English Grammar (The Matrix): English Grammar (The Matrix) Parts of Speech Course: INGL. 3021/3022 Oral and Written English Professor: Aníbal Muñoz


Preview: Preview Definitions Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Determiners Subordinators Interrogatives Qualifiers Sentence combinations Yes/no questions Information questions Punctuation rules Capitalization rules


Grammar: Grammar definition The grammar of a language is a complex of systems that may be analyzed and studied on these three levels: (Noam Chomsky’s UG) Phonology (set of sounds/ symbols) Morphology (combinations of sounds that carry single units of meaning) 3. Syntax (how single units of meaning are combined to form words, phrases and sentences.


Parts of speech (Nouns): Parts of speech (Nouns) Nouns Definition Proper / common Singular / plural (annex) Count / non-count /abstract (annex) (how much –how many) Collectible (group nouns) Units of measurement (Reference: Schramper Azar, Betty,1996. Basic English Grammar)


Definition (proper and common nouns): Definition (proper and common nouns) Nouns – words used to name a person, place, thing, object, quality, idea, concept, or an action. Ref. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2001) Proper Nouns- special or particular name given to common nouns to distinguish them from others of the same kind. Example: common- woman proper Martha


Proper and common nouns: Proper and common nouns


Nouns (singular and plural): Nouns (singular and plural) Rule No. 1 (Add –s to the end of noun) cup cups student students Rule No.2 consonants before “y” change –y to i and add –es city -cities party- parties lady-ladies Rule No.3 vowels before “y” add –s boy –boys key –keys day -days


Singular and plural (cont.): Singular and plural (cont.) Rule No. 4 (–f and –fe endings) change the –f or –fe to v and –es life –lives wife –wives thief –thieves Rule No. 5 (sh, ch, x, ss endings) add –es bush –bushes match –matches box -boxes kiss -kisses Rule No. 6 (consonant + o) add –es (vowel +o) –s tomato –tomatoes radio radios


Practice ExercisesUse the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list): Practice Exercises Use the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list) Baby Boy City Country Lady Party Tray Key Dictionary cowboy They have one girl and two ______. I visited many _______ last year. Women give birth to _______. She lost the _____ of the car and the house! _____ rides horses in Texas. Madrid and Paris are beautiful _______. We must bring ______ to the English class. Good evening _____ and gentleman. On Saturday nights, I like to go to _______. People carry their food on _____ at the cafeteria.


Pronunciation of plurals (s / es): Pronunciation of plurals (s / es) Group A Final –s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds (taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.) Group B Final –s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds (books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.) Group C Final –s, es is pronounced /ez/ after “s” sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces) after “z” sounds (sizes, roses, noises) after “sh” sounds (dishes, bushes) after “ch” sounds (matches, sandwiches) after “ge/dge” sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges)


Irregular plural forms (exceptions): Irregular plural forms (exceptions) Child children Foot feet Man men Woman women Mouse mice Tooth teeth Fish fish _____ people (is always plural) (no s)


Count and noncount nouns: Count and noncount nouns Count nouns a book books one book two books some books a lot of books many books a few books Non-count nouns money some money a lot of money much money a little money Common non-count nouns advice, furniture, love, peace, homework, luck information, food, mail, music, traffic, weather, work, bread, cheese, coffee, rice, sand, meat, milk, water, sugar, money, oil, liquids materials (paper) abstracts general food gases


Oral Practice (count vs. non-count): Oral Practice (count vs. non-count)


Pronouns: Pronouns Definition Personal pronouns (subject-object) Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns Reflexive Indefinite Interrogative Demonstrative Relative reciprocal


Verbs (verb tenses /conjugation): Verbs (verb tenses /conjugation) Definition Regular Irregular verbs Spelling / pronunciation Conjugation (annex-practice) Auxiliary verbs/ modals (annex) Infinitives Gerunds


VerbsRegular/ Irregular/ verb tenses: Verbs Regular/ Irregular/ verb tenses Regular verbs (d or ed endings) /d/ sound pronunciation /t/ sound pronunciation /ed/ pronunciation


Irregular verbs: Irregular verbs Three forms Two forms One form


Verb conjugation: Verb conjugation Simple present tense


Verb tenses: Verb tenses Simple past


Verb tenses: Verb tenses Simple future Another way to express the simple future I am going to work tomorrow. She is going to work next week. They are going to work on Sunday.


Present progressive: Present progressive


Past progressive (continuous): Past progressive (continuous)


Future progressive (continuous): Future progressive (continuous)


Adjectives : Adjectives Definition Articles as adjectives Order of adjectives in a series (color, size, origin, nationalities, shape, age, etc..) Past participles / gerunds used as adjectives Comparatives and superlatives comparisons (annex-practice)


Adverbs: Adverbs Definition Adverbs of frequency (annex) Adverbs of time Adverbs of location (place) Adverbs of mode


Prepositions: Prepositions Definition IN, ON and AT (annex –time and location) All prepositions Transitional expressions (prep. Phrases-annex)


Conjunctions : Conjunctions Definition Correlative conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Conjunctive adverbs Other subordinators (annex)


Interjections and other words: Interjections and other words Definition and examples Onomatopoeias Numerals (cardinals, ordinals) Determiners Qualifiers Subordinators interrogatives


Capitalization Rules (annex)Punctuation Rules (annex)Sentence CombinationsYES/NO questionsInformation questions: Capitalization Rules (annex) Punctuation Rules (annex) Sentence Combinations YES/NO questions Information questions