity (=walking 1 ½ to 2 miles in 30 minutes) Can be broken up into 10-minute stretches throughout the day Every calorie burned is one that doesn’t end up around your waist!

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The goal was to study the reduction in incidence of Type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin All patients had impaired fasting blood sugars, but were not diabetic Their were randomized to placebo, metformin or a lifestyle modification with goal of at least 7 % weight loss, at least 150 minutes of exercise per week They were followed over 2.8 years AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN andamp; HEART DISEASE DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM

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How much is enough?

Population benefit estimates of risk factor change: PA: 

Population benefit estimates of risk factor change: PA 3-minute bouts of PA 10 times per day lowers serum triglycerides to same extent as 1 continuous 30-minute bout of PA (Miyashita et al., 2006) Maintenance of moderate PA is assoc. with a 1/3 to 2/3 lowering of Type 2 diabetes (DM) incidence over 4-14 yrs (Clark, 1997) Type 2 DM risk was 50% lower among individuals physically active at any level, and 66% lower among those at least moderately active (James et al., 1998) Sedentary behaviors (e.g., TV watching) as well as sub-optimal andgt;moderate PA levels contributed to DM andamp; obesity risk over 6 yrs in women (Hu et al., 2003)

Population Obesity Control: Early stage in development: 

Population Obesity Control: Early stage in development Strategically, why focus on PA promotion first? Less controversy, conflict, stigma than surrounding diet/nutrition 'Deep pocket' business interests, e.g., Nike andamp; 24-Hour Fitness, stand to benefit from success of efforts (vs. 'Big Food' losing $ because can’t as readily induce over-consumption of H2O, whole grains, legumes, F+V) Cheaper andamp; easier—10 min. supply 1/3 of PA 'RDA' May positively influence food preferences

Population Obesity Control: Early stage in development: 

Population Obesity Control: Early stage in development To avoid exacerbating health risk/disease burden disparities, push strategies (skip-stop/slowed hydraulic elevators, restricted proximal parking, non-discretionary time exercise breaks, walking meetings) should be prioritized over pull strategies (building trails andamp; parks, offering gym membership subsidies/discounts) at this early stage of development of environmental and policy approaches—make it easier to do it than not to do it!

Population Obesity Control: Early stage in development (cont.): 

Population Obesity Control: Early stage in development (cont.) Synergy will occur when supply (physical environmental access andamp; appeal) meets demand (individual/ sociocultural motivation, prioritization, valuation, skills/interests, political will) Demand must be created—need to structure in 'unavoidable' experiences which increase aerobic conditioning, build skills andamp; self-efficacy, foster enjoyment, elevate mood andamp; energy, increase taste for water-bearing foods andamp; less highly-sweetened beverages

Spectrum of Prevention:Health behavior change model: 

Spectrum of Prevention: Health behavior change model Level 1: Strengthening individual knowledge and skills Level 2: Promoting community education Level 3: Educating service providers Level 4: Fostering coalitions and networks Level 5: Changing organizational practice Level 6: Influencing policy and legislation

Spectrum of Prevention:Shift in health promotion field: 

Spectrum of Prevention: Shift in health promotion field The most effective and sustainable PH intervention approaches of the past two decades are the more 'upstream' ones (structural/environmental vs. individual-level), involving social norm change: Tobacco control Alcohol consumption and driving Breastfeeding Littering and recycling

Spectrum of Prevention(2nd level): 

Spectrum of Prevention (2nd level)

ROCK! Richmond: 

ROCK! Richmond Community-level fitness promotion initiative of Richmond City DPH/Medical College of Virginia 3 major components: (1) free fitness instruction in CBOs in underserved areas; (2) environmental changes in conduct of city business (e.g., low-fat/ high-fiber food choices at city functions); (3) social marketing effort to reinforce norms supporting PA andamp; healthy eating Successful in recruiting disproportionately among population segments at highest risk for chronic disease (older, black, female, family hx of CA, CVD) Yancey, Jordan, Bradford et al., Health Prom Practice, 2003

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Spectrum of Prevention(5th level): 

Spectrum of Prevention (5th level)

Translating Evidence-Based CDC/ACSM Recommendations into Culturally-Targeted Intervention : 

Translating Evidence-Based CDC/ACSM Recommendations into Culturally-Targeted Intervention Integrating 10-’ PA bouts into organizational routine: Minimal intensity environmental intervention, e.g., stair prompts Short bouts accommodate higher proportion sedentary individuals (incremental change) Variable (max moderate) intensity, low-impact PA accommodates higher proportion overweight/obese and disabled individuals (higher perceived exertion, discomfort, functional limitations) Passive ('push') strategy relies less on individual motivation andamp; facility access (early adopters scarce)

Translating Evidence-Based CDC/ACSM Recommendation into Culturally-Targeted Intervention : 

Translating Evidence-Based CDC/ACSM Recommendation into Culturally-Targeted Intervention Integrating 10-’ PA into organizational routine: Movement to music integral to African-American, Latino culture—dancing normative for adults Short bouts minimize perspiration, hairstyle disturbance Social support andamp; conformity desires drive participation (collectivist vs. indiv. orientation) Addresses less activity conducive outdoor environments (safety, utility, aesthetics) Designed for organizational settings for work, worship, other purposes--less disposable t, $

Lift Offs Work!: the Rapidly Growing Evidence Base : 

Lift Offs Work!: the Rapidly Growing Evidence Base Documented individual and organizational receptivity to integrating PA on paid work time Contribute meaningfully to daily accumulation of MVPA Motivational 'teachable moment' linking sedentariness to health status for inactive folks Improvements in clinical outcomes from as little as one 10-min. break/day—BP, BMI, waist circ., mood, attention span, cumulative trauma disorders 'Spill-over' or generalization to inc. active leisure Favorable cost-benefit ratio, eg, L.L. Bean mfg plant

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LAC Fitness & Wellness Study:design: 

LAC Fitness andamp; Wellness Study: design Randomized, controlled, post-test only, intervention trial testing the effects of incorporation of a 10-min exercise break into staff meetings andamp; training seminars lasting andgt; 1 hr Outcome measures: (1) participation by sedentary/overweight individuals; (2) mood/affect; (3) satisfaction with health status/fitness level 26 meetings (11 intervention, 15 control) with 449 county employees, mostly women of color

LAC Fitness & Wellness Study:Results (cont.): 

LAC Fitness andamp; Wellness Study: Results (cont.) More than 90% of meeting attendees participated in the exercises Among relatively sedentary participants: Intervention participants’ satisfaction with fitness levels more highly correlated with PA stage of change (r=0.59) than controls (r=0.38, z=-2.32, p=0.02) Among sedentary participants: Intervention participants’ self-perceived health status ratings were significantly lower than controls (OR=0.17; 95% CI=0.05, 0.60; p=.0003 Yancey, McCarthy, Taylor et al. 2004;38:848-856

Fuel Up/Lift Off! LA: 

Fuel Up/Lift Off! LA Video/audio (DVD/CD) excerpt: movement break (Lift Off) demonstration www.ph.ucla.edu/cehd

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Propuesta de colaboración Implementación de la pausa para la Salud: Evaluar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular previo a la intervención de actividad física. Promover de 15 a 20 minutos de actividad física dentro de la jornada laboral, iniciando con 10 minutos hasta alcanzar máximo 20 minutos. Promover la orientación alimentaria dentro de la jornada laboral. Logros alcanzados en un año 0.4 kg/m2 menos de BMI (1 kg) y 1.6 cm menos de cintura promedio en los trabajadores en un año. Lara A, Yancey A, Tapia-Conyer R et al., in preparation, 2006

Community Health Council’s (CHC’s) REACH 2010 demonstration project--African Americans Building a Legacy of Health: 

Community Health Council’s (CHC’s) REACH 2010 demonstration project--African Americans Building a Legacy of Health Intervention: Multi-component, centered around modeling the behaviors promoted ('walking the talk')–(1) incorporation of fitness breaks into meetings, events and other gatherings; (2) provision of wellness training focused on changing the norms of organizations to incorporate PA andamp; healthy food choices into their regular conduct of business (organizational wellness); (3) provision of a personal training experience to key organizational leaders; (4) development of a small grants program for ID/creation/promotion of PA opportunities. Sloane, Diamant, Lewis et al., J Gen Int Med 2003;18:1-8

CHC’s African Americans Building a Legacy of Health:Process evaluation: 

CHC’s African Americans Building a Legacy of Health: Process evaluation Measures: Primary dependent measure–level of organizational support for physical activity integration, as reflected in intensity of interventions selected for participation; Results: Nearly half (andgt;100) of the 220 participating organizations demonstrated active support for physical activity integration, with andgt;25% committed at the highest level of support. Yancey, Lewis, Sloane et al., J Pub Health Mgmt Prac, 2004;10(2):118-123

CHC’s African Americans Building a Legacy of Health:Organizational wellness outcome evaluation: 

CHC’s African Americans Building a Legacy of Health: Organizational wellness outcome evaluation Participants: 35 organizations, andgt;700 staff/ members/clients, 1o overwt./obese black women Measures: Primary dependent—BMI; Secondary—affect, F+V intake, PA level Results (post-intervention f/u): 12-week intervention—dec. feelings of sadness/depr. (p=0.00), inc. F+V (+0.5 svgs, p=0.00), marginally dec. BMI (-0.5 kg/m2 , p=0.08) 6-week intervention (re-tooled)—inc. #days in which participated in vigorous PA (+0.3 days, p=0.00) Yancey, Lewis, Guinyard et al., Health Prom Prac, 2006;7(3):233S-246S

California Fit WIC Staff Wellness Training: 

California Fit WIC Staff Wellness Training AIMS: To provide skills and tools to influence workplace organizational practices and cultural norms to promote physical activity andamp; healthy eating among staff To provide skills and tools to influence staff to promote physical activity andamp; healthy eating among WIC clients/families

California Fit WIC Staff Wellness Training: 

California Fit WIC Staff Wellness Training Training sessions included: Engagement around ubiquitous nature of the problem ('toxic' environment surrounding us) Skills training in workplace practice change (e.g., movement breaks, walking meetings, leading co-workers to stairs vs. elev., healthy refreshments andamp; identifying practical strategies to integrate PA (parking farther away, walking around children’s play area, carrying a basket vs. pushing a grocery cart) Empowerment thru provision of tools, e.g., videos, audiotapes, bands, pedometers

WIC Staff Wellness Training: 

WIC Staff Wellness Training

California Fit WIC Staff Wellness Training: 

California Fit WIC Staff Wellness Training Significant findings: Increased perceived workplace support for staff PA (96 vs 58%, p=.002) and healthy food choices (85 vs 28%, p=.001) Change in types of foods served during meetings (72 vs 24%, p=.002) andamp; PA priority in workplace (96 vs 71%, pandlt;.02) Increased self-reported counseling behaviors with WIC parents promoting physical activity (64 vs 35%, pandlt;.05) andamp; sensitivity in handling weight-related issues (92 vs 58%, pandlt;.01) Crawford, Gosliner, Strode et al., Am J Public Health, 2004

Community “Cost-Sharing”: 

Community 'Cost-Sharing' 1. Leverage funder and/or regulatory roles (foundation, especially government) to mandate healthy/fit workplace practices, with added resource allocation (e.g., 5%) 2. Change internal organizational culture (social norms) to create healthy/fit health andamp; social services agency workplaces ('Walking the Talk')

Community “Cost-Sharing”: 

Community 'Cost-Sharing' 'Healthy/fit' organizational PA promotion practices include core andamp; elective components, e.g., 10’ movement (or walking) breaks in meetings/ functions andamp; at certain time(s) of day; walking meetings; stair prompts; leading employee groups to stairs in moving between work activities; restricted near parking; incentives for distant parking; model andamp; reward fidgeting and lifestyle PA integration (e.g., less high heel andamp; tie wearing, more pedometer wearing, formal recognition/kudos to those who jog or swim during lunchtime)

Community “Cost-Sharing”: 

Community 'Cost-Sharing' 3. Encourage local school officials to: a. Train teachers of PE in SPARK-type models emphasizing coop. vs. compet., engaging all kids b. Move student drop-off location as far away from door as possible, e.g., behind playing field, to maximize distance youth must walk to attend class c. Incorporate Take 10!, Lift Off! or other exercise breaks into academic curriculum 2x/day, eg, math d. Incorporate structured exercise breaks into PTA meetings, school board meetings, community dialogues, staff meetings andamp; other gatherings to raise visibilty/priority of PA promotion in addressing childhood obesity

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'We must become the change we wish to see in the world.' --Mahatma Gandhi Community 'Cost-Sharing'