NS 102 Sea Power & Maritime Affairs: NS 102 Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 5: New Nation, New Navy 1783-1815


Remember our Themes!: Remember our Themes! Sea Power as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Interaction between Congress and the Navy Interservice Relations Technology Leadership Strategy and Tactics Evolution of Naval Doctrine


Slide3: Navy Act of 1794 Quasi-War Barbary Wars War of 1812 Barbary Wars Gunboat Navy


Strategic Landscape: Articles of Confederation - limits USA essentially undefended Global maritime interests Strategic Landscape


Naval Policy Debate: Naval Policy Debate U.S. Constitution - 1788. Federalists: strong Navy. Republicans: small Navy... or none


Emerging Threats: Emerging Threats Barbary States – extortion War of the French Revolution U.S. Neutral Rights violated Great Britain - Orders in Council French Privateers


A word on Neutrality…: A word on Neutrality… US wanted to trade with anyone, anywhere “Free ships make free goods” Belligerents didn’t want US taking their trade during war Or trading with the “enemy”


Beginnings of the U.S. Navy: Beginnings of the U.S. Navy Navy Act of 1794 Large 44-gun frigates planned Marines deployed on Navy ships Follow British Royal Marine tradition


Crises Averted (for now): Crises Averted (for now) Britain: Jay Treaty 1794 Barbary states: treaties 1794-96 Ship construction cutbacks 1797: United States (44), Constitution (44), Constellation (36) France: ???


Slide11: Britain promises to relinquish NW forts British East Indies open to U.S. trade MFN status to British trade in USA But… No headway on neutral rights U.S. acquiesces on GB seizure of goods for France U.S. abandons “Free ships make free goods” Restrictions on shipping in British West Indies Conflict with French Alliance Treaty? And… Treaty not popular in USA Jay’s Treaty -- 1794


France now the Bad Guy: France now the Bad Guy Franco-American Alliance vs. Jay Treaty US “dual” strategy XYZ Affair


Slide13: The Quasi War with France (1798 -1801)


Quasi-War (1798 – 1801): Quasi-War (1798 – 1801) Constellation vs. L'Insurgente (Feb 1799) Constellation vs. La Vengeance (Feb 1800) Anti-privateering operations


Operations of the Quasi-War: Operations of the Quasi-War Main theater of war: West Indies Early American naval commanders Bainbridge, Preble, Truxton Treaty of Mortrefontaine - 1800


Quasi-War: Outcomes: Quasi-War: Outcomes Neutrality and free trade recognized Show of naval muscle short of full war Guerre de course effective (but not by itself) British blockade contained French fleet Public values the Navy


Slide17: The Barbary Wars 1801-1805


Barbary Wars 1801-1805: Actions in Tripoli harbor Blockade of Tripolitan coast Destruction of the captured USS Philadelphia (16 February 1804) Operations against Algiers (1815) Barbary Wars 1801-1805


Barbary Wars 1801-1805: Barbary Wars 1801-1805 Increasing tribute demands of North African states. William Bainbridge forced to sail George Washington under Algerian flag with tribute to Ottoman sultan. Undeclared war against the Barbary States begins - 1801. Secretary of Navy Smith deploys Commodore Richard Dale to Mediterranean


Barbary Wars 1801-1805: Barbary Wars 1801-1805 Early commodores unsuccessful: Dale fails to be aggressive - resigns in 1802. Truxton turns down command due to lack of a captain for his flagship and is dismissed from service. Richard Morris - dismissed for “dilatory conduct”. Commodore Edward Preble takes command - Sept 1803. Aggressive tactics are highly successful. “Preble’s Boys” will command U.S. ships in the War of 1812.


CommodoreEdwardPreble“Preble’s Boys”: Commodore Edward Preble “Preble’s Boys”


Burning of the Philadelphia: “The most heroic and bold act of the age.” - Admiral Horatio Nelson Burning of the Philadelphia


Barbary Wars Operations: Barbary Wars Operations Philadelphia captured at Tripoli CAPT Bainbridge & crew imprisoned Philadelphia held under Dey’s guns LT Stephen Decatur -- special warfare mission. Uses captured Intrepid to board and burn Philadelphia. Promoted to Captain at age 25.


Slide24: Captain “Hard Luck” William Bainbridge


Slide25: Captain Stephen Decatur


Barbary Wars: Barbary Wars


Barbary Wars Operations: Barbary Wars Operations Eaton’s march on Tripoli Includes 1LT Presley O’Bannon and six Marines. Capture of Derna in April 1805. “The shores of Tripoli.” Prince Hamet awards O’Bannon Mameluke sword Boost in support for Marine Corps.


Slide28: Lieutenant Presley O’Bannon, USMC


Barbary Wars: Barbary Wars


PresidentThomas Jefferson1801-1809: President Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition


Republican Naval Policy: Republican Naval Policy Large reductions in Naval funding. Republicans reduce federal taxation and spending All Navy ships sold except 13 frigates Most put into “mothballs” Jefferson’s “Gunboat” Navy -- a strictly defensive strategy


Jefferson’sGunboat Navy1807-1809: Jefferson’s Gunboat Navy 1807-1809


The War of 1812: The War of 1812 Constitution-Guerriere (Aug 1812) United States-Macedonian (Oct 1812) Constitution-Java (Dec 1812) Chesapeake-Shannon (Jun 1813) Essex-Phoebe and Cherub (Mar 1814) Constitution-Cyane and Levant (Feb 1815) Sloop-of-war and brig single ship actions Commerce raiding in the Atlantic Operations against whaling fleets in the Pacific Battle of Lake Erie (Sep 1813) Battle of Lake Champlain (Sep 1814) Defense of Washington (Jul-Aug 1814) Defense of Baltimore (Sep 1814) Battle of New Orleans (Dec 1814-Jan 1815)


Causes of the War of 1812: Causes of the War of 1812 British at war with France British begin to seize U.S. Ships Dispute over neutral rights Blockade VBSS Port closures Impressment Chesapeake – Leopard incident


Chesapeake-Leopard Affair - 1807: Chesapeake-Leopard Affair - 1807


The Road to War: The Road to War 12th Congress: the “War Hawks” Henry Clay of Kentucky John C. Calhoun of South Carolina Madison is on board Advocates war preps


Congressional Action: Congressional Action Navy receives funds to re-arm Opponents of new construction Cost Effectiveness Provocation


War Declared: War Declared 1812: War in Europe turns to France’s favor U.S. Declaration of war against Great Britain - June 1812 Neutral rights, impressment, and Indian relations U.S. is unprepared Army and Navy at minimal strength


Strategic Situation 1812-1815: Strategic Situation 1812-1815 Continental Europe Napoleon’s France (Land Power) versus Coalitions. Maritime Europe Great Britain (Sea Power) versus France (Severely weakened at sea by defeat at Trafalgar in 1805). Naval Strategies Britain blockades French ports. French use “Continental System” as a blockade of British trade. “Guerre de Course” -- Commerce Raiding Practiced by both sides. Includes privateering. Global war: Atlantic, West Indies, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific


U.S. Naval Policies: U.S. Naval Policies Strategy Debate Squadron Ops (Rodgers) Single-ship Ops (Decatur, Bainbridge) Commerce Raiders Atlantic AOR Pacific (USS Essex) Raids on British whaling fleet. Letters of marque


U.S. Naval Policies: U.S. Naval Policies Naval Administration Organization Limited resources


Course of the War -- 1812: Course of the War -- 1812 Squadron Ops: unsuccessful U.S. Invasion of Canada: unsuccessful Detroit occupied by Brits, NWT threatened Single-ship actions: very successful Superiority of U.S. ships, training, and commanders is evident Guerre de Course: successful Naval victories increase national morale and support


Commodore Rodgers’ Cruise - 1812: Commodore Rodgers’ Cruise - 1812


USS Constitution vs. HMS Guerriere: USS Constitution vs. HMS Guerriere


USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian: USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian


Slide48: USS Constitution “Old Ironsides”


Course of the War -- 1813: Course of the War -- 1813 British redouble effort vs. U.S. Victories in Europe Increase blockade of American ports. Coastal raids (Where are the gunboats?) USS Chesapeake vs. HMS Shannon Great Lakes Campaign


CaptainJamesLawrence: Captain James Lawrence USS Chesapeake “Don’t give up the ship!”


USS Chesapeake versus HMS Shannon: USS Chesapeake versus HMS Shannon 1 June 1813


Great Lakes Campaign -- 1813: Great Lakes Campaign -- 1813 British supply forces via St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes. Control of communications routes on the lakes is necessary. Lake Ontario Commodore Isaac Chauncey and Commodore Sir James Yeo. Shipbuilding race and lack of initiative lead to stalemate. Lake Erie Oliver Hazard Perry Flagship: Named USS Lawrence in honor of fallen friend. Defeats British fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie. “We have met the enemy and they are ours .” British forces cut off from supplies. General William Henry Harrison receives Perry’s message, recaptures Detroit, and defeats British and Indians at the Battle of the Thames. Indian leader Tecumseh is killed and NW Territory secured for U.S.


Great Lakes Campaign: Great Lakes Campaign


OliverHazardPerry: Oliver Hazard Perry Commander American Lake Erie Squadron 1813


Perry’s Battle Flag - USS Lawrence: Perry’s Battle Flag - USS Lawrence Battle of Lake Erie


Battle of Lake Erie 10 September 1813 : Battle of Lake Erie 10 September 1813 “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” - Oliver Hazard Perry


Course of the War -- 1814: Course of the War -- 1814 British blockade of American ports - highly effective. Washington Campaign National Capital burned Baltimore -- Fort McHenry: Star Spangled Banner Where are the gunboats? Battle of Lake Champlain Outcomes?


WashingtonCampaign: Washington Campaign


Battle of Lake Champlain: 11 September 1814 Battle of Lake Champlain


Slide63: Commodore Thomas Macdonough


Battle ofLake Champlain: Battle of Lake Champlain


USS Lake Champlain CG 57: USS Lake Champlain CG 57


Slide66: Peace and Aftermath


Peace and Aftermath: Peace and Aftermath Great Britain agrees to peace. Treaty of Ghent - Dec 1814 “Status Quo Ante Bellum” Battle of New Orleans - 1815


Battle of New Orleans: Battle of New Orleans


GeneralAndrew Jackson: General Andrew Jackson


Battle of New Orleans: Battle of New Orleans


War of 1812Human Cost (USA): War of 1812 Human Cost (USA)


U.S. Naval Contributions: U.S. Naval Contributions Victory on the lakes Commerce Raiding Single ship engagements How about those gunboats? Other?


Brainstorm: Brainstorm Was British sea power effective? How? Was U.S. sea power effective? How?


Conclusions -- War of 1812: Conclusions -- War of 1812 British view as a “Limited War”. Americans view: A struggle to end British-supported Indian attacks. An attempt to acquire Canada. An assertion of the nation’s neutral rights against British interference.


Conclusions -- War of 1812: Conclusions -- War of 1812 Gunboat Navy concept is a failure British able to raid along U.S. coast with impunity Small USN unable to thwart British blockade & raids USN can fight and win (modest) fleet actions when British naval strength not overwelming achieve local sea control (Great Lakes)