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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Social and Scientific Approach to Conservation of Natural Resources Government PG Colleges, Gopeshwar, Chamoli, Uttarnchal 5th-6th Jan,2006 BIODIVERSITY in Uttarnchal : Conservation and Management By Dr. Vinod Khanna Zoological Survey of India, Dehra Dun Slide 2: WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? Ever since the happening of the earth summit at Rio De Janeiro, Brazil the term biodiversity has become a buzzword. In fact it is the contracted form of Biological Diversity . The term 'biodiversity' encompasses the variety of all life on earth. It is identified as the variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. Quite simply it can be defined as variety, variability, between genes, species and ecosystems. Slide 3: Biodiversity manifests itself at three levels: Species diversity refers to the numbers and kinds of living organisms Genetic diversity refers to the genetic variation within a population of species. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of habitats, biological communities and ecological processes that occur in the biosphere. Slide 4: Why Conserve Biodiversity? Biological diversity affects us all. Biological diversity has direct consumptive value in food, agriculture, medicine, industry. It also has aesthetic and recreational value. Biodiversity maintains ecological balance and continues evolutionary process. The indirect ecosystem services provided through biodiversity are photosynthesis, pollination, transpiration, chemical cycling, nutrient cycling, soil maintenance, climate regulation, air, water system management, and waste treatment and pest control. Quite Often asked Question ? Slide 5: Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) The three preamble of Biodiversity are: 1.Conservation of Biodiversity 2.Sustainable use of Biodiversity and leaving enough for the future generations. 3.Fair and equitable sharing of Profits arising out of the use of biodiversity Slide 6: MEGABIODIVERSITY COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD India is one of the twelve-mega biodiversity countries of the world and one of the four in Asia. Megabiodiversity? :Countries that contain as much as 60 to 70 per cent of the world's species. The twelve Megabiodiversity countries that have been identified are : India,Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Madagascar, Zaire, Australia, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Slide 7: India's richness of biological diversity: Since India lies at the confluence of African, European and Indo-Malaysian the biota therefore, includes African,European , Eurasian and Mediterranean elements, which together with Indian and endemic elements contributes to the richness of the characteristic Indian biodiversity. Slide 8: India has a rich and varied heritage of biodiversity, encompassing a wide spectrum of Ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine vegetation and from temperate forests to coastal, Marine to freshwater wetlands ,Rivers, Lakes,Ponds,Mangroves, Corals etc., Semi-arid to Arid, Plains to Himalaya, to Islands. India figured with two hotspots - the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas - in an identification of 18 biodiversity hotspots. The hotspots are the areas with higher concentration of endemic species and which usually experience rapid rate of habitat modifications and loss. Slide 9: India has ten biogeographic regions 1.The Trans- Himalayan, 2. The Himalayan, 3.The Indian desert, 4.The Semi-arid zone(s), 5.The Western Ghats 6. The Deccan Peninsula, 7. The Gangetic Plain, 8. The Northeast India, 9. The Islands and 10. The Coasts Eastern Himalyas Western Ghats Biogeographic Zones of India Slide 10: WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA The General Conference of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972, adopted a resolution, the main objectives of which are: To define the World Heritage in cultural and natural aspects. To enlist sites and monuments from the member countries which are of exceptional interest and universal value. To stress upon the need for efforts from the world community in general, and the concerned state in particular, for the protection of these universal treasures from traditional, social and economic threats. The world body has listed 23 Heritage Sites in India, which includes following five Protected Areas to be a part of World Culture and Heritage. Slide 11: World Heritage Sites in India The world body has listed 23 Heritage Sites in India, which includes following five Protected Areas of great conservation significance to be a part of World Culture and Heritage: 1.Kaziranga National Park, Assam 2.Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam 3.Keoladaeo National Park, Rajasthan 4.Sunderbans National Park,West Bengal and 5.Nanda Devi National Park, Uttaranchal * Five Protected Areas in India as World Heritage Sites Slide 12: Biosphere Reserves in India were created under the 'Man & Biosphere' (MAB) Programme by UNESCO in 1971 to conserve in situ all forms of life, along with its support system, in its totality, so that it could serve as a referral system for monitoring and evaluating changes in natural ecosystems. Slide 13: Presently, there are 13 existing Biosphere Reserves in India Date of Notification : Area (Sq.Kms) States 1.Nilgiri 01-09-1986 5,520.00 Karnataka,Kerala & T.N 2.Nanda Devi 18-01-1988 5,860.69 Uttaranchal 3.Nokrek 01-01-1988 80.00 Meghalaya 4.Great Nicobar 06-01-1989 885.00 Andaman & Islands Nicobar 5.Gulf of Mannar 18.02.1989 10,500.00 Tamil Nadu 6.Manas 14-03-1989 2,837.00 Assam 7.Sunderbans 29-03-1989 9,630.00 West Bengal 8.Simlipal 22-06-1994 4,374.00 Orissa 9.Dibru-Sikhowa 28-07-1997 765.00 Assam 10.Dehang-Debang 02-09-1998 5,111.50 A.P. 11.Pachmarhi 03-03-1999 4,926.00 M.P. 12.Khangchendzonga 07-02-2000 2,619.92 Sikkim 13.Agasthyamalai 2-11-2001 1,701.00 Kerala Slide 14: Himalayan Biosphere Reserves Operational: 1. Nanda Devi, Uttaranchal 2. Manas, Assam 3.Dibru-Shikowa, Assam 4.Dehang-Debang, Arunachal Pradesh 5. Kangchendzonga, Sikkim Proposed: 6. Namdhapa,Arunachal Pradesh 7.Kaziranga, Assam 8.Cold Desert, J & K Slide 15: Protected Area Network (PA Network) The protection of wildlife has been a long tradition in Indian history. The adoption of a National Policy for Wildlife Conservation in 1970 and Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 lead to a significant growth in the protected areas network. To maintain rich biological diversity of the Indian Himalayan Region a Protected area network (PAN) has been established and biodiversity rich areas have been conserved as Sanctuaries, National Parks and Biosphere Reserves. India has 89 national parks and 489 sanctuaries covering an area of 1.53 lakh sq. km with a plan to further expand this . The network was further strengthened by a number of national Conservation projects, notably Project Tiger( initiated in April 1973)and the crocodile Breeding and Management Project (Launched in April 1975 ) Slide 16: Faunal Diversity in India India has a total of 89,451 animal species accounting for 7.31% of the faunal species in the world (MoEF 1997) and the flora accounts for 10.78% of the global total. The endemism of Indian biodiversity is high - about 33% of the country's recorded flora are endemic to the country and are concentrated mainly in the North-East, Western Ghats, North-West Himalayas and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. However, this rich biodiversity of India is under severe threat owing to habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation and over-exploitation of resources. Slide 17: Status of Total diversity of Indian Fauna Taxa Species in India Species in World % in India Protista 2577 31259 8.24 Mollusca 5070 66535 7.62 Arthropoda 68389 987949 6.90 Ot. Invertebrates8329 87121 9.56 Protochordata 119 2106 5.65 Pisces 2546 21723 11.72 Amphibia 209 5150 4.06 Reptilia 456 5817 7.84 Aves 1232 9026 13.66 Mammalia 390 4629 8.42 Total 89,451 12,21,315 7.31 Source: UNEP-GBA (1995), MOEF (1997 and 1998), ZSI (1999), Kumar and Khanna, 2003 UTTARANCHALA nascent State recently carved out from Uttar Pradesh comprising thirteen hill districtsof Garhwal and Kumaon .Located between 28 44 and 31 28 N Lat. And 77 36 and 81 01 E long.Area: 53,485 km2 constituting barely 1.63% of the India’s land. : UTTARANCHALA nascent State recently carved out from Uttar Pradesh comprising thirteen hill districtsof Garhwal and Kumaon .Located between 28 44 and 31 28 N Lat. And 77 36 and 81 01 E long.Area: 53,485 km2 constituting barely 1.63% of the India’s land. 8.Udham Singh Nagar 9. Nainital 10.Almora 11.Pithoragarh 12.Champawat 13. Bageshwar Of which three viz., Uttarkashi, Chamoli and Pithoragarh share international boundary in North-west with Tibet, while in East Pithoragarh, Champawat and and Udham Singh Nagar share their boundary with Nepal. While Dehra Dun and Uttarkashi share their bondary with H.P.Nainital and US Nagar share the boundaries with UP. Uttarkashi Chamoli Pauri, Rudra Prayag Tehri Dehra Dun Haridwar Slide 19: State Animal: Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) State Bird: Himalayan Monal ( Lophophorus impejanus) State Tree : Burans ( Rhododendron arboreum) State Flower : Brahm Kamal ( Saussurea obvallata) Physiographic Diversity of Uttaranchal : Physiographic Diversity of Uttaranchal Uttaranchal is Classified Physiographically into: Plains of Dehra Dun, Haridwar and US Nagar Bhabar and Terai of Garhwal and Nainital and Middle Himalayan Region and Higher Himalaya Slide 21: State of Forest Cover: 3.47m Ha constituting 84.81% of the State’s Geographical area. Source: Annual Report 2000: Forest Survey of India Slide 22: District wise Status of Forest Cover in Uttarnchal (in km2) Slide 23: Diversity of Forest Types in Uttarnchal Slide 24: Wetlands Diversity in Uttaranchal By virtue of its extensive geographical stretch, varied terrain and climate the Himalayan Mountain Ranges in Uttarnchal are bestowed with a series of wetlands Important Rivers being Ganga, Yamuna, Bhagirithi, Alakhnanda, Ramganga, Nayar, Kosi, Saryu, Sharda and their tributaries. These wetlands exhibit tremendous faunal diversity from Protozoa to Mammalia. Biodiversity value of these wetlands is perceived to be limited and frequently diverted to alternative developments. But these wetlands are most productive and endangered ecosystems. Their degradation can result into floods or loss of water availability., water sports, fishing, waterfowl potentials. They are roosting, breeding and shelter for migratory and resident birds during various times of the year. Contd. Next slide: Slide 25: Manmade Wetlands in Uttaranchal: In addition the Ecologically important but potential manmade Wetlands in Uttarnchal that sustain biodiversity and needs conservation, in addition to inventorying and monitoring and listed under Biogeographic Province 02B (West Himalayas) under Biogeographic Zone 02 (Himalaya) are: Lower Stretches of Ganges and its tributaries in the hills. Asan Barrage, Dehra Dun (Now a Conservation Wetland) Bhimgoda Barrage, Hardwar Tumeria Barrage, US Nagar Nanak Sagar, US Nagar Haripura, US Nagar and Ramganga Lake, Kaulagarh, Nainital Slide 26: Conservation Areas in Uttarnchal Slide 27: PAs (Contd.) Slide 28: Despite tremendous anthropogenic pressures and pressure of Tourism and Grazing , the status of space, forest cover and wildlife seems to be satisfactory. Pas are the important repositories of biodiversity. The wide altitudinal range is the richest zone in terms of and biodiversity. Besides PAs there are two conservation reserves, the first of its kind , in India, recently declared by Ministry of Environment and Forests are: 1. Asan Reservoir, Dehra Dun – for Migratory Water Birds and 2. Jhlilmil Tal, Near Haridwar: for a Small Population of Swam Deer. Both Declared as Conservation Reserve in 2005. Slide 29: Faunal Diversity in National Parks and Reserves of Uttaranchal Slide 30: Faunal Diversity in Uttarnchal Slide 31: Some Threatened Fauna in Uttaranchal Slide 32: Impact of Illegal Trade on Himalayan Biodiversity Slide 33: Species under CITES Slide 34: Major Threats and Causes for the loss of Biodiversity Slide 35: Action Needed for Security of Biodiversity Slide 36: Priority Areas and Action Slide 37: Ongoing Conservation Programmes in Uttarnchal Slide 38: Introduced Biodiversity in Uttaranchal Slide 39: Value of Biodiversity Slide 40: Assessing Biodiversity Why Assess Biodiversity? Conservation importance of an area is typically determined by assessing its biodiversity and, as the basic units of biodiversity is a species. This is done mainly by counting the number of species present and by the abundance of key species Slide 41: Biodiversity Assessment Techniques There are several methods, like Sampling by selecting sample areas or transect routes Mean number of species per sample, as a measure of Species Richness Time based observation , such as time restricted search and timed species counts The Objective of Assessing Biodiversity is usually to compare sites or to provide the data that can be used by others for comparing sites. The methodology should be consistent and clearly slated so that it can be repeated. Slide 42: Total Species List Most common method is a Total List of the Species ever recorded and the species are then simply added when detected by same or subsequent workers. An annotated list of species, with informations on various sightings or impressions of of abundance greatly improves the accuracy and ease of interpretation. Diversity of searching includes, collecting, trapping, listening for calls, play back of tapped calls, looking for droppings or different life stages at different altitudes and latitudes or habitats , nocturnal, diurnal in different weathers or at different seasons. By talking to local peoples or Para-taxonomists , hunters and fisherman by inspecting their catch. Slide 43: Other Sampling techniques Total Genus or family list Parallel line searches is the best method for presence of visible and fairly sedentary species in a reasonably small areas Habitat sub-sampling Time restricted search or rapid inventories Encounter rates Species discovery curves Timed species counts Habitat feature assessment Recording absence Slide 44: Documenting rarities In many cases only the location of rare species is known from vague descriptions and it is unknown whether the population has gone extinct or just can not be relocated. In such cases boundaries of such populations are drawn accurately on the largest scale of topographic map and the distribution notes are added in the field only by ground truthing technique.To ensure relocation of the population hand written notes/ maps are supplemented. Slide 45: Record Database file structure Species Scientific name Reference Source reference for the record Locality Name and description of the recording locality Country International Standardization Organisation (ISO) code for recording country Co-ordinates Geographical Co-ordinates Certainty Code for certainty that geographical co- ordinates are for correct locality Accuracy Code For accuracy of the co-ordinates Record type Years of record at locality Altitude Max. and Min. Record Type Collected specimen/ Sightings Status Abundance/breeding status /months/ etc Name of the observer/Collector Slide 46: Why set Conservation Priorities? For too many conservation problems but constraint of time and money, the priorities have to be set in to quantify aspects such as Rarity, Extent of decline And rate of decline And then use this data to determine priorities Slide 47: Prioritizing Species Vulnerability to extinction (as per IUCN criteria) Critically Endangered-50% probability of extinction in 5 years Endangered- 20% probability in 20 years Vulnerable- 10% probability in 100 years Extinction: Species not sighted since last 50 years are whose members are reported to have lost breeding potential and last surviving member was sighted 50 years back. Slide 48: IUCN CATEGORIES THRESHOLDS Main Numerical Thresholds Criteria Critical Endangered Vulnerable A.Rapid Decline >80% over ten year >50% over 10 years or 50% over 20 years or or three generations 3 generations 5 generations B.Small Range Extent of occurrence <5000km2 or area of 20000km2 or area of <100km2 or area of Occupancy<500km2 Occupancy , 2000km2 occupancy<10km2 C. Small population ,250 mature individual,b 2500 mature individual <10000 mature individuals D.Very Small Population, 50 individual 250 mature individuals <1000 mature individuals Slide 49: Prioritizing Habitats Information on species priorities can be used to determine for conservation of habitats at local or global level. The aspect to be taken into considerations are Number of species Number of threatened species Rarity of habitats and The rate of decline As a result of such analysis there is so much concern over tropical rain forests and coral reefs- both of high global importance yet disappearing at frightening rate There is a need to balance both local and global importance such as habitat that are locally common but globally rare. Slide 50: Conservation Priorities Diversity :Species richness- Total number of species in a site 2. Abundance: Total count of all individuals of all the species Rarity :Proportion of population of species 4. Conservation status : Many species of high threat status are present Slide 51: Monitoring aspects The study includes: Population of species changing on site? Population of pest species changing Most important areas for a species? Habitat requirement of a species without bias for juveniles or males Population estimates from mark-release -recapture Slide 52: Why do we need conservation planning? Planning has the advantage of providing The opportunities to agree priorities for action, Organize complex programmes in sensible sequence, Assign responsibilities for action, Determine budgets both for entire plan and for components within it, Determine work programmes, on how to monitor and evaluate the success of the work and allow the project to continue even if staff changes. Planning approach is fundamental to many areas of conservation although the terminology and structure may vary. It underpins species action plans and integrated conservation development plans Slide 53: The Planning Process A Plan is successful if: the need for it is understood by those involved and they are fully consulted during the preparation of the plan There is a process of monitoring and review to adjust the plans as necessary The resource implications have been considered so that plan is realistic considering stages like Mission,current position, objectives, strategies, actions, monitoring, reviewing etc. Slide 54: Writing a species action plan Current Position of the Species: Conservation status, reason for inclusion in action plan process, population size, geographical distribution, trends, level of population and conservation knowledge, ecology, limiting factors and threats Legal Status:International and National Priority Statement: High medium or low Objectives: Goal at which to aim in taking conservation Broad Policies: General strategies to be used to achieve the objectives Actions : (High, medium or low priority) : Policy and legislative, site safeguard, land acquisition and reserve management, species management and protection, advisory, International, future research monitoring, communication and publicity Each action to be given priority rating according to cost effectiveness and achievability Review : Time table and procedure for monitoring effectiveness and for reviewing and updating the plan Slide 55: Writing a management plan Summary: Like Importance of the site, objectives and strategy (Important for the managers, media , public and fund raisers) Current Position: Published and unpublished information, information documenting changes in site like grazing pressures, and consequences of change , particularly useful Location, site status, Tenure, legal and other constraints and permission required and main fixed assets Physical informations like Climate, Hydrology, Geology and soils Biological informations like Habitats, Flora, fauna Cultural informations like Commercial use, Educational Use, Recreational use, Archeological interest, Aesthetic considerations, such as land scape, Research, survey and monitoring Evaluation: Importance of site in terms of international, national, regional and local status. Lie Size,Diversity, Naturalness, Rarity, Fragility, Typical ness, recorded history, Position in ecological/ Slide 56: Species Management Why Manage Species? Species management is particularly important when a species is rapidly declining or the population is very small The Techniques For Animals include providing supplementary food, providing breeding sites, removing predators/poachers, restricting disturbance and re-establishment. For plants: Pollinating, weeding to remove competitors, fencing to exclude herbivores, creating new individual tissue culture, collecting seeds and planting out seed or seedlings. Slide 57: Integrating Development and Conservation Have a conflicting consequences. The conservation problems largely results from increasing human populations, new technologies and increasing expectations. The traditional approach to conservation has been preventing farming, grazing hunting, timber extraction or access, often with little consideration of social or economic consequences. Many such restrictions are often ignored as a result of local antipathy, or even antagonism, combined with inability or lack of motivation of the authorities to enforce regulations. Over the last two decades, conservation organisations have increasingly tried conservation and development with the hope of producing a dream package both preserves biodiversity and reduce poverty, so generating co-operation instead of conflict Slide 58: Rates of Natural and present day species extinction An absolute estimate of extinction, such as year-wise requires our knowledge about the how many species are there known. Problems of estimating numbers is formidable. In all potentially species rich groups the estimate of number of species far exceeds the number of known species. What is the back ground rate of extinction? How fast a species disappears in absence of human impacts? Various source of informations support the benchmark of a species lifetime at a million years or so, and a consequent rate of extinction at no more than one species per million species/p.year. Slide 59: Factors effecting Extinction Habitat Loss : On Land Habitat Loss : In Oceans Habitat Loss: In Fresh water Pollution Introduced species Over-harvesting Global climate change 8.Secondary extinction: Once species becomes extinct, there will be many other extinctions as consequence 9. Deforestation 10.Desertification 11. Urbanization 12. Wetland drainage 13.Pollution 14. Dams and water diversions Slide 60: Biodiversity , Ecosystem Services and Human Welfare An ecosystem is an array of living things and the physical and chemical environment with which they interact like Wetlands, forests, grasslands, streams and estuaries, desert and Himalaya. A healthy ecosystem provides the conditions and process that sustain human life, in addition to providing food, medicines, purification of air and water,accumulation of toxins, decomposition of wastes, mitigation of floods, moderation of storm surges, stabilisation of landscapes and regulation of climates, detoxification of sediments of soil, maintenance of soil fertility, control of potential pest and disease-causing species, dispersal of seeds and aesthetics Slide 61: Thank you Dr. Vinod Khanna Zoological Survey of India, Dehra Dun You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Biodiversity in Uttaranchal Vinodkhanna Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 653 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: May 01, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description By Vinod Khanna Comments Posting comment... By: oni_pt (16 month(s) ago) Can I download this presentation? I think this ppt is very informative and interested to understand biodiversity. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: aryamamta (17 month(s) ago) i want to download this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Social and Scientific Approach to Conservation of Natural Resources Government PG Colleges, Gopeshwar, Chamoli, Uttarnchal 5th-6th Jan,2006 BIODIVERSITY in Uttarnchal : Conservation and Management By Dr. Vinod Khanna Zoological Survey of India, Dehra Dun Slide 2: WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? Ever since the happening of the earth summit at Rio De Janeiro, Brazil the term biodiversity has become a buzzword. In fact it is the contracted form of Biological Diversity . The term 'biodiversity' encompasses the variety of all life on earth. It is identified as the variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. Quite simply it can be defined as variety, variability, between genes, species and ecosystems. Slide 3: Biodiversity manifests itself at three levels: Species diversity refers to the numbers and kinds of living organisms Genetic diversity refers to the genetic variation within a population of species. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of habitats, biological communities and ecological processes that occur in the biosphere. Slide 4: Why Conserve Biodiversity? Biological diversity affects us all. Biological diversity has direct consumptive value in food, agriculture, medicine, industry. It also has aesthetic and recreational value. Biodiversity maintains ecological balance and continues evolutionary process. The indirect ecosystem services provided through biodiversity are photosynthesis, pollination, transpiration, chemical cycling, nutrient cycling, soil maintenance, climate regulation, air, water system management, and waste treatment and pest control. Quite Often asked Question ? Slide 5: Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) The three preamble of Biodiversity are: 1.Conservation of Biodiversity 2.Sustainable use of Biodiversity and leaving enough for the future generations. 3.Fair and equitable sharing of Profits arising out of the use of biodiversity Slide 6: MEGABIODIVERSITY COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD India is one of the twelve-mega biodiversity countries of the world and one of the four in Asia. Megabiodiversity? :Countries that contain as much as 60 to 70 per cent of the world's species. The twelve Megabiodiversity countries that have been identified are : India,Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Madagascar, Zaire, Australia, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Slide 7: India's richness of biological diversity: Since India lies at the confluence of African, European and Indo-Malaysian the biota therefore, includes African,European , Eurasian and Mediterranean elements, which together with Indian and endemic elements contributes to the richness of the characteristic Indian biodiversity. Slide 8: India has a rich and varied heritage of biodiversity, encompassing a wide spectrum of Ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine vegetation and from temperate forests to coastal, Marine to freshwater wetlands ,Rivers, Lakes,Ponds,Mangroves, Corals etc., Semi-arid to Arid, Plains to Himalaya, to Islands. India figured with two hotspots - the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas - in an identification of 18 biodiversity hotspots. The hotspots are the areas with higher concentration of endemic species and which usually experience rapid rate of habitat modifications and loss. Slide 9: India has ten biogeographic regions 1.The Trans- Himalayan, 2. The Himalayan, 3.The Indian desert, 4.The Semi-arid zone(s), 5.The Western Ghats 6. The Deccan Peninsula, 7. The Gangetic Plain, 8. The Northeast India, 9. The Islands and 10. The Coasts Eastern Himalyas Western Ghats Biogeographic Zones of India Slide 10: WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA The General Conference of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972, adopted a resolution, the main objectives of which are: To define the World Heritage in cultural and natural aspects. To enlist sites and monuments from the member countries which are of exceptional interest and universal value. To stress upon the need for efforts from the world community in general, and the concerned state in particular, for the protection of these universal treasures from traditional, social and economic threats. The world body has listed 23 Heritage Sites in India, which includes following five Protected Areas to be a part of World Culture and Heritage. Slide 11: World Heritage Sites in India The world body has listed 23 Heritage Sites in India, which includes following five Protected Areas of great conservation significance to be a part of World Culture and Heritage: 1.Kaziranga National Park, Assam 2.Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam 3.Keoladaeo National Park, Rajasthan 4.Sunderbans National Park,West Bengal and 5.Nanda Devi National Park, Uttaranchal * Five Protected Areas in India as World Heritage Sites Slide 12: Biosphere Reserves in India were created under the 'Man & Biosphere' (MAB) Programme by UNESCO in 1971 to conserve in situ all forms of life, along with its support system, in its totality, so that it could serve as a referral system for monitoring and evaluating changes in natural ecosystems. Slide 13: Presently, there are 13 existing Biosphere Reserves in India Date of Notification : Area (Sq.Kms) States 1.Nilgiri 01-09-1986 5,520.00 Karnataka,Kerala & T.N 2.Nanda Devi 18-01-1988 5,860.69 Uttaranchal 3.Nokrek 01-01-1988 80.00 Meghalaya 4.Great Nicobar 06-01-1989 885.00 Andaman & Islands Nicobar 5.Gulf of Mannar 18.02.1989 10,500.00 Tamil Nadu 6.Manas 14-03-1989 2,837.00 Assam 7.Sunderbans 29-03-1989 9,630.00 West Bengal 8.Simlipal 22-06-1994 4,374.00 Orissa 9.Dibru-Sikhowa 28-07-1997 765.00 Assam 10.Dehang-Debang 02-09-1998 5,111.50 A.P. 11.Pachmarhi 03-03-1999 4,926.00 M.P. 12.Khangchendzonga 07-02-2000 2,619.92 Sikkim 13.Agasthyamalai 2-11-2001 1,701.00 Kerala Slide 14: Himalayan Biosphere Reserves Operational: 1. Nanda Devi, Uttaranchal 2. Manas, Assam 3.Dibru-Shikowa, Assam 4.Dehang-Debang, Arunachal Pradesh 5. Kangchendzonga, Sikkim Proposed: 6. Namdhapa,Arunachal Pradesh 7.Kaziranga, Assam 8.Cold Desert, J & K Slide 15: Protected Area Network (PA Network) The protection of wildlife has been a long tradition in Indian history. The adoption of a National Policy for Wildlife Conservation in 1970 and Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 lead to a significant growth in the protected areas network. To maintain rich biological diversity of the Indian Himalayan Region a Protected area network (PAN) has been established and biodiversity rich areas have been conserved as Sanctuaries, National Parks and Biosphere Reserves. India has 89 national parks and 489 sanctuaries covering an area of 1.53 lakh sq. km with a plan to further expand this . The network was further strengthened by a number of national Conservation projects, notably Project Tiger( initiated in April 1973)and the crocodile Breeding and Management Project (Launched in April 1975 ) Slide 16: Faunal Diversity in India India has a total of 89,451 animal species accounting for 7.31% of the faunal species in the world (MoEF 1997) and the flora accounts for 10.78% of the global total. The endemism of Indian biodiversity is high - about 33% of the country's recorded flora are endemic to the country and are concentrated mainly in the North-East, Western Ghats, North-West Himalayas and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. However, this rich biodiversity of India is under severe threat owing to habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation and over-exploitation of resources. Slide 17: Status of Total diversity of Indian Fauna Taxa Species in India Species in World % in India Protista 2577 31259 8.24 Mollusca 5070 66535 7.62 Arthropoda 68389 987949 6.90 Ot. Invertebrates8329 87121 9.56 Protochordata 119 2106 5.65 Pisces 2546 21723 11.72 Amphibia 209 5150 4.06 Reptilia 456 5817 7.84 Aves 1232 9026 13.66 Mammalia 390 4629 8.42 Total 89,451 12,21,315 7.31 Source: UNEP-GBA (1995), MOEF (1997 and 1998), ZSI (1999), Kumar and Khanna, 2003 UTTARANCHALA nascent State recently carved out from Uttar Pradesh comprising thirteen hill districtsof Garhwal and Kumaon .Located between 28 44 and 31 28 N Lat. And 77 36 and 81 01 E long.Area: 53,485 km2 constituting barely 1.63% of the India’s land. : UTTARANCHALA nascent State recently carved out from Uttar Pradesh comprising thirteen hill districtsof Garhwal and Kumaon .Located between 28 44 and 31 28 N Lat. And 77 36 and 81 01 E long.Area: 53,485 km2 constituting barely 1.63% of the India’s land. 8.Udham Singh Nagar 9. Nainital 10.Almora 11.Pithoragarh 12.Champawat 13. Bageshwar Of which three viz., Uttarkashi, Chamoli and Pithoragarh share international boundary in North-west with Tibet, while in East Pithoragarh, Champawat and and Udham Singh Nagar share their boundary with Nepal. While Dehra Dun and Uttarkashi share their bondary with H.P.Nainital and US Nagar share the boundaries with UP. Uttarkashi Chamoli Pauri, Rudra Prayag Tehri Dehra Dun Haridwar Slide 19: State Animal: Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) State Bird: Himalayan Monal ( Lophophorus impejanus) State Tree : Burans ( Rhododendron arboreum) State Flower : Brahm Kamal ( Saussurea obvallata) Physiographic Diversity of Uttaranchal : Physiographic Diversity of Uttaranchal Uttaranchal is Classified Physiographically into: Plains of Dehra Dun, Haridwar and US Nagar Bhabar and Terai of Garhwal and Nainital and Middle Himalayan Region and Higher Himalaya Slide 21: State of Forest Cover: 3.47m Ha constituting 84.81% of the State’s Geographical area. Source: Annual Report 2000: Forest Survey of India Slide 22: District wise Status of Forest Cover in Uttarnchal (in km2) Slide 23: Diversity of Forest Types in Uttarnchal Slide 24: Wetlands Diversity in Uttaranchal By virtue of its extensive geographical stretch, varied terrain and climate the Himalayan Mountain Ranges in Uttarnchal are bestowed with a series of wetlands Important Rivers being Ganga, Yamuna, Bhagirithi, Alakhnanda, Ramganga, Nayar, Kosi, Saryu, Sharda and their tributaries. These wetlands exhibit tremendous faunal diversity from Protozoa to Mammalia. Biodiversity value of these wetlands is perceived to be limited and frequently diverted to alternative developments. But these wetlands are most productive and endangered ecosystems. Their degradation can result into floods or loss of water availability., water sports, fishing, waterfowl potentials. They are roosting, breeding and shelter for migratory and resident birds during various times of the year. Contd. Next slide: Slide 25: Manmade Wetlands in Uttaranchal: In addition the Ecologically important but potential manmade Wetlands in Uttarnchal that sustain biodiversity and needs conservation, in addition to inventorying and monitoring and listed under Biogeographic Province 02B (West Himalayas) under Biogeographic Zone 02 (Himalaya) are: Lower Stretches of Ganges and its tributaries in the hills. Asan Barrage, Dehra Dun (Now a Conservation Wetland) Bhimgoda Barrage, Hardwar Tumeria Barrage, US Nagar Nanak Sagar, US Nagar Haripura, US Nagar and Ramganga Lake, Kaulagarh, Nainital Slide 26: Conservation Areas in Uttarnchal Slide 27: PAs (Contd.) Slide 28: Despite tremendous anthropogenic pressures and pressure of Tourism and Grazing , the status of space, forest cover and wildlife seems to be satisfactory. Pas are the important repositories of biodiversity. The wide altitudinal range is the richest zone in terms of and biodiversity. Besides PAs there are two conservation reserves, the first of its kind , in India, recently declared by Ministry of Environment and Forests are: 1. Asan Reservoir, Dehra Dun – for Migratory Water Birds and 2. Jhlilmil Tal, Near Haridwar: for a Small Population of Swam Deer. Both Declared as Conservation Reserve in 2005. Slide 29: Faunal Diversity in National Parks and Reserves of Uttaranchal Slide 30: Faunal Diversity in Uttarnchal Slide 31: Some Threatened Fauna in Uttaranchal Slide 32: Impact of Illegal Trade on Himalayan Biodiversity Slide 33: Species under CITES Slide 34: Major Threats and Causes for the loss of Biodiversity Slide 35: Action Needed for Security of Biodiversity Slide 36: Priority Areas and Action Slide 37: Ongoing Conservation Programmes in Uttarnchal Slide 38: Introduced Biodiversity in Uttaranchal Slide 39: Value of Biodiversity Slide 40: Assessing Biodiversity Why Assess Biodiversity? Conservation importance of an area is typically determined by assessing its biodiversity and, as the basic units of biodiversity is a species. This is done mainly by counting the number of species present and by the abundance of key species Slide 41: Biodiversity Assessment Techniques There are several methods, like Sampling by selecting sample areas or transect routes Mean number of species per sample, as a measure of Species Richness Time based observation , such as time restricted search and timed species counts The Objective of Assessing Biodiversity is usually to compare sites or to provide the data that can be used by others for comparing sites. The methodology should be consistent and clearly slated so that it can be repeated. Slide 42: Total Species List Most common method is a Total List of the Species ever recorded and the species are then simply added when detected by same or subsequent workers. An annotated list of species, with informations on various sightings or impressions of of abundance greatly improves the accuracy and ease of interpretation. Diversity of searching includes, collecting, trapping, listening for calls, play back of tapped calls, looking for droppings or different life stages at different altitudes and latitudes or habitats , nocturnal, diurnal in different weathers or at different seasons. By talking to local peoples or Para-taxonomists , hunters and fisherman by inspecting their catch. Slide 43: Other Sampling techniques Total Genus or family list Parallel line searches is the best method for presence of visible and fairly sedentary species in a reasonably small areas Habitat sub-sampling Time restricted search or rapid inventories Encounter rates Species discovery curves Timed species counts Habitat feature assessment Recording absence Slide 44: Documenting rarities In many cases only the location of rare species is known from vague descriptions and it is unknown whether the population has gone extinct or just can not be relocated. In such cases boundaries of such populations are drawn accurately on the largest scale of topographic map and the distribution notes are added in the field only by ground truthing technique.To ensure relocation of the population hand written notes/ maps are supplemented. Slide 45: Record Database file structure Species Scientific name Reference Source reference for the record Locality Name and description of the recording locality Country International Standardization Organisation (ISO) code for recording country Co-ordinates Geographical Co-ordinates Certainty Code for certainty that geographical co- ordinates are for correct locality Accuracy Code For accuracy of the co-ordinates Record type Years of record at locality Altitude Max. and Min. Record Type Collected specimen/ Sightings Status Abundance/breeding status /months/ etc Name of the observer/Collector Slide 46: Why set Conservation Priorities? For too many conservation problems but constraint of time and money, the priorities have to be set in to quantify aspects such as Rarity, Extent of decline And rate of decline And then use this data to determine priorities Slide 47: Prioritizing Species Vulnerability to extinction (as per IUCN criteria) Critically Endangered-50% probability of extinction in 5 years Endangered- 20% probability in 20 years Vulnerable- 10% probability in 100 years Extinction: Species not sighted since last 50 years are whose members are reported to have lost breeding potential and last surviving member was sighted 50 years back. Slide 48: IUCN CATEGORIES THRESHOLDS Main Numerical Thresholds Criteria Critical Endangered Vulnerable A.Rapid Decline >80% over ten year >50% over 10 years or 50% over 20 years or or three generations 3 generations 5 generations B.Small Range Extent of occurrence <5000km2 or area of 20000km2 or area of <100km2 or area of Occupancy<500km2 Occupancy , 2000km2 occupancy<10km2 C. Small population ,250 mature individual,b 2500 mature individual <10000 mature individuals D.Very Small Population, 50 individual 250 mature individuals <1000 mature individuals Slide 49: Prioritizing Habitats Information on species priorities can be used to determine for conservation of habitats at local or global level. The aspect to be taken into considerations are Number of species Number of threatened species Rarity of habitats and The rate of decline As a result of such analysis there is so much concern over tropical rain forests and coral reefs- both of high global importance yet disappearing at frightening rate There is a need to balance both local and global importance such as habitat that are locally common but globally rare. Slide 50: Conservation Priorities Diversity :Species richness- Total number of species in a site 2. Abundance: Total count of all individuals of all the species Rarity :Proportion of population of species 4. Conservation status : Many species of high threat status are present Slide 51: Monitoring aspects The study includes: Population of species changing on site? Population of pest species changing Most important areas for a species? Habitat requirement of a species without bias for juveniles or males Population estimates from mark-release -recapture Slide 52: Why do we need conservation planning? Planning has the advantage of providing The opportunities to agree priorities for action, Organize complex programmes in sensible sequence, Assign responsibilities for action, Determine budgets both for entire plan and for components within it, Determine work programmes, on how to monitor and evaluate the success of the work and allow the project to continue even if staff changes. Planning approach is fundamental to many areas of conservation although the terminology and structure may vary. It underpins species action plans and integrated conservation development plans Slide 53: The Planning Process A Plan is successful if: the need for it is understood by those involved and they are fully consulted during the preparation of the plan There is a process of monitoring and review to adjust the plans as necessary The resource implications have been considered so that plan is realistic considering stages like Mission,current position, objectives, strategies, actions, monitoring, reviewing etc. Slide 54: Writing a species action plan Current Position of the Species: Conservation status, reason for inclusion in action plan process, population size, geographical distribution, trends, level of population and conservation knowledge, ecology, limiting factors and threats Legal Status:International and National Priority Statement: High medium or low Objectives: Goal at which to aim in taking conservation Broad Policies: General strategies to be used to achieve the objectives Actions : (High, medium or low priority) : Policy and legislative, site safeguard, land acquisition and reserve management, species management and protection, advisory, International, future research monitoring, communication and publicity Each action to be given priority rating according to cost effectiveness and achievability Review : Time table and procedure for monitoring effectiveness and for reviewing and updating the plan Slide 55: Writing a management plan Summary: Like Importance of the site, objectives and strategy (Important for the managers, media , public and fund raisers) Current Position: Published and unpublished information, information documenting changes in site like grazing pressures, and consequences of change , particularly useful Location, site status, Tenure, legal and other constraints and permission required and main fixed assets Physical informations like Climate, Hydrology, Geology and soils Biological informations like Habitats, Flora, fauna Cultural informations like Commercial use, Educational Use, Recreational use, Archeological interest, Aesthetic considerations, such as land scape, Research, survey and monitoring Evaluation: Importance of site in terms of international, national, regional and local status. Lie Size,Diversity, Naturalness, Rarity, Fragility, Typical ness, recorded history, Position in ecological/ Slide 56: Species Management Why Manage Species? Species management is particularly important when a species is rapidly declining or the population is very small The Techniques For Animals include providing supplementary food, providing breeding sites, removing predators/poachers, restricting disturbance and re-establishment. For plants: Pollinating, weeding to remove competitors, fencing to exclude herbivores, creating new individual tissue culture, collecting seeds and planting out seed or seedlings. Slide 57: Integrating Development and Conservation Have a conflicting consequences. The conservation problems largely results from increasing human populations, new technologies and increasing expectations. The traditional approach to conservation has been preventing farming, grazing hunting, timber extraction or access, often with little consideration of social or economic consequences. Many such restrictions are often ignored as a result of local antipathy, or even antagonism, combined with inability or lack of motivation of the authorities to enforce regulations. Over the last two decades, conservation organisations have increasingly tried conservation and development with the hope of producing a dream package both preserves biodiversity and reduce poverty, so generating co-operation instead of conflict Slide 58: Rates of Natural and present day species extinction An absolute estimate of extinction, such as year-wise requires our knowledge about the how many species are there known. Problems of estimating numbers is formidable. In all potentially species rich groups the estimate of number of species far exceeds the number of known species. What is the back ground rate of extinction? How fast a species disappears in absence of human impacts? Various source of informations support the benchmark of a species lifetime at a million years or so, and a consequent rate of extinction at no more than one species per million species/p.year. Slide 59: Factors effecting Extinction Habitat Loss : On Land Habitat Loss : In Oceans Habitat Loss: In Fresh water Pollution Introduced species Over-harvesting Global climate change 8.Secondary extinction: Once species becomes extinct, there will be many other extinctions as consequence 9. Deforestation 10.Desertification 11. Urbanization 12. Wetland drainage 13.Pollution 14. Dams and water diversions Slide 60: Biodiversity , Ecosystem Services and Human Welfare An ecosystem is an array of living things and the physical and chemical environment with which they interact like Wetlands, forests, grasslands, streams and estuaries, desert and Himalaya. A healthy ecosystem provides the conditions and process that sustain human life, in addition to providing food, medicines, purification of air and water,accumulation of toxins, decomposition of wastes, mitigation of floods, moderation of storm surges, stabilisation of landscapes and regulation of climates, detoxification of sediments of soil, maintenance of soil fertility, control of potential pest and disease-causing species, dispersal of seeds and aesthetics Slide 61: Thank you Dr. Vinod Khanna Zoological Survey of India, Dehra Dun