Slide 2:
Chemical Mechanisms Nitration of Benzene +HNO 3 NO 2 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 acts as a catalyst. At higher temperatures further substitution occurs Eletrophillic Substitution +H 2 O
Slide 3:
Chemical Mechanisms Chlorination of Benzene Cl δ + Cl Al Cl Cl Cl H Cl
Slide 4:
Chemical Mechanisms Chlorination of Benzene H Cl Al :Cl Cl Cl Cl - Cl +HCl +AlCl 3 Conditions: No light Room Temp No water present Reactants: Halogen Carrier ( AlCl 3) Eletrophillic Substitution
Slide 5:
Chemical Mechanisms Alkylation of Benzene C H H H I AlCl 3 CH 3 +HI Conditions: Room Temp No water present Reactants: Halogen Carrier(AlCl 3 ) + Eletrophillic Substitution
Slide 6:
Chemical Mechanisms Summary All Electrophillic Substitution A positively charged species, is substitutes a Hydrogen. A Halogen Carrier is needed Otherwise the Electrophile does not have a strong enough (+) charge
Slide 7:
Chemical Mechanisms Addition Reaction of Benzene + 2 NaOH O - Na + + NaCl H 2 O UNDER DRASTIC CONDITIONS 200 ATM 200.C Cl
Slide 8:
Chemical Mechanisms Addition Reaction of Benzene Very difficult for addition Addition across the double bonds in benzene, would cause the π electron to be destroyed. Even harder for halogenic Aromatic ring The P-orbitals of the Halogen, bind to the π electron cloud easily.
Slide 9:
Chemical Mechanisms Aromatic Side chain Halogenation CH 3 CH 2 Cl CHCl 2 Conditions: UV Light Reactants: Chlorine passed into boiling aromatic ring.